Mughal tribe

Mughal

A photo from 'The People of India', published from 1868 to the early 1870s by WH Allen, for the India Office Timur (Tamerlane)  · Babur Baig  · Humayun Baig  · Akbar Baig  · Shah Jahan  · Aurangzeb  · Bahadur Shah I  · Akbar Shah  · Mumtaz Mahal
Total population
2,666,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
South Asia[citation needed]
Languages
• Sindhi[citation needed] • Urdu • Punjabi[citation needed] • Bengali[citation needed] •
Religion
• Islam 100% •
Related ethnic groups
• Turkic peoples[citation needed] • Indo-Aryans[citation needed]

The Mughal (Arabic: مغول‎; Urdu: مغل‎; Persian: مغول‎), are a number of culturally related clans of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.^{[citation needed]} In theory, the Mughals of South Asia are descended from the various Central Asian Turkic armies and immigrants that settled in the region from the early Middle Ages onwards.

History and origin

In theory, all those who claim Mughal ancestry are descendents of various Central Asian Turco-Mongol armies that invaded Iran and South Asia, from Genghis Khan to Timur to Babur and beyond. But the term has always had a wider meaning. According to Bernier, a French traveler who visited India during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb:

In medieval period, descendants of various armies that conquered South Asia under Babar were called Mughals. The term was also used for later immigrants from Iran, the Qizilbash community.

The court itself consisted of a medley of most Uyghur and some Turkman/Uzbeks, Persians and Central Asian Turks, or descendants of all these classes; known, as said before by the general appellation Mughal by the Muslims of native origin.

—François Bernier, Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1891

As early as the 17th century, the term Mughal covered a large number of groups. Generally, all Central Asian immigrants to India, whether Uzbek, Chughtai, Barlas, Douli, Kipchak, Kazakhs, Turkman, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs were referred to as Mughal. The term was also used for later immigrants from Iran and Caucasus, such as the famous Qizilbash community.

In North India, the term Mughal refers to one of the four social groups that are referred to as the Ashraaf.^[2] In Pakistan, a number of tribal groupings such as the Gheba and Kassar in Punjab claim Mughal ancestry. Sir Denzil Ibbetson, the eminent British student of Punjabi tribal structures, noted a tendency among many tribes of the Pothohar and Upper Hazara regions of Northern Pakistan to claim Mughal ancestry.^[3]

In accordance with the basic history provided that various Central Asian armies that invaded Iran is A sidepart knowledge. By some Arab Writers, those people who are known as Mughals were those people which are very intelligent in any field of life in Arab in the Khilafat of Hazrat Umer R.A.

Clans

The three clans that the original Mughal immigrants belonged to were the Chughtai and Douli and Barlas.^[3] In Pakistan their main clans are the Qazilbash, Turkmen, Turk, Uzbek, Kai and Chak, while in Punjab and on the border between NWFP and Kashmir, the main clans are the Barlas Douli and Chughtai.^[4] There are also a number of other tribal groupings who claim Mughal ancestry. Here is a brief description of the five main Mughal clans found in South Asia.

References ^ a b A Study of the Ancient Turkic "TARQAN", Han-Woo Choi, Handong University ^ Leland Liu Rogers – The Golden Summary of Cinggis Qayan: Cinggis Qayan-u Altan Tobci, p. 80 ^ a b Paul Ratchnevsky – Genghis Khan: his life and legacy, p. 82 ^ a b Qarīb, Badr-az-Zamān. 1995. Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian – Persian – English. Tehran: Farhangan Publ. ^ Doerfer, G. 1993 "Chaladschica extragottingensia", Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1-2, pp. 33–81. Excerpt from page 43 ^ a b Agustí Alemany, Sources on the Alans, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000. Excerpt from page 328: " Abaev considers this word (lacking in a Turco-Mongolian etymology), as well Old Hungarian tarchan “olim judex”, borrowing from Scythians (Alans) *tarxan “judge” -> Ossetian. Taerxon “argument, trial”; cf. the Ossete idioms taerxon kaenyn “to judge” (+ kӕnyn “to do”) and tӕrxon lӕg “judge” (+l ӕg man). Iron ævzag

Mughal

Tha word Douli Clan of Mughal actually came from Delli, because they are descendant from a delli or a dalla. The Douli' are found mainly along line of control in the villages of Hajira, Dara Sher Khan, Mandhole, Abbaspur, Serarri as well Rawalakot town in Poonch District. Other than that Douli'live in N.W.F.P Hazara likely Haripure district Mostly in Village Ghazi, and District Sawabi, speak Hindko.Others They are Pahari speaking, as are most Poonch District tribes.

The Douli tribe consists of well educated, civilized and politically active members of Kashmiri society. Their mother tongue is pahari, due to their geographic proximity to the Peer Punjal. Poonch city was the centre of cultural and political activities of the Douli Tribe before division of Kashmir.

Douli & Maldiyal actually use their surnames as Sardar and Khan.Doulis are actually Mughal which are also use family or caste title like, Mughal, Mirza, Baig, Chughtai & others in different areas of subcontinent.

The 1947 partition of subcontinent and subsequent division of Kashmir dispersed this tribe. The Douli tribe suffered the most among Kashmiris due to the line of control.

