Miglustat

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Miglustat
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-butyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a604015
Licence data US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat. X (US)
Legal status ℞-only (US)
Routes Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 97%
Protein binding Nil
Metabolism Nil
Half-life 6–7 hours
Excretion Renal, unchanged
Identifiers
CAS number 72599-27-0 YesY
ATC code A16AX06
PubChem CID 51634
DrugBank DB00419
ChemSpider 46764 YesY
UNII ADN3S497AZ YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:50381 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1029 YesY
Synonyms 1,5-(butylimino)-1,5-dideoxy-D-glucitol, N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin
Chemical data
Formula C10H21NO4 
Mol. mass 219.28 g/mol
 YesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Miglustat (OGT 918, N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin) is a drug developed by Actelion and is used primarily to treat Type I Gaucher disease (GD1). It is marketed under the trade name Zavesca. Miglustat is an imino sugar, a synthetic analogue of D-glucose[1] and a white to off-white crystalline solid that has a bitter taste. The primary pharmacological activity of miglustat is inhibition of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids (GSL), i.e., the formation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer). Reduced formation of GlcCer will lead to decreased biosynthesis of more complex GSL. This therapeutic principle, called substrate reduction therapy (SRT), may be useful in disorders of intracellular (predominantly lysosomal) accumulation of GSL either due to their deficient breakdown or intracellular transport/trafficking.[2] Miglustat exhibits a large volume of distribution and has the capacity to access deep organs such as the brain, bone and lung.

Miglustat inhibits glucosylceramide synthase,[3] an essential enzyme for the synthesis of most glycosphingolipids (it forms glucosylceramide and accumulates within the macrophages). Miglustat is used to treat adults with mild-to-moderate Type I Gaucher disease and it is the first treatment to be approved for patients with Niemann–Pick type C disease. Miglustat may only be used in the treatment of Type I Gaucher patients for whom enzyme replacement therapy is unsuitable[4] and it's been approved in the European Union for the treatment of progressive neurological manifestations in adult or pediatric patients with Niemann–Pick type C disease (NPC). It has also been approved for NPC treatment in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, Russia, Switzerland and Turkey but not in the United States.

Type I Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder one gets from both parents. People with Type I Gaucher have a defect in the enzyme called glucocerebrosidase (also known as acid β-glucosidase) that acts on a fatty substance glucosylceramide (also known as glucocerebroside). Accumulation of glucosylceramide causes liver and spleen enlargement, changes in the bone marrow and blood, and bone disease. Treatment with miglustat is known as substrate reduction therapy (SRT). Unlike enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which has a direct effect on the breakdown of glycosphingolipids, the concept of SRT in Gaucher disease involves reduction of the delivery of potential storage material to the macrophage system. Patients treated with miglustat for 3 years show signicant improvements in organ volumes and haematological parameters. Miglustat was effective over time and showed acceptable tolerability in patients who continued with treatment for 3 years.[5] It is also being investigated to treat Tay–Sachs disease, particularly late-onset Tay–Sachs.[6][7] In October 2007, Actelion initiated a Phase IIa proof-of-concept clinical trial with miglustat in cystic fibrosis (CF). It is the first time that miglustat is being tested in a clinical setting involving 25 CF patients affected by the specific delF508 mutation.

Biosynthesis of miglustat

Miglustat is a synthetic derivative of a family of polyhydroxylated alkaloids or amino sugar extracted from plants and microorganisms.[8] Its synthesis starts from D-glucose sugar in plants. The sugar then aminated and oxidized to amino fructose sugar, which then can form a cyclic aminohemiacetal called nojirimycin. Then the dehydration and reduction takes place successively before the formation of deoxynojirimycin,[9] which is a precursor of miglustat. Since it is a synthetic derivative drug, alkylation of deoxynojirimycin can be synthesized in the laboratory with 1-butyl halide via amine alkylation.

See also

  • Miglitol, an oral antidiabetic drug with a similar structure
  • Isofagomine tartrate, another orphan drug for the treatment of Gaucher's disease with a similar chemical structure, but a different mechanism of action

References

  1. ↑ Abian O, Alfonso P, Velazquez-Campoy A, Giraldo P, Pocovi M, Sancho J (December 2011). "Therapeutic strategies for Gaucher disease: miglustat (NB-DNJ) as a pharmacological chaperone for glucocerebrosidase and the different thermostability of velaglucerase alfa and imiglucerase". Molecular Pharmaceutics 8 (6): 2390–7. doi:10.1021/mp200313e. PMID 21988669. Retrieved 2012-06-05. 
  2. ↑ http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM196758.pdf
  3. ↑ van Giersbergen PL, Dingemanse J (2007). "Influence of Food Intake on the Pharmacokinetics of Miglustat, an Inhibitor of Glucosylceramide Synthase". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 47 (10): 1277–82. doi:10.1177/0091270007305298. PMID 17720777. 
  4. ↑ Journal of Inherit Metabol. Diseases, 2003;26:513-526. Cox T et cols. THE ROLE OF THE IMINOSUGAR N-BUTYLDEOXINOJIRIMYCIN (MIGLUSTAT) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE I (NONNEURONOPATHIC) GAUCHER DISEASE: A POSITION STATEMENT.
  5. ↑ Journal of Inherit Metabol. Diseases, 2004;27:757-766. Elstein et cols. SUSTAINED THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF ORAL MIGLUSTAT IN TYPE I GAUCHER DISEASE.
  6. ↑ http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00672022?term=tay-sachs&rank=3
  7. ↑ Kolodny, E H; Neudorfer, O; Gianutsos, J; Zaroff, C; Barnett, N; Zeng, Bai J; Raghavan, S; Torres, P et al. (2004). "Late-onset Tay–Sachs disease: Natural history and treatment with OGT 918 (Zavesca™)". Journal of Neurochemistry 90 (S1): 54. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02650_.x. ISSN 0022-3042. 
  8. ↑ http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000435/WC500046721.pdf
  9. ↑ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470742761.ch8/pdf
Other alimentary tract and metabolism products (A16)
Amino acids and derivatives
Enzymes
Various alimentary tract
and metabolism products

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