Modern Greek Enlightenment

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Hermes o Logios, Greek literary magazine of the 18th and 19th century.

The Modern Greek Enlightenment (Greek: Διαφωτισμός, Diafotismos, "enlightenment," "illumination") was the Greek expression of the Age of Enlightenment.

=Origins

Further information: Ottoman Greece

The Greek Enlightenment was given impetus by the Greek predominance in trade and education, in the Ottoman Empire. Greek merchants financed a large number of young Greeks to study in universities in Italy and the German states. There they were introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.^[1] It was the wealth of the extensive Greek merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to 1821. It was not by chance that on the eve of the Greek War of Independence the most important centres of Greek learning, schools-cum-universities, were situated in Ioannina, Chios, Smyrna (Izmir) and Ayvalik, all major centres of Greek commerce.^[2]

Role of the Phanariotes

The Phanariotes were a small caste of Greek families who took their collective name from the Phanar quarter of Constantinople where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is still housed. They held various administrative posts within the Ottoman Empire, the most important of which were those of hospodar, or prince, of the Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Most hospodars acted as patrons of Greek culture, education, and printing. These academies attracted teachers and pupils from throughout the Orthodox commonwealth, and there was some contact with intellectual trends in Habsburg central Europe. For the most part they supported the Ottoman system of government, too much to play a significant part in the emergence of the Greek national movement; however, their support of learning produced many highly educated Greek scholars who benefited from the cosmopolitan environment the Phanariotes cultivated in their principalities.^[3]

This environment was in general a special attraction for young, ambitious and educated Greek people from the Ottoman Empire, contributing to their national enlightenment. The Princely Academies of Bucharest and Iasi also played a crucial role in this movement. Characteristically the authors of the Geographia Neoteriki, one of the most remarkable works of that era, Daniel Philippidis and Grigorios Konstantas, were both educated in this environment.^[4]^[5]

Aftermath

Eugenios Voulgaris.

One effect was the creation of an atticized form of Greek by linguistic purists, which was adopted as the official language of the state and came to be known as Katharevousa (purified). This created diglossia in the Greek linguistic sphere, in which Katharevousa and the vernacular idiom known as Dimotiki were in conflict until the latter half of the 20th century.^[1]

The transmission of Enlightenment ideas into Greek thought also influenced the development of a national consciousness. The publication of the journal Hermes o Logios encouraged the ideas of the Enlightenment. The journal's objective was to advance Greek science, philosophy and culture. Two of the main figures of the Greek Enlightenment, Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais, encouraged Greek nationalists to pursue contemporary political thought.^[6]

Greek Enlightenment concerned not only language and the humanities but also the sciences. Some scholars such as Methodios Anthrakites, Evgenios Voulgaris, Athanasios Psalidas, Balanos Vasilopoulos and Nikolaos Darbaris had a background in Mathematics and the Physical Sciences and published scientific books into Greek for use in Greek schools. Rigas Feraios also published an Anthology of Physics.

Theophilos Kairis.

Notable people and societies

Adamantios Korais (1748-1833).

Theoklitos Farmakidis.

Neophytos Doukas (1760–1845), a scholar and prolific writer, who wrote about 70 books and rendered many ancient texts into Modern Greek.

Rigas Feraios, Greek emigre to Vienna. He was an admirer of the French revolution and hoped to transplant its humanistic ideas to the Greek world. He imagined a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans.

Adamantios Korais, witness of the French Revolution, Korais took his primary intellectual inspiration from the Enlightenment, and he borrowed ideas copiously from the philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Theophilos Kairis, influenced by the French Enlightenment and critical to the Eastern Orthodox Church. He founded a pietistic revivalist movement, known as Theosebism, inspired by the French revolutionary cults, radical Protestantism and deism which was anathematised by the Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. He had a very different vision for the independent Greece, one that was based upon the concept of separation of church and state.

Theoklitos Farmakidis, inspired by the French Revolution, strongly pro-West and critical to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Filomousos Eteria, the name of two (Athens and Vienna) philological and philellene organizations.

Filiki Eteria, the Society of Friends in Greek, was a secret organisation working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule and to establish an independent Greek state founded on the humanist ideals of the Enlightenment. Many young Phanariot Greeks were among its members.

References

↑ 1.0 1.1 Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, Intellectual Revival, 2008 ed.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, The mercantile middle class, 2008 ed.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, Transformation toward emancipation, The Phanariotes, 2008 ed.
↑ Kopeček, Michal (2006). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. pp. 73–79. ISBN 978-963-7326-52-3.
↑ Sussex, Roland; John Christopher, Eade (1985). Culture and nationalism in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe. Slavica Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-89357-146-7.
↑ M. Kitromilides, Paschalis (1979). The Dialectic of Intolerance: Ideological Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict. Journal of the Hellnice Diaspora. p. 4.

Dimitris Michalopoulos, "Aristotle vs Plato. The Balkans' Paradoxical Enlightenment",Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy (BJSEP), 1 (2007), pp. 7–15. ISSN 1313-1958.

v t e Modern Greek Enlightenment

Publications	Geographia Neoteriki Hellenic Nomarchy Ephimeris Hermes o Logios

Academies	Ottoman Empire: Athonite Academy Evangelical School Kaplaneios Maroutsaia New Academy Phanar Greek Orthodox College Phrontisterion of Trapezous Diaspora: Flanginian School Princely Academy of Bucharest Princely Academy of Iaşi