Chughtai

The name Chughtai is a distorted form of Chaghadai, which means Chagan (white) and the suffix –dai The word Chaghadai thus means he who is white. Chugtai Khan was the second son of Changez Khan. The mother of Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in South Asia, belonged to the Chughtai clan.

The Chughtai are perhaps the most widespread of any of the Mughal clans in South Asia; many came to parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India accompanying Babar. An early census of India conducted by British colonial authorities rather unsurprisingly showed the greatest concentrations of Chughtai to be in Delhi, the centre of Mughal power, in Lucknow, the capital of the Nawabs of Awadh, in the townships of western Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir, in north eastern Hazara and in Punjab (India).

They have also remained the largest of the Mughal clans and are also found throughout in north eastern Hazara, Punjab and Sindh in Pakistan.

In Afghanistan Baber established a city in eastern Afghanistan and named it Chughtai Sara (In Kunar province and is pronounced by people as Chegah Sarai. Later on government changed it to Asa'ad Abad. However, ordinary people still call it Chegha Sarai). Baber settled many housholds of Chughtai descent to eastern Afghanistan from Kunar to Laghman to ensure security of his logistical routes from Central Asia to India. Later on to strengthen this route, Mughal-i-Azam, Jalaludin Akbar, established another city in the area and named it Jalalabad. Therefore, one can easily say that most of the inhabitants of eastern Afghanistan have a central Asian descent from Chughtai tribe and other Persian speaking people.

Barlas

The Barlas trace their origin to Qarchar .The leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments.

The Barlas formed a significant part of the Mughal population in South Asia. Like the Chaghatai, the Barlas were concentrated in cities such as Lahore, Pakistan, a major centre of the Mughal Empire, and a smaller number are believed to have settled in Lukhnow. They are normally found in between the north eastern border between Hazara and Kashmir, in Punjab, and in Sindh provinces of India and Pakistan. Some family of Mughal Barlas has been settled on the bank of river jhelum and adopted the profession of boats, one of the name Haji Ahmed, commonely known as Choudary Haji in Jhelum city.The small numbers of barlas family had settled down in district Gujrat on the bank of Jhelum river. The main villages were Chak Nazar, Khardayala, Mong Rasool, nougran shareef, Sedhuri, Pandoori Mughlah, Thatti Mughlah, Qazi Chak, Mughlah Chak and in Chakwal, the village Malhar Mughlah. This family owned 3000 hectres of land, having a strong family ties.One of the Mughal Barlas Family had shifted to District Jhelum in the village of Aima Afghana, a small village on the main road from Jhelum to Mangla Dam. Mirza Khan Muhammad, Mirza Doust Muhammad, and Mirza Gul Muhammad were the leading heads of the family.This Barlas family adopted the art of cultivation as well as the Government jobs and well known due to its high sustainable attitudes. The Barlas clan are considered to be the purest Mughal tribe in the sub continent.

Qizilbash

The term Qizilbash refers to a number of tribes who had helped Shah Ismail I to defeat the Aq Qoyunlu. As these tribes were by far the most important in number and influence, the name Kizilbash is usually applied to them only.^[5] Some of these greater Turcoman tribes were subdivided into as many as eight or nine clans and included the:

• Ustādjlu
• Rumlu
• Shamlu (the most powerful clan during the reign of Shah Ismail I.)
• Afshar
• Dulkadirids (Arabic: Dhu 'l-Kadar)
• Qajār
• Takkalu
• Maldiyal

Other tribes, such as the Turkman, Bahārlu, Qaramānlu, Warsāk,or Ustādjlu, were occasionally listed among these "seven great Aymaqs", or confederation of the Qizilbash.

Population estimates vary from 800,000 to 3,000,000 people who are descendants of the Qizilbash. They established several settlements principally in India^[6] and Pakistan in medieval times, as well as in the urban centres of Afghanistan. Entire villages and sometimes districts were settled by the Qizilbash where many of their descendants can still be found to this day.

In Pakistan, the Qizilbash are predominantly Twelver Shia with a significant Hanafi Sunni minority. The Qizilbash are an influential group found in almost all segments of Pakistani society, particularly in the fertile provinces of Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, Balochistan and Sindh. There are sizeable populations in the cities of Karachi, Multan, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Sialkot, Hyderabad and Rawalpindi.

In India, the Qizilbash are found mainly in Lukhnow, where many prominent Qizilbash families were closely connected with the regime of the Nawabs of Awadh.

Turk

There are two communities in South Asia, those of Punjab (Pakistan) and those of Uttar Pradesh. The Turks of Uttar Pradesh are a cultivating community found in the districts of Rampur, Amroha, Moradabad, Bareilly and in the Terai region. These Turks are descendants of Turkish soldiers who were said to have been settled along the slopes of the Himalaya by the medieval Mohammed Ghori.

Turk of western Uttar Pradesh are recognised by different physical attributes. Sharp eyes, and small Turkmen beard. They are now engaged in varios other professions also such as skilled workers - Tusmani Turk, Turki kalal, Turki tailors of western UP, Turki Jojhas, Turki Banjaras, they have moved to these profession due to severe poverty and prosecution by the subsequent regimes. Recent DNA profile has established these groups of central Asian descent.

