Methanobrevibacter smithii
| Methanobrevibacter smithii | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Archaea |
| Kingdom: | Archaea |
| Phylum: | Euryarchaeota |
| Class: | Methanobacteria |
| Order: | Methanobacteriales |
| Family: | Methanobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Methanobrevibacter |
| Species: | M. smithii |
| Binomial name | |
| Methanobrevibacter smithii Balch and Wolfe 1981 | |
Methanobrevibacter smithii is the predominant archaeon in the human gut. It plays an important role in the efficient digestion of polysaccharides (complex sugars) by consuming the end products of bacterial fermentation. Methanobrevibacter smithii is a single-celled microorganism from the Archaea domain. M. smithii is a methanogen, and recycles the hydrogen in methane, allowing for an increase in the extraction of energy from nutrients.[1]
Importance in the human gut
The human gut flora consist of three main groups of hydrogen consuming microbes: methanogens including M. smithii; a polyphyletic group of acetogenic bacteria; and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Defining the roles of these microbes is significant in the understanding of how hydrogen metabolism affects the efficiency of fermentation of dietary components. Accumulation of hydrogen in the gut reduces the efficiency of microbial fermentation as well as the yield of energy. Methanogenic archaea are therefore particularly significant for the human gut, because they are pivotal in the removal of excess hydrogen.[1] M. smithii is the most common methanogenic archaeon in the human gut microbiota. Although M. smithii is paramount in digestive processes, it has a low prevalence in human feces.[2]
The human gut microbiota is dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Archaea are most prominently represented by the methanogenic M. smithii. M. smithii is believed to be a therapeutic target for manipulation and an adaptation to the gut ecosystem.[3]
M. smithii has significant enrichment of genes involved in the utilization of CO2, H2, and formate for methanogenesis. It also has an intact pathway to allow for CO2 utilization gene cluster for the methanogenic consumption of B. thetaiotaomicron-produced metabolite.[3]
M. smithii supports methanogenic and nonmethanogenic removal of diverse bacterial end products of fermentation. [3]
The dominant archaeon in the human gut ecosystem affects the specificity and efficiency of bacterial digestion of dietary polysaccharides. This influences the person’s calorie harvest and body fat. Researchers have sequenced M. smithii genome, indicating that M. smithii may be a therapeutic target for reducing energy harvest in obese humans.
In anorexic patients
In 2009, the largest human study concerning obesity and gut microbiota to date was conducted. Obesity disorders are the result of an imbalance and have serious consequences such as cardiovascular disease, type-two diabetes, and colon cancer. The gut microbiota and environment contributes to the energy imbalance because of its involvement in energy intake, conversion and storage. Culture-independent methods have shown that high proportions of methanogens can comprise up to 10% of all anaerobes in the colons of healthy adults. The quantification average of M. smithii for the anorexic group was much greater than the lean and obese group. Thus, higher amounts of M. smithii were found in anorexic patients than lean patients.
The development of Methanobrevibacter in anorexic nervosa patients may be associated with an adaptive attempt towards optimal exploitation of the low caloric diet of anorexic patients. Hence, an increase in M. smithii leads to the optimization of food transformation in low caloric diets. M. smithii could also be related to constipation, a common condition for anorexic patients.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Armougom F, Henry M, Vialettes B, Raccah D, Raoult D (2009). "Monitoring Bacterial Community of Human Gut Microbiota Reveals an Increase in Lactobacillus in Obese Patients and Methanogens in Anorexic Patients". PLoS ONE 4 (9): e7125.
- ↑ Bedis, D., Mireille, H. (2009). "High Prevalence of Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae Detected in the Human Gut Using an Improved DNA Detection Protocol."
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Buck, S., Hansen, E., (2007). "Genomic and metabolic adaptations of Methanobrevibacter smithii to the human gut." 104, 10643-10648.
External links
- Paul B. Eckburg, Paul W. Lepp, and David A. Relman Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease
- Heide L. Dermoumi, Rainer A.M. Ansorg Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Fecal Strains of the Archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii Chemotherapy 2001;47:177-183 doi:10.1159/000063219
- Methanogens Photo Gallery—Methanobrevibacter smithii
- LSPN page for Methanobrevibacter
- Samuel BS, Hansen EE, Manchester JK, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Fulton R, Latreille P, Kim K, Wilson RK, Gordon JI. (2007). "Genomic and metabolic adaptations of Methanobrevibacter smithii to the human gut". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104 (25): 10643–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704189104. PMC 1890564. PMID 17563350.
- Vianna ME, Conrads G, Gomes BP, Horz HP. (2006). "Identification and Quantification of Archaea Involved in Primary Endodontic Infections". J Clin Microbiol. 44 (4): 1274–82. doi:10.1128/JCM.44.4.1274-1282.2006. PMC 1448633. PMID 16597851.
- Ridlon JM, McGarr SE, Hylemon PB. (2005). "Development of methods for the detection and quantification of 7alpha-dehydroxylating clostridia, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and Lactobacillus plantarum in human feces". Clin Chim Acta. 357 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2005.02.004. PMID 15963794.