Moraxella osloensis
| Moraxella osloensis | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Pseudomonadales |
| Family: | Moraxellaceae |
| Genus: | Moraxella |
| Species: | M. osloensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Moraxella osloensis | |
Moraxella osloensis is a species of Gram-negative oxidase positive, aerobic bacteria within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.[1]
The bacterium Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.[1] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors Moraxella osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.[1]
Life cycle
This bacterium has been identified as one of the natural symbionts of a bacteria-feeding nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), which is an endoparasite of slugs, including the slug Deroceras reticulatum[1] (grey garden slug) which is one of the most serious agricultural and garden slug pests.[2]
In nature, bacteria colonize the gut of nematode infective juveniles which represent a specialized stage of development adapted for survival in the unfavorable environment.[1] The infective juveniles seek out and enter the slug's shell cavity through the posterior mantle region.[1] Once inside the shell cavity, the bacteria are released, and the infective juveniles resume growth, feeding on the multiplying bacteria.[1] The infected slugs die in 4–10 days, and the nematodes colonize the entire cadaver and produce next generation infective juveniles which leave the cadaver to seek a new host.[1] It is the bacteria which are responsible for killing the slugs; nematodes without bacteria do not cause death.[2]
Biochemistry
The lipopolysaccharide, that is an endotoxin, from Moraxella osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum when applied by injection.[3]
The lethality of these nematodes to slugs has been shown to correlate with the number of Moraxella osloensis cells carried by infective juveniles.[1] Tan and Grewal (2001)[4] demonstrated that the 72 h old Moraxella osloensis cultures inoculated into the shell cavity were highly pathogenic to the slug.[1] They further reported that Moraxella osloensis produced an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5300 KD, and the purified Moraxella osloensislipopolysaccharide was toxic to the slug with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg when injected into the shell cavity.[1]
Infections of humans
Although M. osloensis rarely infects humans, it can sometimes be found in a variety of tissues, where it sometimes causes disease.[5][6] Antibiotics are usually effective against such infections.[6]
Smelliness
M. osloensis has found to be the bacterium responsible for locker-room smell or shower-curtain odour".[7]
Classification
The species M. osloensis was proposed in 1967; the bacteria which are now considered to be M. osloensis would previously have been considered to be Moraxella nonliquefaciens or Mima polymorpha (var.) oxidans.[6]
See also
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[1]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 An R., SreevatsanS. & Grewal P. S. (2008). "Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum". BMC Microbiology 8: 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-19.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tan, L.; Grewal, P. S. (2001), "Pathogenicity of Moraxella osloensis, a Bacterium Associated with the Nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the Slug Deroceras reticulatum", Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (11): 5010–6, doi:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5010-5016.2001, PMC 93264, PMID 11679319
- ↑ Tan L. & Grewal P. S. (2003). "Characterization of the first molluscicidal lipopolysaccharide from Moraxella osloensis". Appl. Environ Microbiol. 69(6): 3646-3649. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.6.3646-3649.2003
- ↑ Tan L. & Grewal P. S. (2001). "Pathogenicity of Moraxella osloensis, a bacterium associated with the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the slug Deroceras reticulatum". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 5010-5016. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5010-5016.2001.
- ↑ Han, XY; Tarrand, JJ (2004), "Moraxella osloensis blood and catheter infections during anticancer chemotherapy: clinical and microbiologic studies of 10 cases", American journal of clinical pathology 121 (4): 581–7, doi:10.1309/QBB3-AVCM-GWA3-K1XK, PMID 15080311
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Barrett Sugarman and Jill Clarridge (June 1982), "Osteomyelitis Caused by Moraxella osloensis", Journal of Clinical Microbiology 15 (6): 1148–1149, PMC 272268, PMID 7107844
- ↑ [Moraxella species are primarily responsible for generating malodor in laundry|http://aem.asm.org/content/early/2012/02/21/AEM.07816-11.abstract]