Representatives	Cosmas of Aetolia Methodios Anthrakites Kosmas Balanos Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Anthimos Gazis Theophilos Kairis Dimitrios Katartzis Theodore Kavalliotis Grigorios Konstantas Adamantios Korais Veniamin Lesvios (fr) Iosipos Moisiodax Daniel Philippidis Athanasios Psalidas Athanasios Stageiritis Nikephoros Theotokis Balanos Vasilopoulos Eugenios Voulgaris

v t e National revivals during the 19th century

Ottoman Empire:	Albanian Arab Armenian Bulgarian Greek Jewish Macedonian Romanian Serbian Turkish

Russian Empire:	Belarusian Estonian Finnish Latvian Lithuanian Ukrainian

Germany and Habsburg lands:	Croatian Czech Danish Hungarian German Vormärz Italian Polish

Spain:	Asturian Basque Catalan Galician

Other:	Celtic (incl. Irish) Icelandic Flemish Norwegian

The Age of Enlightenment

Topics

Thinkers

America	Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison Thomas Paine

England	Edward Gibbon Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton

France	Montesquieu François Quesnay Voltaire Buffon Jean-Jacques Rousseau Denis Diderot Helvétius Jean le Rond d'Alembert Baron d'Holbach Condorcet Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Sade

Germany	Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Johann Gottfried von Herder Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Friedrich Schiller Moses Mendelssohn

Italy	Cesare Beccaria Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri Gaetano Filangieri

Scotland	Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Francis Hutcheson David Hume Thomas Reid Adam Smith

Ireland	Edmund Burke

v t e Greek War of Independence

Background

Ottoman Greece	Armatoloi/Klephts Lambros Katsonis Orlov Revolt Maniots Phanariotes Souliotes Ali Pasha

Greek Enlightenment	People: Cosmas of Aetolia Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Anthimos Gazis Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Eugenios Voulgaris Organisations: Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio Filiki Eteria Filomousos Eteria

Western Europe	Events: French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Septinsular Republic United States of the Ionian Islands Ideas: Liberalism Nationalism

Events

Battles	Kalamata Patras Alamana 1st Acropolis Gravia Valtetsi Doliana Dragashani Sculeni Vassilika Tripolitsa Peta Dervenakia 1st Messolonghi Karpenisi 2nd Messolonghi Greek civil wars Maniaki Lerna Mills 3rd Messolonghi Mani 2nd Acropolis Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Petra

Massacres	Constantinople Thessaloniki Navarino Tripolis Naousa Chios Psara Kasos

Naval conflicts	Nauplia Psara Samos Sphacteria Gerontas Souda Alexandria Navarino

Ships	Greek sloop Karteria Greek brig Aris

Greek Regional Councils	Messenian Senate Directorate of Achaea Peloponnesian Senate Senate of Western Continental Greece Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece Provisional Regime of Crete Military-Political System of Samos

Greek National Assemblies	First (Epidaurus) Second (Astros) Third (Troezen) Fourth (Argos) Fifth (Nafplion)

International Conferences, Treaties and Protocols	Congress of Laibach Congress of Verona Protocol of St Petersburg Treaty of London Conference of Poros London Protocol of 1828 London Protocol of 1829 Treaty of Adrianople London Protocol of 1830 London Conference Treaty of Constantinople

Personalities

Greece	Odysseas Androutsos Markos Botsaris Laskarina Bouboulina Constantin Denis Bourbaki Hatzimichalis Dalianis Athanasios Diakos Germanos III of Old Patras Dimitrios Kallergis Athanasios Kanakaris Constantine Kanaris Ioannis Kapodistrias Georgios Karaiskakis Ioannis Kolettis Theodoros Kolokotronis Georgios Kountouriotis Antonios Kriezis Lykourgos Logothetis (el) Andreas Londos Yannis Makriyannis Manto Mavrogenous Alexandros Mavrokordatos Petros Mavromichalis Andreas Metaxas Andreas Miaoulis Antonis Oikonomou Ioannis Orlandos Papaflessas Dimitrios Papanikolis Emmanouel Pappas Ioannis Papafis Christoforos Perraivos Nikitas Stamatelopoulos Iakovos Tombazis Anastasios Tsamados Georgios Sachtouris (el) Demetrios Ypsilantis

Philhellenes	Lord Byron François-René de Chateaubriand Richard Church Lord Cochrane Jean-Gabriel Eynard Charles Fabvier Thomas Gordon Frank Abney Hastings Carl von Heideck Karl Normann Louis-Maxime Raybaud Giuseppe Rosaroll Santorre di Santa Rosa Friedrich Thiersch Ludwig I of Bavaria German Legion (philhellenes) Serbs and Montenegrins

Moldavia and Wallachia	Alexander Ypsilantis Sacred Band Giorgakis Olympios Yiannis Pharmakis Dimitrie Macedonski Tudor Vladimirescu

Ottoman Empire and Egypt	Sultan Mahmud II Hursid Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha (tr) Omer Vrioni Kara Mehmet Mahmud Dramali Pasha Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Yussuf Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi

Britain, France and Russia	Stratford Canning Edward Codrington Henri de Rigny Nicholas I of Russia Login Geiden

Morea expedition	Military: Nicolas Joseph Maison Louis-Eugène Cavaignac Antoine Virgile Schneider Amédée Despans-Cubières Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Camille Alphonse Trézel Scientific: Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent Gabriel Bibron Gaspard Auguste Brullé Gérard Paul Deshayes Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval Pierre-Narcisse Guérin Edgar Quinet

Impact

Art	Eugène Delacroix Louis Dupré Peter von Hess Victor Hugo François Pouqueville Karl Krazeisen Andreas Kalvos Dionysios Solomos Theodoros Vryzakis Hellas (poem) Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi The Massacre at Chios The Free Besieged Hymn to Liberty The Archipelago on Fire

Remembrance	25 March (Independence Day) Eleftheria i thanatos Pedion tou Areos Propylaea (Munich) Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi) Evzones

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