Myoviridae

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Myoviridae
Structural overview of the T4 phage
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Order: Caudovirales
Family: Myoviridae
Genera

EL-like viruses
I3-like viruses
Mu-like viruses
P1-like viruses
P2-like viruses
PhiH-like viruses
PhiKZ-like viruses
rV5-like viruses
SPO1-like viruses
T4-like viruses
Vi01-like viruses
Viunalikevirus

The Myoviridae is a family of bacteriophages. It has been divided into four subfamiles and eleven genera.[1] Many species have not yet been assigned either a genus or a family. There are at least 130 species in this family.

Virology

These are nonenveloped viruses and consist of a head and a tail separated by a neck.

The head has a diameter of 50 - 110 nm and has icosahedral symmetry (T = 13 Q = 21). It is composed of 152 capsomers that are hexagonal in outline.

The tubular tail has helical symmetry and is 16-20 nm in diameter. It consists of a central tube, a contractile sheath, a collar, a base plate, six tail pins and six long fibers. It is similar to Tectiviridae, but differs in the fact that a myovirus' tail is permanent.

Contractions of the tail require ATP. On contraction of the sheath, sheath subunits slide over each other and the tail shortens to 10-15 nm in length.

The genome is linear, double-stranded DNA between 33.6-170 kilobases in length. It has terminally redundant sequences. The GC-content is ~35%. The genome encodes 200-300 proteins that are transcribed in operons.

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine may be present in the genome (instead of thymidine).

Life cycle

On attaching to a host cell, the virus uses its contractile sheath like a syringe, piercing the cell wall with its central tube and injecting the genetic material into the host. The injected DNA takes over the host cell's mechanisms for transcription and translation and begins to manufacture new viruses. Lysis occurs once the host resources are exhausted and the new viruses escape from the dead host cell.

Although Myoviruses are in general lytic, lacking the genes required to become lysogenic, a number of lysogenic species are known.

Subdivisions

The subfamily Teequatrovirinae is named after its type species Enterobacteria phage T4. Members of this subfamily are morphologically indistinguishable and have moderately elongated heads of about 110 nanometers (nm) in length, 114 nm long tails with a collar, base plates with short spikes and six long kinked tail fibers. The genera within this subfamily are divided on the basis of head morphology with the T4-like genus having a head length of 137 nm and those in the KVP40-like being 111 nm in length. Within the genera on the basis of protein homology the species have been divided into a number of groups.

The subfamily Peduovirinae have virions with heads of 60 nm in diameter and tails of 135 × 18 nm. These phages are easily identified because contracted sheaths tend to slide off the tail core. The P" phage is the type species.

The subfamily Spounavirinae are all virulent, broad-host range phages that infect members of the Firmicutes. They possess isometric heads of 87-94 nm in diameter and conspicuous capsomers, striated 140-219 nm long tails and a double base plate. At the tail tip are globular structures now know to be the base plate spikes and short kinked tail fibers with six-fold symmetry. Members of this group usually possess large (127–142 kb) nonpermuted genomes with 3.1–20 kb terminal redundancies. The name for this subfamily is derived from SPO plus una (Latin for one).

The haloviruses HF1 and HF2 belong to the same genus but since they infect archaea rather than bacteria are likely to be placed in a separate genus once their classification has been settled.[2]

A dwarf group has been proposed on morphological and genomic grounds. This group includes the phages Aeromonas salmonicida phage 56, Vibrio cholerae phages 138 and CP-T1, Bdellovibrio phage φ1422 and Pectobacterium carotovorum phage ZF40.[3] Their shared characteristics include an identical virion morphology, characterized by usually short contractile tails and all have genome sizes of approximately 45 kilobases. The gene order in the structural unit of the genome is in the order: terminase – portal – head – tail – base-plate – tail fibers.

