Milada Horáková

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Milada Horáková

Milada Horáková (25 December 1901, Prague – 27 June 1950, Prague) was a Czech politician executed by Communists on charges of conspiracy and treason.

Biography

Milada Horáková was born Milada Králová in Prague. She studied law at Charles University and graduated in 1926. She then worked at the Prague City Council. In the same year she graduated, she joined the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party, which was a strong opponent of the Nazis, despite similarities of its name and that of Nazism, which is short for National Socialism or in German: Nationalsozialismus.[citation needed]

After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Horáková joined the underground resistance movement, but she was arrested by the Gestapo in 1940. She was initially sentenced to death, but later the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. She was sent to the concentration camp Terezín and then to various prisons in Germany.[1]

After the liberation in May 1945, Horáková returned to Prague and rejoined her Social Democratic party. She was elected a member of Parliament, but resigned her seat after the Communist coup in February 1948. Friends urged her to leave Czechoslovakia, but she remained in the country and continued to be politically active.[citation needed]

On 27 September 1949 she was arrested. She was eventually accused of being the leader of a supposed plot to overthrow the Communist regime.[2] The StB, the Czechoslovak secret police infamous for their brutal interrogation methods, tried to break up the group of the alleged plotters, and force them to confess to treason and conspiracy, using both physical and psychological torture.

The tombstone of Milada Horáková.

The trial of Horáková and twelve of her colleagues began on 31 May 1950. It was intended to be a show trial, like those in the Soviet Great Purges of the 1930s. It was broadcast on the radio and even supervised by Soviet advisors. The State's prosecutor was Dr. Josef Urválek.[citation needed] The trial had a script that everyone involved was supposed to follow, but on several occasions both the prosecutor, Ludmila Brožová-Polednová, and the defendants managed to state their true feelings.[3] Horáková stood firm, and defended herself and her ideals, even though she knew that doing so could only worsen her conditions and the final result.

Milada Horáková was sentenced to death, along with three of her co-defendants, on 8 June 1950. Many famous people, notably Albert Einstein, Winston Churchill and Eleanor Roosevelt, petitioned for her life, but the sentence was confirmed and she was executed in Pankrác Prison on 27 June 1950 by particularly torturous intentionally slow strangulation, which according to historians took 15 minutes.[4] She was 48 years old.

In 2005, the original uncensored recording of the trial was found by the filmmaker Martin Vadas.

Other defendants

  • Jan Buchal (1913–1950), State Security officer (executed)
  • Vojtěch Dundr (1879–1957), former Secretary of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party (15 years)
  • Dr. Jiří Hejda (1895–1985), former factory owner (life imprisonment)
  • Dr. Bedřich Hostička (1914–1996), Secretary of the Czechoslovak People's Party (28 years)
  • Záviš Kalandra (1902–1950), journalist (executed)
  • Antonie Kleinerová (1901–1996), former member of Parliament for the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party (life imprisonment)
  • Dr. Jiří Křížek (1895–1970), lawyer (22 years)
  • Dr. Josef Nestával (1900–1976), administrator (life imprisonment)
  • Dr. Oldřich Pecl (1903–1950), former mine owner (executed)
  • Professor Dr. Zdeněk Peška (1900–1970), university professor (25 years)
  • František Přeučil (1907–1996), publisher (life imprisonment)
  • Františka Zemínová (1882–1962), editor and former member of Parliament for the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party (20 years)

The verdict was cancelled in June 1968 during the Prague Spring, but because of the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia that followed Horáková's reputation was not fully rehabilitated until after the Velvet Revolution of 1989. 27 June, the day of her execution, was declared "Commemoration Day for the Victims of the Communist Regime" in the Czech Republic as of the year 2004. A major thoroughfare in Prague 6 was renamed in her honor in 1990.

On 11 September 2008, Ludmila Brožová-Polednová, the prosecutor in the Horáková trial, was sentenced to six years in prison, 58 years after her crime, at the age of 87.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Milada Horáková" (in Czech). novinky.cz. Retrieved 5 June 2013. 
  2. ↑ "Miroslav Ivanov: Justiční vražda aneb Smrt Milady Horákové". Český rozhlas. 6 July 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2008.  (Czech)
  3. ↑ "Milada Horáková". Český rozhlas. Retrieved 15 December 2008.  (Czech)
  4. ↑ http://zpravy.idnes.cz/horakova-umirala-ctvrt-hodiny-zjistili-historici-fs3-/domaci.aspx?c=A050629_090843_domaci_lkr

References

  • Tazzer, Sergio (2008). Praga Tragica. Milada Horáková. 27 giugno 1950., Editrice Goriziana, Gorizia, 2008
  • Margolius, Ivan (2006). Reflections of Prague: Journeys through the 20th century. London: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02219-1. 
  • Kaplan, Karel (1995). Nevětší politický proces M. Horáková a spol. Praha: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR. ISBN 80-85270-48-X. 

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