Monarda
| Monarda | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Monarda didyma | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Nepetoideae |
| Tribe: | Mentheae |
| Genus: | Monarda L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Monarda fistulosa L. | |
| Species | |
|
About 16, see text | |
Monarda is a genus consisting of roughly 16 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae.[2] The genus is endemic to North America. Common names include bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, and bergamot, the latter inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia). The genus was named for the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes, who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants of the New World.
Description
Monarda species include annual and perennial herbaceous plants. They grow erect to heights of 20–90 cm (8–35 in). The slender, serrated, lanceolate leaves are oppositely arranged on the stem, hairless or sparsely hairy, and about 7 to 14 centimeters long.
The flowers are tubular and bilaterally symmetric, with a narrow upper lip and a wider lower lip. The wild flowers are single, but some cultivated forms have double flowers. They are hermaphroditic, with male and female structures in each flower. There are two stamens. Inflorescences occur at the top of the stem or emerge from the axils. They are typically crowded head-like clusters of flowers with leafy bracts. Flower color varies, with wild species bearing red, pink, and light purple flowers. M. didyma has bright carmine red flowers, M. fistulosa has pink, and M. citriodora and M. pectinata have pale purple. Hybrids occur in the wild, and they are common in cultivation. Seed collected from hybrids does not yield plants identical to the parent.[3][4]
Uses
The crushed leaves of all species exude a spicy, fragrant essential oil. Of the species examined in one study, M. didyma contained the highest concentration of oil.[5]
Several species, including Monarda fistulosa and M. didyma, have a long history of use as medicinal plants by many Native Americans, such as the Blackfoot, Menominee, Ojibwa and Winnebago. The Blackfoot recognized the strong antiseptic action of the plants, and used them in poultices for skin infections and minor wounds. A tisane made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee balm is a natural source of the antiseptic compound thymol, the primary active ingredient in some modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a bee balm tisane as a general stimulant. Bee balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to prevent excessive flatulence.[6] An infusion of crushed, boiled Monarda has been used to treat headache and fever.
Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the leaves and buds, the plant tastes like a mix of spearmint and peppermint with oregano. Bee balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation.[6]
Cultivation
Monarda plants thrive in sun and moist but well-drained soil. Plants growing in partial shade spread horizontally and produce fewer flowers. Monarda are used in beds and borders to attract hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and insects that control garden pests.
There are over 50 commercial cultivars and hybrids ranging in color from red to white to blue. These are generally not as robust as wild species. Some hybrids have been developed to produce high levels of essential oil for use as flavoring or medicine.[7]
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
Ecology
Monarda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including case-bearers of the genus Coleophora. Coleophora monardae feeds only on Monarda plants, and C. heinrichella and C. monardella only feed on the species M. fistulosa.
Taxonomy
Monarda is in the tribe Mentheae of the subfamily Nepetoideae in the mint family. Molecular phylogenetic studies of this tribe have been poorly sampled, and relationships within it remain unclear.[14] The genera Blephilia and Pycnanthemum are close relatives of Monarda, but they might not be the closest.[4] Monarda is divided into two distinct subgenera, Monarda and Cheilyctis.[15] These are easily distinguished by several characters.[2]
Selected species
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Formerly placed here
- Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. (as M. ciliata L.)
- Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. (as M. ciliata Pursh)[17]
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monarda. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Monarda |
- ↑ "Genus: Monarda L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harley, R. M., et al. 2004. "Labiatae". pp 167-275 In: Kubitzki, K. (editor) and J. W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
- ↑ Whitten, W. M. (Mar., 1981), "Pollination ecology of Monarda didyma, M. clinopodia, and hybrids (Lamiaceae) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains", American Journal of Botany 68 (3): 435–442, doi:10.2307/2442781, JSTOR 2442781
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Prather, L. A., et al. (2002), "Monophyly and phylogeny of Monarda (Lamiaceae): Evidence from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA", Systematic Botany 27 (1): 127–137, doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.1.127
- ↑ Spencer, E. R. (1974), All About Weeds, Courier Dover, p. 218, ISBN 0-486-23051-1
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tilford, G. L. Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ↑ Mazza, G., et al. (1993), "Monarda: A source of geraniol, linalool, thymol and carvacrol-rich essential oils", in Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, New Crops (Wiley, New York): 628–631
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Monarda 'Beauty of Cobham'". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Monarda 'Gardenview Scarlet'". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Monarda 'Marshall's Delight'". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Monarda 'Squaw'". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Monarda 'Talud'". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Monarda 'Violet Queen'". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ↑ Ryding, P. O. 2010. Pericarp structure and phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 285(3-4), 165–75. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0270-9
- ↑ Scora, R. W. 1967. Interspecific relationships in the genus Monarda (Labiatae). University of California Publications in Botany 41(1), 1–71.
- ↑ "Monarda". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "GRIN Species Records of Monarda". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-10-08.