In Punjab, the term Turk refers to any inhabitant of Central Asia, or Turkestan(Currently known as Uyghur Autonomous Region of China), as the region was historically known. The Turks of the Punjab region include the Karlugh Turks of the Hazara Division, also known as Uyghur people. In addition to these Turks, there was also a colony of Turks settled in Gurdaspur District who were once said to be the most ferocious warriors of khilji army. They claim descent from Central Asian Turkic soldiers settled in Gurdaspur District by the Khilji sultans.

Turkmen

Historically, all of the Western or Oghuz Turks have been called Türkmen or derisively Turkoman; however, today the terms are usually restricted to the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan and surrounding area.

The modern Turkmen people descend, at least in part, from the Oghuz Turks of Transoxiana, the western portion of Turkestan, a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as Xinjiang. Oghuz tribes had moved westward from the Altay mountains in the 7th century CE, through the Siberian steppes, and settled in this region. They also penetrated as far west as the Volga basin and the Balkans. A large number of Turkmen clans were settled by the Mughal rulers in North India. The Turkmen now form the principal Mughal clan among the Mughal community of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in North India.

Distribution

The Mughal settled all over South Asia. According to the Joshua Project, there numbers were as follows, India (1,617,000),^[1] Bangladesh (39,000) Afghanistan (200), Pakistan (1,088,000),^[1] and Nepal (1,000). In India, they are found in the following states Uttar Pradesh (624,000), Maharashtra (176,000), Karnataka (138,000), Andhra Pradesh (102,000), Delhi (93,000), Gujarat (77,000), Madhya Pradesh (61,000), Tamil Nadu (41,000) and Bihar (22,000). In Pakistan they are found in the following provinces, Punjab, (549,000), Azad Kashmir (156,000), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (140,000), Sindh (137,000), Islamabad (43,000) and Baluchistan (900).^[1]

In Pakistan, there are several clans that claim Mughal ancestry scattered over Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, North-West Frontier Province and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, where historically quite a few Central Asian tribes had settled.

Mughals of North India

The Mughal are found in the states of Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in North India.

In Uttar Pradesh

In Uttar Pradesh (UP), their main clans are the Chughtai, Barlas, Qazilbash, Turkmen, Turk, Uzbek, Tajik, Kai and Chak.^[4] The Mughals of Uttar Pradesh belong to both the Sunni and Shia sects, with the majority belonging to the Sunni Hanafi sect. Sunni Mughals are usually orthodox in their religious outlook. The Shia Mughal of Awadh trace their entry into the region to the year 1750. The Mughal of UP are an endogamous community, marrying within their own community, or in communities of a similar status such as the Pathan and Muslim Rajput. The rural Mughal are farmers, and many own orchards, especially mango orchards, while in towns they are engaged in trade, handicrafts, and carpet weaving. Carpet weaving is an activity particularly associated with the UP Mughals, .^[7]

The Mughal are found in almost every district of Uttar Pradesh. In the Doab region of western Uttar Pradesh, they belong mainly to the Turkmen and Chughtai clans. The Turkman are predominantly Shia, while the Chughtai are all orthodox Sunnis of the Deobandi school of thought. In Saharanpur District, the Mughals are found mainly in Nakur and Saharanpur tehsils, and belong mainly to the Chughtai and Turkmen. The Shia Turkmen of Lakhnauti Turk in Saharanpur District are a prominent family, having settled in the district during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Babar.^[8] These Turkmen also extend into the neighbouring Muzaffarnagar District, and are found mainly in Budhana Tehsil.^[9] In Bulandshahr District, the main clans are the Qazilbash, Chughtai and Turkmen. Their principal settlement is the village of Mughalpura, about 1 mile (2 km) south west of the city of Bulandshahr. The Mughalpura Mughals are descended from Mirza Bedar Beg, who was said to have been killed by a mad elephant of the Emperor Jahangir, who gave a revenue free grant to his family by way of compensation.^[10] In Agra District, they belong mainly to the Chughtai clan, and their main settlement is Chandwar, near the town of Firozabad; they are descended from one Mohammed Beg.^[11]

In the Rohilkhand region, the Mughals are concentrated mainly in Moradabad District, where they belong mainly to the Turk, Chughtai and Turkmen clans. They are concentrated in Moradabad, Bilari and Sambhal tehsils. The Turk clans are found mainly in the Terai region and the Rampur District.^[12] After Moradabad, Bareilly District is also home to a large community of Mughals. The Chughtai, Turkmen and Qazilbash are found mainly in Nawabganj and Bareilly tehsils, while the Turks are found mainly in Baheri tehsil, which adjoins the neighbouring Terai region.^[13]

