Moraceae
| Moraceae Temporal range: 80Ma Cretaceous - Recent | |
|---|---|
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| Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae Gaudich.[1] |
| Genera | |
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See text. | |
The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and over 1000 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates. The only synapomorphy within Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits.[2] Included are well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, mulberry, and Osage-orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences).
Classification
Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in its placement within Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropicaceae, is now included in Urticaceae.[3]
Moraceae dioecy apparently evolved from monoecy as dioecy appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae. Monoecy evolved independently at least four times.[4]
Genera
The five tribes of Moraceae are: Artocarpeae;[5] Castilleae;[6] Dorstenieae;[7] Ficeae;[8] and Moreae.[9] Aside from Ficaea, which only has one genus (Ficus L.), all of the others have at least seven genera, here listed below.[10]
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Footnotes
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- ↑ Judd et al. (2008)
- ↑ Sytsma et al. (2002)
- ↑ Datwyler and Weiblen (2004)
- ↑ GRIN. "Genera in GRIN for tribe Artocarpeae". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ GRIN. "Genera in GRIN for tribe Castilleae". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ GRIN. "Genera in GRIN for tribe Dorstenieae". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ GRIN. "Genera in GRIN for tribe Ficeae". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ GRIN. "Genera in GRIN for tribe Moreae". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ GRIN. "Genera in GRIN for family Moraceae". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
References
- Datwyler, Shannon L. & Weiblen, George D. (2004): On the origin of the fig:Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 91(5): 767-777. PDF fulltext
- Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F. & Donoghue, Michael J. (2008): Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA.
- Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Morawetz, Jeffery; Pires, J. Chris; Nepokroeff, Molly; Conti, Elena; Zjhra, Michelle; Hall, Jocelyn C. & Chase, Mark W. (2002): Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 89(9): 1531-1546. PDF fulltext
- Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Clement, Wendy L.; Datwyler, Shannon L. & Weiblen, George D. (2005): Biogroegraphy and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(2): 402-416. doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 PDF fulltext
External links
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