Medicago

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Medicago
Medicago littoralis
Medicago granadensis bur
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Trifolieae
Genus: Medicago
L.
Type species
Medicago sativa
Species

See text.

Synonyms

Crimaea Vassilcz.[1]
Factorovskya Eig[1]
Kamiella Vassilcz.[1]
Lupulina Noulet[1]
Medica Mill.[1]
Pseudomelissitus Ovcz. et al.[1]
Radiata Medik.[1]
Rhodusia Vassilcz.[1]
Turukhania Vassilcz.[1]

Medicago is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as medick or burclover, and is in the legume family. It contains 83 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin. The best known member of the genus is alfalfa (M. sativa), an important crop,[2] and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, medica, from Greek: μηδική (πόα) 'median (grass).'[3] Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick (M. arborea) is a shrub.

The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume[4] due to its relatively small stature, genome (450–500Mb), short generation time (~3 months) and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing.

Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesinš and Lesinš 1979[5] and Small and Jomphe 1989.[6] Major collections are SARDI (Australia),[7] USDA-GRIN (USA),[8] ICARDA (Syria),[9] and the INRA collection in Montpellier (France).[10] Several molecular phylogenies containing most of the species are available, although they differ.[11][12][13]

Evolution

It is estimated that Medicago diverged from Glycine (soybean) 53–55 million years ago and from Lotus (deervetch) 49–51 million years ago[14]

Ecological Interactions with Other Organisms

Symbiosis With Nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia

Béna et al. (2005) constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 Sinorhizobium strains and tested the symbiotic ability of 6 strains with 35 Medicago species.[11] Comparison of these phylogenies indicates many transitions in the compatibility of the association over evolutionary time. Furthermore, they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular Medicago species.

Agricultural Uses

Other than alfalfa, several of the creeping members of the family (such as Medicago lupulina and Medicago truncatula) have been used as forage crops.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicago.
Wikispecies has information related to: Medicago

Insect Herbivores

Medicago species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Common Swift, Flame, Latticed Heath, Lime-speck Pug, Nutmeg, Setaceous Hebrew Character, Turnip Moth and case-bearers of the genus Coleophora including C. frischella (recorded on M. sativa) and C. fuscociliella (feeds exclusively on Medicago spp).[citation needed]

List of Species

This list is compiled from.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Section Buceras

Subsection Deflexae

  • Medicago retrorsa (Boiss.) E. Small

Subsection Erectae

  • Medicago arenicola (Huber-Mor.) E. Small
  • Medicago astroites (Fisch. & Mey.) Trautv.
  • Medicago carica (Huber-Mor.) E. Small
  • Medicago crassipes (Boiss.) E. Small
  • Medicago fischeriana (Ser.) Trautv.
  • Medicago halophila (Boiss.) E. Small
  • Medicago heldreichii (Boiss.) E. Small
  • Medicago medicaginoides (Retz.) E. Small
  • Medicago monantha (C. A. Meyer) Trautv.
  • Medicago orthoceras (Kar. & Kir.) Trautv.
  • Medicago pamphylica (Huber-Mor. & Sirjaev) E. Small
  • Medicago persica (Boiss.) E. Small
  • Medicago phrygia (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small
  • Medicago polyceratia (L.) Trautv.</
  • Medicago rigida (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small

Subsection Isthmocarpae

  • Medicago rhytidiocarpa (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small
  • Medicago isthmocarpa (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small

Subsection Reflexae

  • Medicago monspeliaca (L.) Trautv.

Section Carstiensae

Section Dendrotelis

  • Medicago arborea L.
  • Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (junior synonym of Medicago arborea)
  • Medicago strasseri Greuter, Matthas & Risse

Section Geocarpa

  • Medicago hypogaea E. Small

Section Heynianae

  • Medicago heyniana Greuter

Section Hymenocarpos

Section Lunatae

  • Medicago biflora (Griseb.) E. Small
  • Medicago brachycarpa M. Bieb.
  • Medicago huberi E. Small
  • Medicago rostrata (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small

Section Lupularia

Section Medicago

  • Medicago cancellata M. Bieb.
  • Medicago daghestanica Rupr.
  • Medicago hybrida (Pourr.) Trautv.
  • Medicago marina L.
  • Medicago papillosa Boiss.
    • Medicago papillosa ssp. macrocarpa
    • Medicago papillosa ssp. papillosa
  • Medicago pironae Vis.
  • Medicago prostrata Jacq.
    • Medicago prostrata ssp. prostrata
    • Medicago prostrata ssp. pseudorupestris
  • Medicago rhodopea Velen.
  • Medicago rupestris M. Bieb
  • Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa)
    • Medicago sativa ssp. caerulea
    • Medicago sativa ssp. falcata
      • Medicago sativa ssp. falcata var. falcata
      • Medicago sativa ssp. falcata var. viscosa
    • Medicago sativa ssp. glomerata
    • Medicago sativa ssp. sativa
    • Medicago sativa ssp. ×varia
  • Medicago saxatilis M. Bieb
  • Medicago suffruticosa Ramond ex DC.
    • Medicago suffruticosa ssp. leiocarpa
    • Medicago suffruticosa ssp. suffruticosa