In Awadh, the Mughal are concentrated in the city of Lukhnow, home to more Mughals then any other region of Uttar Pradesh. The history of the Mughals in Lukhnow is connected with the Nawabs of Awadh, with a large community of Qazilbash being settled in the city in the 18th century. The Qazilbash Nawabs of Behta were a prominent family of Mughal talukdars. Three quarters of the Awadh Mughal are Shia. Other than the Qazilbash, Lukhnow is also home to small numbers of Chughtais with many of the latter being Sunni. The town of Malihabad, near Lukhnow, is also home to a large community of Chughtai Mughals, while Kakori is home to a small number of Sunni Chughtais.^[14] a considerable number of mughals are settled in sultanpur (parvar) area, belonging to mirza aga jan clan - a chugtai warlord responsible for an important mughal military base at mijhora (mirza's settlement) village along with his brother Mirza Aga Rehman. In India the tribal scrutiny the British government put the mughal military persons in custody and listed the asa criminal tribe because the so many mirza/baig the military officers and dangerous to the British government and British currency hence the British government listed the so many mughal military families frame the charges they are making the fake currency to distribute and down the economy of British government in India. As per the Waajib ul Arz of 1862 of village Jalalabad, Asiwan under Tehsil Hasanganj of District Unnao, it signifies the presence of a Mughal clan from Chaghtai/Barlas branches under the leadership of Mirza Jalal Beg who chose to revolt and side with Kamran Mirza against Emperor Humayun around 1538. This clan picked up a remote area under dense forest across the Jheel of Asiwan after they fled from bank of river Ganges from the area around Bilgram. This clan was further identified and was honored with Jagirs from Emperor Jahangir. As per 'Mughals of the Dark' by Shaheer A. Mirza, the area was developed with Mango orchards in coordination with a group of same clan who were settled at Dularmau near Malihabad on the bank of river Behta. Currently the family claims to be in the 22nd generation of Amir Timur though it parted with famous Timurid Dynasty way back during the times of Sultan Mohammad Mirza when he accompanied Zaheeruddin Mohammad Babur during his early inroads well before 1526. The same document reveals that Delhi was under control of Shah Alam II when Saadat Ali Beg started to move branches towards Asiwan.

In Bihar

In Bihar, the Mughals are found in all the districts with a sizeable Muslim population, especially Patna, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Nalanda, Nawada, Gaya, Jahanabad, Munger, sasaram, piro, siwan and other cities. They comprise mainly the urban middle class and are involved in trade and businesses. Many have migrated to large cities like Delhi and Kolkata in search of a livelihood. They are mostly Sunni Muslims. While the Mughal of Darbhanga and Madhubani follow the Salafi and Deobandi aqeedah, the Mughal of Gaya, Nalanda and Nawada are mostly Barelwi Sunnis.

In Delhi

The city of Delhi has always been associated with the Mughal, being the seat of the Mughal dynasty that ruled India for four centuries. Their settlements in Old Delhi date back to the 16th century when the first Mughal courtiers arrived with Babar. The Taimuri clan claims direct descent from the Mughal dynasty. Other sub-groups include the Chughtai, Turkman, Changezi, Barlas, and Douli, Bakhst and Qazilbash. A large number of Mughals from old Delhi emigrated to Pakistan at partition. A small rump community is left in Delhi. They are still an endogamous community, marrying among themselves, or on occasions with communities of a similar status, such the Sayyid and Pathan. The Taimuri are Sunni, while the Qazilbash and Turkmen are Shia.^[15]

In Rajasthan

The Mughal of Rajasthan are concentrated in Bikaner District and in the adjoining districts of Jaipur and Jodhpur. They claim to be descendants of Mughal soldiers and revenue collectors As Representative of mughal Derbar (DEWANS) in the service of the various Rajput Rajahs of the region. The community has two sub-divisions, the Balla and Chakda, both of which are endogamous. There are however some cases of hypergamous marriages with neighbouring Muslim Rajput groups. The Mughal are mainly a community of cultivators. Camel carting is an important secondary occupation. They are Sunni Muslims, and unlike other Mughal communities in North India, have a traditional council known as the nayat. The nayat traditionally resolves any disputes within the community. Sadulpur,Rajgarh Dist. Churu (Rajasthan) is having number of Mughal families those were migrated from Dehli, Agra, Hansi, Luharu, Surajgarh, Narhar, Kathlathal and various Mughal offices of Rajputana during the Mughal period .^[16]

In Gujarat

The Mughal community of Gujarat is said to have settled there during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, when the state was conquered by the Mughals. Historically, the Mughals of Gujarat are descendants of princes, who were granted refuge by Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (1526–1536) when the Mughal power in Delhi was toppled by Sher Shah Suri. The act of giving refuge to a prince, Mohamed Zaman Mirza, by the Sultan of Gujarat led the invasion of the country by the Emperor Humayun. This Mohamed Zaman brought along many camp followers, from whom a significant portion of the Mughal community descended. A second wave of Mughals arrived with Sultan Hussain of Khurasan, who sought refuge in Gujarat after falling with the Emperor Akbar. The descendants of Sultan Hussain settled in Vadodara, Surat and Bharuch. These Indian Mughals are Sunni, and almost all belong to the Taimuri clan. During the 18th century, Iran was in political turmoil as the Safavid dynasty fell from power and the Nader Shah made himself the supreme ruler of Iran. A good many Iranian refugees fled to Gujarat, settling in the ports of Surat and Bharuch. This community is often referred to as the Mirzas, rather the Mughal, and is distinct from other Gujarat Mughals in that they are Shia.^[17]

