Murad IV
 Murad IV | |
|---|---|
| Caliph of Islam Ottoman Sultan | |
 | |
 | |
| Reign | 1623–40 |
| Period | Growth of the Ottoman Empire |
| Full Name | Sultan Murad IV |
| Born | July 26, 1612 |
| Died | February 9, 1640 (aged 27) |
| Predecessor | Mustafa I |
| Successor | Ibrahim |
| Royal House | House of Osman |
| Dynasty | Ottoman Dynasty |
| Father | Ahmed I |
| Valide Sultan | Kösem Sultan |
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Murad IV Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-ı rābi‘) (July 26/27, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (1603–17) and the ethnic Greek[1][2][3] Valide Kösem Sultan (also known as Mahpeyker). Brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I (1617–18, 1622–23). He was only 11 when he took the throne.
Murad IV reign (1623-1640)
In the early years of Murad's reign, he was under the control of his relatives. During this period, peace and harmony in the Ottoman lands were completely lost and tyrants took control of the cities. His absolute rule started around 1632, when he took the authority and repressed all the tyrants, and he re-established the supremacy of Sultan.
Early Reign (1623-1632)
Murad IV was for a long time under the control of his relatives and during his early years as Sultan, his mother, Kösem Sultan, essentially ruled through him. The Empire fell into anarchy; the Safavid Empire invaded Iraq almost immediately, Northern Anatolia erupted in revolts, and in 1631 the Janissaries stormed the palace and killed the Grand Vizier, among others. Murad IV feared suffering the fate of his elder brother, Osman II (1618–22), and decided to assert his power.
Absolute Rule and Imperial Policies (1632-1640)
Murad IV tried to quell the corruption that had grown during the reigns of previous Sultans, and that had not been checked while his mother was ruling through proxy. He addressed this corruption with several policy changes, such as limiting wasteful spending.
Murad IV also banned alcohol, tobacco, and coffee in Constantinople.[4] He ordered execution for breaking this ban. He would patrol the streets and taverns of Constantinople in civilian clothes at night, policing the enforcement of his command. By prohibiting tobacco he assimilated the idles gathering in the taverns. He restored the judicial regulations by very strict punishments, including execution. Halil İnalcık and other sources report that even though he was a ruthless supporter of alcohol prohibition, Murad IV was a habitual drinker himself.[5][6]
In a poem by the sultan under a nom de plume, he says "Even if the rivers became wine, they wouldn't fill my glass." In another poem he says "The wine is such a devil that I have to protect my people from it by drinking all of it".[citation needed]
Relations with the Mughal Empire
In the year 1626, the Mughal Emperor Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the Ottomans, Mughals and Uzbeks against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at Kandahar. He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, Jahangir's ambition however did not materialize due to his death in 1627. However, Jahangir's son and successor Shah Jahan pursued the goal of alliance with the Ottoman Empire.
While he was encamped in Baghdad, Murad IV is known to have met the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's ambassadors: Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of finely embroidered cloth and even armor. Murad IV gave them the finest weapons, saddles and Kaftans and ordered his forces to accompany the Mughals to the port of Basra, where they set sail to Thatta and finally Surat.[7]
Military campaigns
Militarily, Murad IV's reign is most notable for the war against Safavids in which Ottoman forces invaded Azerbaijan, occupied Revan, Tabriz and Hamadan, and recaptured Baghdad in 1638. The city stood the siege for forty days, but was compelled to surrender, and the bulk of the population were butchered by the conquerors, in spite of the promises which they had made to spare them. It is said that the officers of Murad arranged a sort of tableau, in which the heads were struck off one thousand captives by one thousand headsmen at the same moment, and that Murad IV enjoyed the sight. The sultan had a famous quote about the fall of Baghdad: ("Trying to conquer Baghdad, was almost more beautiful than Baghdad itself.").[8]
Murad IV himself commanded the Ottoman army in the last years of the war, and proved to be an outstanding field commander. He was the second Ottoman Sultan to command an army on the battlefield since death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566. During his campaign to Persia, he annihilated all rebels in Anatolia and restored order in the Empire. [citation needed]
The war was concluded by the Treaty of Kasrı Şirin in May 1639, which restored Mesopotamia to the Ottomans. After his return to Constantinople, he ordered respected statesmen of the Empire to prepare a new economic and political project to return to the Empire the old successful days.
Physical power
Murad IV was the last Warrior Sultan who led campaigns in front of his army and fought on the battlefield. His physical strength was phenomenal, which is described in detail on the books of Evliya Çelebi. He was especially known for his exceptional strength in wrestling - capable of fighting several opponents at the same time. His favorite weapon was a huge mace, weighing 60 kilograms (132 lbs), which he wielded effortlessly with a single hand.[9] Among his other favourite weapons are a longbow and a large two-handed broadsword weighing more than 50 kilograms (110 lbs). His weapons are today displayed at the Topkapı Palace Museum in Fatih, intact and well preserved.
Architecture
Sultan Murad IV put emphasis on architecture and in his period many monuments were erected. Some of them are Meydanı Mosque, Bayram Pasha Dervish Lodge, Tomb, Fountain, Primary School, Konya Serefeddin Mosque.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan had exchanged ambassadors with the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, it was through these exchanges that he received Isa Muhammad Effendi and Ismail Effendi, two Turkish architects and students of the famous Koca Mimar Sinan Agha. Both of them later comprised among the Mughal team that would design and build the Taj Mahal.
Personal life
He married Ayşe Sultan and had many children.
Death
Murad IV died from gout in Constantinople at the age of 27 in 1640.[6]
Rumours had circulated that on his deathbed, Murad IV ordered the execution of his mentally disabled brother, Ibrahim I (reigned 1640–48), which would have meant the end of the Ottoman line. However, the order was not carried out.[10]
Notes
- ↑ E. van Donzel, Islamic Desk Reference: Compiled from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Academic Publishers, p 219
- ↑ Robert Bator, Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul, Runestone Press, p 42
- ↑ Douglas Arthur Howard, The History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, p 195
- ↑ Hopkins, Kate (2006-03-24). "Food Stories: The Sultan's Coffee Prohibition". Retrieved 2006-09-12.
- ↑ İnalcık, Halil; Imber, Colin (1989). The Ottoman Empire : the classical age, 1300-1600. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Aristide D. Caratzas. p. 99. ISBN 0-89241-388-3.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Traian Stoianovich (1 January 1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. M.E. Sharpe. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7656-3851-9.
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=zarif#search_anchor
- ↑ Akın Alıcı, Hayata Yön Veren Sözler, 2004
- ↑ Tarih-i Na'imâ Vol 3 p 454
- ↑ Barber, Noel (1973). The Sultans. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 87.
See also
External links
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| Murad IV House of Osman Born: June 16, 1612 Died: February 9, 1640 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Mustafa I |
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Sep 10, 1623 – Feb 9, 1640 |
Succeeded by İbrahim |
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by Mustafa I |
Caliph of Islam Sep 10, 1623 – Feb 9, 1640 |
Succeeded by İbrahim |
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