Applications

Because most Myoviridae are lytic, rather than lysogenic, phages, some researchers have investigated their use as a therapy for bacterial diseases in humans and other animals.[4]

Taxonomy

Subfamily Teequatrovirinae

  • Genus T4-like viruses:
    • Group 44RR-type:
    • Species:
      • Aeromonas phage 44RR2.8t
      • phage 31
      • phage 25
    • Group RB43-type:
    • Species:
      • phage RB43
      • phage RB16
    • Group RB49-type:
    • Species:
      • phage RB49
      • phage JSE
      • phage phi1
  • Genus KVP40-like viruses:
    • Species:
      • Vibrio parahaemolytius phage KVP40
      • Vibrio natriegens phage nt-1
    • Other species:
      • Acinetobacter phage 133
      • Aeromonas phage 65
      • Aeromonas phage Aeh1
      • Enterobacteria phage SV14
      • Escherichia coli phage RB43
      • Escherichia coli phage RB49
      • Pseudomonas phage 42

Subfamily Peduovirinae

  • Genus Unassigned
    • Species
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage KS5
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage KS14
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage KL3

Subfamily Spounavirinae

  • Genus SPO1-like viruses: type species: Bacillus phage SPO1
    • Species:
      • Bacillus phage SPO1
      • Lactobacillus phage 222a
  • Genus Twort-like viruses:
    • Species:
      • Listeria phage A511
      • Listeria phage P100
      • Staphylococci aureus phage 812
      • Staphylococci aureus phage G1
      • Staphylococcus aureus phage ISP
      • Staphylococci aureus phage K
      • Staphylococci aureus phage MSA6
      • Staphylococci aureus phage Twort

Species unassigned to a genus in this subfamily:

  • Enterococcus faecalis phage phiEF24C
  • Lactobacillus plantarum phage LP65

Subfamily Tevenvirinae

  • Genus T4likevirus
    • Species
      • Aeromonas phage 25
      • Aeromonas phage 31
      • Escherichia phage JS98
      • Escherichia phage phi1
      • Escherichia phage RB14
      • Escherichia phage RB32
      • Escherichia phage RB43
      • Escherichia phage RB49
      • Escherichia phage RB69

Genera not yet assigned to a subfamily

  • Genus Bcep781-like viruses
    • Species:
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage Bcep 1
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage Bcep 43
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage Bcep 781
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage Bcep NY3
      • Xanthomonas phage OP2
  • Genus BcepMu-like viruses:
    • Species
      • Burkholderia cenocepacia phage BcepMu
      • Burkholderia thailandensis phage E255
  • Genus Felix O1-like viruses:
    • Species
      • Enterobacteria phage wV8
      • Erwinia amylovora phage Ea21-4
      • Salmonella phage Felix O1
  • Genus HAP1-like viruses:
    • Species
      • Halomonas aquamarina phage HAP-1
      • Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage VP882
  • Genus I3-like viruses; type species: Mycobacterium phage I3
    • Species:
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Bxz1
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Cali
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Catera
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage I3
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Myrna
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Rizal
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage ScottMcG
      • Mycobacterium smegmatis phage Spud
  • Genus Mu-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage Mu
    • Species:
      • Enterobacteria phage D108
      • Enterobacteria phage Mu
      • Escherichia blattae prophage MuEb
      • Haemophilus influenzae Rd prophage Hin-Mu
      • Rhodobacter capsulatus phage RcapMu
      • Shewanella oneidensis prophage MuSo2
  • Genus P1-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage P1
    • Species:
      • Aeromonas phage 43
      • Enterobacteria phage P1
  • Genus PB1-like viruses:
    • Species
      • Pseudomonas phage PB1
      • Pseudomonas phage F8
      • Burkholderia cepacia phage BcepF1
      • Pseudomonas phage 14-1
      • Pseudomonas phage LBL3
      • Pseudomonas phage LMA2
      • Pseudomonas phage SN
  • Genus phiCD119-like viruses
    • Species:
      • Clostridium difficile phage ΦCD27
      • Clostridium difficile phage phiC2
      • Clostridium difficile phage ΦCD119
  • Genus PhiH-like viruses; type species: Halobacterium phage phiH
    • Species
      • Halobacterium salinarium phage phiH
  • Genus PhiKZ-like viruses; type species: Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage phiKZ
    • Species:
      • Pseudomonas phage 2012-1
      • Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage Lin21
      • Pseudomonas phage Lin68
      • Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage NN
      • Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage phiKZ
      • Pseudomonas phage PA7
      • Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PTB80
  • Genus EL-like viruses
    • Species
      • Pseudomonas phage EL
      • Pseudomonas phage OBP
      • Salmonella phage SPN3US
  • Genus rV5-like viruses
    • Species
      • Enterobacteria phage phi92
      • Escherichia coli O157: H7 phage rV5
      • Escherichia coli vB EcoM FV3
      • Salmonella phage PVP-SE1
  • Genus Viunalikevirus
    • Species
      • Acinetobacter phage E14
      • Acinetobacter phage phiAB8
      • Dickeya phage LIMEstone1
      • Escherichia phage CBA120
      • Escherichia phage ECML-4
      • Escherichia phage PhaxI
      • Salmonella phage Det7
      • Salmonella phage Vi1
      • Salmonella phage SFP10
      • Salmonella phage ΦSH19
      • Serratia phage KSP90
      • Shigella phage phiSboM-AG3
      • Stenotrophomonas phage Smp14