In Maharashtra (Subah Berar)

The Mughal community of Berar is said to have settled there during the late 15th and early 16th centuries, when the state was conquered by the Mughals Emperor Akbar. Historically, the Mughals of Berar are descendants of princes, granted subah to Sultan Mirza Azam Shah of Berar, Gujarat by the emperor Aurangzeb Alamgeer Mirza Azam Shah family descendant still stay Near Aragaon of Hiwarkhed in 1642 Shahbeg Khan Subedar of berar the Military Halt threefold night stay at Hiwarkhed before the forteenth child birth of Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu) when Shahjahan travelled Balapur Fort to Burhanpur. Bulaqi beg Mirza the mamlatdar in 18th century. The Sarkar Narnala Fort under the Haridatry descendant of Mughal Sardar Baig Mirza and also the whole matter related the All Mughal Tombs, Mosque, Sarai, Drgah,the WAKF of Mughals maintained under the Muttawwalliship of Alijah (Mirza Azam) descendant of Duccun to Delhi because the all property of ancestor tombs, Mosque,Sarai Dargah, etc. Wakf Alalaulad As per AURANGZEB WILL because Mirza AZAM was HAFIZ OF QURAN hence Aurangzeb 100% faith in his beloved son hence the Berar Mughal family managed. After independency they were helpless of Wakf Alalaulad. They are now in Sarkar Narnala, [Shapur, Khandesh, Malwa, kalamb, Mahoor, Hiwarkhed, Akola, Amravati, Khelda, paonar, Nagpur, Wardha and the Nandeer. The Mughal community speak Persion,Urdu, mixed with Duccunni Urdu. In terms of sectarian affiliation, the community is split into groups, the Sunni Mirza Baig, as per Alamgeer Nama and Maasre Alamgiri the Mughal of Berar from The Sunni sect of Hanfi. The Shia Mughal together with the Shia Sayyid are members of the Hasna Ashri Jamat.^[18]

Mughal of Pakistan

In Punjab

The region of Punjab is also home to a large number of Mughal communities. Historically, they were found in the largest numbers in and around the city of the Rawalpindi Division. The Mughal of the Rawalpindi Division belong to local agricultural tribes locally known by their tribal names, such as the Gheba, Phaphra and kassar tribes of the Barlas Mughals and Chughtai are also found in the Punjab.^[19] A small town Langrewali, Tehsil Sialkot has chughtai mughal tribe that claim direct lineage from Genghis Khan. A prominent Mughal family was the family of Khan Rahim Bux Khan whose son was Khan Karim Bux Khan which was later on settled at Babay Beri a Mohallah in Sialkot City.

Phaphra

Several tribal groupings in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan claim Mughal ancestry^{[citation needed]}. One such tribe are the Phaphra. They occupy a compact area of about 25 square miles (65 km²) at the foot of the Salt Range, east of Pind Dadan Khan in Jhelum District in Pakistan.

According to their tradition^{[citation needed]}, the tribe came from the direction of Faridkot in Punjab, and settled in the district as traders and agriculturists. The tribe claims descent from a Phaphra who settled in the district in the 15th century .

Khamb

The Khamb is another tribe claiming to be Mughal, and found mainly in the Pothohar region of northern Punjab. According to their traditions, the ancestors of the Khamb arrived from Kathiawar, in what is now the modern state of Gujarat in India.

The Khamb were settled in their present abode by a Hashmat Khan, a chief of the Thathal tribe, who are natives of the Pothohar region. This Hashmat Khan was appointed as a garrison commander of Khambhat in Kathiawar by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. When Hashmat returned to the Pothohar region of Pakistan, he was accompanied by members of the garrison at Khambait. He ordered villages to be built named Khambi Qaleechpur and Khanpur, and the Khamb tribe was granted land in and around the new town.^[20] At present they live in Khambi Qaleechpur and Khanpur in the Gujrat district of Punjab.

Kassar

The Kassar are a Mughal tribe and one of the three major land-owning tribes in the Dhani country of Chakwal District in Punjab province, Pakistan.^[21] They occupy the northern part of Dhani, called Babial and Chaupeda. According to the Jhelum District settlement report of 1862, they are mentioned as having come from Jammu along with the Mair-Minhas tribe and been settled in this area by the Mughal Emperor, Zaheerudin Babur. According to their traditions, they claim descent from a kinsmen of the Emperor Babur, Kassar khan. Who was said to be a Barlas Mughal and a distant cousin of Babur. Chakwal.

Jandran

The Jandran are a tribe of Mughal status, found mainly Jhang, Khanewal, Vehari, Lodhran and Sargodha districts of Punjab.^[3] And Rich People in The World

Other clans

• Baig Mughal
• Mirza Mughal
• Tarkhan Mughal Royal Mughals
• Mir Mughal
• Khan Mughal

In Sindh

In Sindh, two Mughal dynasties, the Arghun and Tarkhan, held power for a short periods in the 16th Century. Most of the Sindhi Mughals are descended from these two dynasties, these two dynasties who were later subdued by Babur. Many Sindhi Mughal's also claim to have arrived in the region during the rebellion of Sher Shah Suri against the Mughal heir-apparent Humayun, in fact many Mughal's settled in Umarkot, and young Akbar was born there. in Sindh the Mughals ruled with the assistance of the Kalhora tribe. Among the famous Mughal administrators of Sindh was Mirza Ghazi Beg, during his rule many Sindhi's entered the service of the Mughal Emperors. Sindh is also home to a large number of Mughals also known as the Lohar (Metalsmith) they can be found in central Sindh particularly in the regions around Kot Diji Fort, Gambat, Sukkur and Khairpur, and are named after their family profession. Sindh is also home so a few rare Jochid tribes.