Section Orbiculares

Section Platycarpae

  • Medicago archiducis-nicolai Sirjaev
  • Medicago cretacea M. Bieb.
  • Medicago edgeworthii Sirjaev
  • Medicago ovalis (Boiss.) Sirjaev
  • Medicago playtcarpa (L.) Trautv.
  • Medicago plicata (Boiss.) Sirjaev
  • Medicago popovii (E. Kor.) Sirjaev
  • Medicago ruthenica (L.) Ledebour

Subsection Rotatae

Section Spirocarpos

Subsection Intertextae

Subsection Leptospireae

Subsection Pachyspireae

Incertae Sedis

  • Medicago agropyretorum Vassilcz.
  • Medicago alatavica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago caucasica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago cyrenaea Maire & Weiller
  • Medicago difalcata Sinskaya
  • Medicago grossheimii Vassilcz.
  • Medicago gunibica Vassilcz.
  • Medicago hemicoerulea Sinskaya
  • Medicago karatschaica (A. Heller) A. Heller
  • Medicago komarovii Vassilcz.
  • Medicago meyeri Gruner
  • Medicago polychroa Grossh.
  • Medicago schischkinii Sumnev.
  • Medicago talyschensis Latsch.
  • Medicago transoxana Vassilcz.
  • Medicago tunetana (Murb.) A.W. Hill
  • Medicago vardanis Vassilcz.
  • Medicago virescens Grossh.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Genus Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 2010-07-09. 
  2. ↑ Alfalfa Crop Germplasm Committee Report, 2000
  3. ↑ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1054, s.v. medick.
  4. ↑ "Medicago truncatula". Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  5. ↑ Lesinš, Karlis Adolfs; Lesinš, Irma (1979). Genus Medicago (Leguminosae). The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 90-6193-598-9. 
  6. ↑ Small, E. and Jomphe, M. (1989). "A Synopsis of the Genus Medicago (Leguminosae)". Canad. J. Bot. 67 (11): 3260–94. doi:10.1139/b89-405. 
  7. ↑ "SARDI". Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  8. ↑ "GRIN National Genetic Resources Program". Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  9. ↑ "ICARDA Sustainable Agriculture for the Dry Areas". Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  10. ↑ "INRA". Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Béna G, Lyet A, Huguet T, Olivier I. (2005). "Medicago–Sinorhizobium symbiotic specificity evolution and the geographic expansion of Medicago". J. Evol. Biol. 18 (6): 1547–58. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00952.x. PMID 16313467. 
  12. ↑ Maureira Butler IJ, Pfeil BE, Muangprom A, Osborn TC, Doyle JJ. (2008). "The reticulate history of Medicago (Fabaceae)". Systematic Biology 57 (6): 466–482. doi:10.1080/10635150802172168. PMID 18570039. 
  13. ↑ Steele KP, Ickert-Bond SM, Zarre S, Wojciechowski MF. (2010). "Phylogeny and character evolution in Medicago (Leguminosae): Evidence from analyses of plastid trnK/matK and nuclear GA3ox1 sequences". Am. J. Bot. 97 (7): 1142–1155. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000009. PMID /21616866. 
  14. ↑ Cannon, Steven (2008). "3. Legume Comparative Genomics". In Stacey, Gary. Genetics and Genomics of Soybean. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models II. New York, NY: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-387-72298-6. 
  15. ↑ "ILDIS LegumeWeb". Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  16. ↑ "Genera Containing Currently Accepted Names: Medicago". Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  17. ↑ "Species Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  18. ↑ "IPNI Plant Name Query Results". Retrieved 2008-11-22. 
  19. ↑ "AgroAtlas - Relatives". Retrieved 2008-11-22. 
  20. ↑ "ITIS". Retrieved 2009-09-16.  (enter Medicago as the search term)
  21. ↑ "Discover Life". Retrieved 2010-05-11. 
  22. ↑ eFloras
  23. ↑ The Biota of North America Program
  24. ↑ The Plant List
  25. ↑ The validity of this species has been questioned by Small and Jomphe, 1988.
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