Unassigned species

  • Genus Unassigned
    • Species:
      • Acinetobacter phage E4
      • Acinetobacter phage E5
      • Aeromonas phage 1
      • Aeromonas phage 25
      • Aeromonas salomicida phage 31
      • Aggregatibacter phage Aaphi23
      • Bacillus phage G
      • Bacillus phage PBS1
      • Bacillus cereus phage Bace-11
      • Bacillus megaterium phage MP13
      • Bacillus subtilis killer virus defect particle
      • Bacillus thuringiensis phage 03058-36
      • Clostridium phage c-st
      • Cronobacter sakazakii phage ES2
      • Cronobacter sakazakii phage ESP2949-1
      • Delftia phage phiW-14
      • Escherichia phage phiEcoM-GJ1
      • Gluconobacter virus Wer
      • "Halocynthia" phage JM-2012
      • Leptospira bacteriophage LE1
      • Microcystis aeruginosa phage Ma-LMM01
      • Mycobacterium phages Bxz1
      • Mycobacterium phages Myrna
      • Natrialba magadii virus psiCh1
      • Pseudomonas phage EL
      • Ralstonia solanacearum phage RSL1
      • Ralstonia solanacearum phage RSA1
      • Rhodococcus equi phage E3
      • Rhodothermus phage RM378
      • Sphingomonas phage PAU
      • Streptococcus phage EJ-1
      • Thermus phage YS40
      • phage P-SSM2
      • phage P-SSM4
      • phage S-PM2
      • phage Syn9

References

  1. Lavigne R, Darius P, Summer EJ, Seto D, Mahadevan P, Nilsson AS, Ackermann HW, Kropinski AM (2009) Classification of Myoviridae bacteriophages using protein sequence similarity. BMC Microbiol 9:224.
  2. Tang SL, Nuttall S, Dyall-Smith M (2004) Haloviruses HF1 and HF2: evidence for a recent and large recombination event. J Bacteriol 186(9):2810-2807
  3. Comeau AM, Tremblay D, Moineau S, Rattei T, Kushkina AI, Tovkach FI, Krisch HM, Ackermann HW (2012) Phage morphology recapitulates phylogeny: the comparative genomics of a new group of myoviruses. PLoS One 7(7):e40102.
  4. Capparelli, Rosanna; et al. (August 2007). "Experimental phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in mice". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51 (8): 2765–2773. doi:10.1128/AAC.01513-06. PMC 1932491. Retrieved 16 July 2013. 

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