A small number of Qazilbash tribesmen settled in Sindh in the during the invasion of Nadir Shah. The Sindhi Mughals are overwhelmingly Sunni, and now entirely speak Sindhi.^[22]

The Changizi are Sindhi Mughal tribes found in northern Sindh and are closely associated with the Chughtai tribes. The Changizi claim direct lineage from Genghis Khan and can be found in Larkana and Shikarpur.

Two well known Mughal tribes known to have held power in Sindh are the Arghuns and the Tarkhans (well known for their skills as Metalsmiths). The Arghuns are a mixed Chaghatai and Ilkhanate tribe that was driven out of Central Asia by the Timurids, they amassed in Sindh along with their Tarkhan allies and sacked Thatta and overthrew the Samma Emirs. Both tribes are known to have violated the liberties of the Muslim inhabitants of Sindh and forced local Emirs to desperately seek the assistance of Babur, who dispatched his forces to overthrow most of them. The first Mughal Emperor Babur restored the Emirs and authorized members of the Mughal tribe as Subedars. Today both the Arghuns and the Tarkhans refer to themselves as Mughals despite being overthrown by Babur and later by Akbar.

In Hazara Division

In Hazara, the Mughals are found in Mansehra district in villages Hafeez bandi (Behali,(hafiz bandi) Bararkot, Gulli Bagh, Pakhli and Mohandri). In Abbottabad (Aziz Abad,{ Mohar Kalan } [Banda Phagwarian] Kunj Kehal Chatri, Namli Maira, Dobathar, Tarnawai, Richbhen, Solan, jhangi, Samesar, Sultanpur, Tarari One Mughal clan called Douli. Haripur in Ghazi Tehsil Mankaray Sawabi Topi One Mughal clan called meer. The Tanoli tribe, of the former Amb and Phulra states, are also accounted to be Mughals or Turks. The language spoken by Mughal in Hazara is Hindko. mughals are second noble caste after sayyid.They are also found in Ghanool,Kaghan and Naran,babusar,chilas.Mughals from these areas are Called Behraji.Mughals often use 'Khan/Kahn' in their surname.

• Mughal
• Baig
• Mir Barlas/Tanoli Mogul
• Mughal
• Behraji

Mughal of Jammu and Kashmir

Baig

The Beg or Baig are said to be the descendents of Mughal soldiers, who were custodians of the treasury. They are an urban community, found in their own quarters in the cities of Anantnag, Baramulla, Badgam, Neelum valley, Muzaffarabad, Jhelum District and borders adjoining with Hazara division Pakistan. According to some traditions, the Baig are in fact descended from Uighur of Kashgar,and many also refer to themselves as Kashgari. They remained a community distinct from other Kashmiri Muslims and were only granted state citizenship in 1939. Many are still involved in their traditional occupation of carpet weaving and embroidery. The Baig are entirely Sunni Muslim, and historically affiliated to the Barelvi sect, with many belonging to the Dastigiri Sufi order. A few of the Mughals also follow the Deobandi sect.^[23] one of such clans is presently living in village Chogal of Handwara Tehsil, District Kupwara,& descendants of mirza aga jan and Mirza Aga Rehman of Mijhora, dist. Akbarpur - uttar Pradesh, & another one noticed in Karachi i;e Arif Baig Mughal Muslim with NO sect, follows Islam based on Quranic guide lines.

Mughal of Jammu and Mirpur

The Mughal of Jammu and Kashmir share many culture similarities with the Mughal of Punjab. In kotli district and some other districts of AJ&K some mughals migrated here from poonch and rajauri. In 1857 when Englishes elapsed mughal dynasty, they started brute killing of mughals as they believe there is no enemy except mughals as a sign of peril. To save their lives mughals hidden their identity and pretended to be of different castes. There are number of agrarian tribes, such as the Junhal Maldial and Hoteel who claim Mughal ancestry. These Mughal tribes all claim to have settled in the Jammu and Mirpur region during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Babar. The Emperor is said to have settled these tribes as a bulwark against the local Rajput tribes, who were continuously rebelling against the Mughal authority. The Chughtai Mughal families of Jammu city are descended from a Mirza Jan Beg Tarkhan, a Mughal nobleman who fled Delhi after the Indian mutiny of 1857.^[24]

The Mughal in the Jammu region are settled mainly in Jammu,Bhadarwah(Distt.Doda) Nawshera, Rajauri and Poonch. Those of Jammu are a Punjabi speaking community. The Jammu city Lohar Chughtai and Tarkhan Barlas Mughal are an urban community, many of whom migrated in and out of India and Pakistan at the time of the partition of land in Pakistan & India, an event which also led to the division of Jammu and Kashmir. The Mughal tribes of Rajauri and Poonch region are effectively separated from their kinsmen by the line of control. These division especially affects the Junhal and Tarkhan tribes, who villages are literally bisected by the line of control. The Mughals in Azad Kashmir are found mainly in the southern districts of Mirpur,Rawalpindi, Kotli and Bhimber, and are culturally the same as Jammu Mughals. Other than the Chughtai Lohar of Jammu, who are Shia, the other Mughal communities are Sunni, equally divided between Barelvis and Deobandi.^[24]

The Mughal of Azad Kashmir and Rajauri-Poonch are an agrarian community, living in mult-community villages and cultivating their own fields. They are not endogamous, marrying into neighbouring Pahari Rajput communities.

Here is a brief descriptions of the main clans:

Mirza Baig

Mirza title used by many clans of mughal descent. Found mainly in Kashmir and provinces of Punjab. The word Mirza is derived from the Persian term 'Amīrzāde which literally means "child of the 'Amīr" or "child of the leader" in Persia and Kurdistan. 'Amīrzād in turn consists of the Arabic title 'Amīr (engl. Emir), meaning "commander", and the Persian suffix -zād, meaning "birth" or "lineage".

The Barlas clan commonly used the name Baig (also spelt Beg) to identify high-ranked members of their clan. For the Barlas people Mirza was used as a title, and Baig was attached as the surname to all the patriarchs, thus creating the Mirza Baig lineage. (e.g. Mirza Mansur Baig or even Mansur Mirza Baig). The names Mirza and Baig are still used today, to identify Mughal ancestry.Like the families who settled in Jhelum in the village of Chak Nazar use the Mirza and Baig words in the start and end of their actual name,Mirza Arif Beg,Mirza Shaaz Arif Beg,Mirza Shaghil Arif Beg, Mirza Shahzad Baig, Mirza Aslam Baig, General Mirza Rasheed Baig, Dr. Mirza Zamurad Baig, Mirza Yaseen Baig, Mirza Yaqoob Baig Mirza Mohammamad Asad Mughal Of Islamgarh Mirpur etc. (See Baig)

Maldiyal

The Maldiyal are found in Bagh District and Tehsil Abbaspur of Poonch District in Kashmir. The Word "Maldyal" is derived from the name of Mirza Moloud Baig, a Chughtai Mughal, who is said to have settled in Poonch in the 15th century.^{[citation needed]} They are one of a number of clans found in the Pothohar region and adjoining areas of Azad Kashmir and Hazara which claim Mughal ancestry^{[citation needed]}. Maldiyal are the highest sub castes of mughal mostly found in villages of Birpani, Samni, Dharian, Chatar, kharal maldial (one village in bagh he his named) and Salian of Bagh district.(in Village Nawan Tehsil Sehnsa Kotli, came from salhian Maldiyalian in 1831---1837 when Shams khan and Rajwali(Nephew of Shams khan Bouth Maldiyal Mughal) revolt against Gulab sing along with Sabz ali & Mallee Khan(Bouth sudhn). (One from Maldiyal Named Fazal Khan Killed a police S.H.O from Gulab sing and migrate himself from Salhian Maldiyalian to Murry to Salgran to Swairry to Nawan Tehsil Sehnsa kotli, Latter-on Fazal Khan Named his grandson Shams Khan They hide themselves from police in a good place up-to Azad Kashmir came into being, Son of Shams Khan from Nawan Named Mohammad Khan fight proudly,bravely against enemies under the command of Cpt.Natha Khan at the time of fighting and become as Ghazee. All of them settled in Nawan Tehsil Sehnsa Kotli.

Hoteel

The Hoteel are sub-tribe of Mughal.^{[citation needed]} They are found in Punjab and Kashmir. In Punjab they are scattered in many districts. Hoteel is a huge part of Punjab's population.^{[citation needed]} In Azad Kashmir this tribe is mainly found in Bangion, Jandala and timrota Rawalakot else. Hoteels are also residing in many other parts of Azad Kashmir.^{[citation needed]} The people of this tribe living in Azad Kashmir speak Pahari. Hoteels called Chughtai as well.^{[citation needed]}

Douli

The Douli' are sub clan of Mughals are found mainly along line of control in the villages of Hajira, Dara Sher Khan, Mandhole, Abbaspur, Serarri as well Rawalakot town in Poonch District.Other than that Douli'live in N.W.F.P Hazara likely Haripure district Mostly in Tehsil Ghazi, and District Sawabi, speak Hindko.Others They are Pahari speaking, as are most Poonch District tribes.

Junhal ^{[citation needed]}

The Junhal are a tribe found in Poonch District, which is now split by the line of control. They were once a powerful tribe but nearly destroyed by the Gakhars.^{[citation needed]} More than any other tribal grouping in Jammu and Kashmir, the Junhal have been particularly affected by the division of Kashmir, as their villages lie exactly at the line of control, with some now in the Indian zone, while others are in the Pakistani zone.^[25]

Khan Mughal

The Khan Mughal are tribe of Mughal status found in Kashmir, They are locally referred to as Kamagar, which is drove from word Kaman Gar, which means weapon makers in the Persian language. According to their traditions, they were part of the Mughal under the leadership of Babur. They were mainly concerned with manufacturing arms and weapons.^[26]

Some Mughal families of Jammu city are descended from a Mirza Jan Beg, a Mughal nobleman who fled Delhi after the failure of the Indian mutiny of 1857.^[24]

Notable Mughals

• General Mirza Aslam Baig
• General Mohammad Abbas Baig known as Baba-e-Artillery" (father of the Artillery) for his role in establishing this core section of Pakistani army.
• General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan Qizilbash, third President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971
• Mustabeen Ullah Baig, CEO and Founder of "Eagle Security Guards(private limited)"
• Aurangzaib Pasha Advocate Suprime court of Pakistan {Main Qamar Din Family }
• Mirza Aziz Akbar Baig
• Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed Khan
• Dr Abdul Rauf Mughal, Psychiatrist, Shalamar Hospital, Lahore^[27]
• Abdur Rahman Chughtai, famous Pakistani artist

• Khalifa Mahriya Muhammad Bin Umar
• Umair Asghar Ali, GIS Technologist {Main Qamar Din Family }

See also

• Mughal Empire
• Mughal painting
• Mughal weapons
• Mughal Army

References

v t e Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb (Alamgir) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud-Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar Shah II Bahadur Shah II Events Battle of Panipat (1526) Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat (1556) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Haldighati Siege of Kandahar Mughal-Safavid War Siege of Orchha Mughal–Safavid War Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Ahom–Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Siege of Bijapur Siege of Golconda Siege of Jinji Battle of Karnal Battle of Panipat (1761) Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri Humayun's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangiri Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar's Tomb Agra Fort Jahangir Mahal Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sheesh Mahal (Lahore) Suneri Mosque Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Shivaji Khushal Khan Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Nadir Shah Hector Munro See also Mughal tribe Architecture Military Cuisine Culture Gardens Language Painting Weapons Persians in the Mughal Empire Flag of the Mughal Empire Successor states Marathas Durranis Mysore Sikhs Bengal Awadh Hyderabad Carnatic Rajputs Jats Bangash Pathans Rohilkhand

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v t e Muhajir communities Originally from Andhra Pradesh Chaush Hyderabadi Muslims Originally from Bihar and Bengal Ansari Bengali Bihari Muslims Bisati Chik Gaddi Idrisi Khanzada Malik of Bihar Mughal Muker Pathan of Bihar Rayee Shaikh of Bihar Stranded Biharis Thakurai Teli Originally from Delhi Abbasi Saqqa Ansari Arain Behna Bhatiara Dhobi Ghosi Gujjar Manihar Meo Mughal Pathans Qassab Qaum-e-Punjaban Rajput Muslim Rangrez Saifi Shaikh Sayyid Salmani Originally from Gujarat Alavi Bohra Ansari Arabs Baloch Banjara Behlim Bhadala Bharbhunja Bhishti Chhipa Chunara Chundrigar Dawoodi Bohra Dhobi Dhuldhoya Doodwala Ghanchi Ghanchi-Pinjara Halaypotra Hingorja Hingora Jats of Kutch Juneja Kadia Kagzi Ker Khaskheli Khoja Machiyar Makrani Malik of Gujarat Mandali Makwana Manka Mansoori Memon Meta Qureshi Miyana Molesalam Momna Mughal Multani Multani Lohar Mutwa Nagori Nayak Node Panar Parmar Patani Bohra Patni Jamat Pathans of Gujarat Salaat Samma Sandhai Muslims Sanghar Shaikhs of Gujarat Shaikhda Sayyid of Gujarat Siddi Sipahi Soomra Sulaymani Bohra Sunni Bohra Surti Muslims Tai Turk Jamat Vora Patel Vyapari Wagher Karnataka Baghban Beary Chaush Kodagu Mappila Konkani Muslims Nawayath Siddi Kerala Koya Mappila Marikkar Thangal Thulukkar Rajasthan Ansari Bhutta Cheetah Deshwali Gaddi Ghosi Khadim Khanzada Merat Meo Mughal Pathans of Rajasthan Pinjara Qaimkhani Rangrez Rath Shaikhs of Rajasthan Silawat Sindhi-Sipahi Sorgar Tamil Nadu Kayalar Labbay Marakkar Rowther Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Ansari Baghban Baluch Behlim Behna Bisati Dhobi Musalmaan Dogar Fareedi Gaddi Garha Ghosi Gujjar Musalmaan Halwai Idrisi Iraqi Jat Musalmaan Jhojha Kakorvi Shaikh Kamboh Kayastha Musalman Khanzada Khumra Lalkhani Rajput Malkana Manihar Meo Milki Mughal Mujavir Muker Nagar Muslims Pathans of Madhya Pradesh Pathans of Uttar Pradesh Qassab Qaum-e-Punjaban Qidwai Rajput Musalmaan Rangrez Rayeen Rohilla Sadaat Amroha Saadat-e-Bara Sadaat-e-Bilgram Saifi Salmani Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh Shaikh Ja'fri Siddiqui Shaikhzada Teli Musalmaan Turk Tyagi Musalmaan Zamindara

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