Mayday

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This article is about a distress signal. For the holidays celebrated on May 1, see May Day. For other uses, see May Day (disambiguation).
A Mayday call might result in the activation of a lifeboat such as this Severn class lifeboat

Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice procedure radio communications. It derives from the French expression "venez m'aider", meaning "come to help me".[1]

It is used to signal a life-threatening emergency primarily by mariners and aviators, but in some countries local organisations such as police forces, firefighters, and transportation organizations also use the term. The call is always given three times in a row ("Mayday Mayday Mayday") to prevent mistaking it for some similar-sounding phrase under noisy conditions, and to distinguish an actual Mayday call from a message about a Mayday call.

Mayday calls

Making a false distress call in the United States is a federal crime carrying sanctions of up to six years imprisonment and/or a fine of up to $250,000, and restitution to the Coast Guard.[2]

If a Mayday call cannot be sent because a radio is not available a variety of other distress signals and calls for help can be used. A Mayday can be sent on behalf of one vessel by another, using a convention called a Mayday relay (see below).

Civilian aircraft making a Mayday call in United States airspace are encouraged to use the following format (omitting any portions as necessary for expediency or where they are irrelevant):

Mayday, Mayday, Mayday; (Name of station addressed); Aircraft call sign and type; Nature of emergency; Weather; Pilot's intentions and/or requests; Present position and heading, or if lost then last known position and heading and time when aircraft was at that position; Altitude or Flight level; Fuel remaining in minutes; Number of souls on board; Any other useful information.[3]

History

The Mayday procedure word originated in 1923 by Frederick Stanley Mockford (1897–1962).[4] A senior radio officer at Croydon Airport in London, Mockford was asked to think of a word that would indicate distress and would easily be understood by all pilots and ground staff in an emergency. Since much of the traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le Bourget Airport in Paris, he proposed the word "Mayday" from the French "m’aider" ("venez m'aider" meaning "come help me").[5]

Before the voice call "Mayday", SOS was the Morse code equivalent of the Mayday call. In 1927, the International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington adopted the voice call Mayday in place of the SOS Morse Code call.[6] The Mayday was defined as corresponding to the French pronunciation of the expression “m'aider”.[7]

Other urgent calls

Mayday is one of a number of words used internationally as radio code words to signal important information. Senders of urgency calls are entitled to interrupt messages of lower priority. As with Mayday the use of these terms without proper cause could render the user liable to civil and/or criminal charges.

Each of these urgency calls is usually spoken three times; e.g., "Pan-pan, Pan-pan, Pan-pan."

Mayday relay

A Mayday relay call is made by one vessel on behalf of a different vessel which is in distress. If a vessel makes a Mayday call and it is not acknowledged by the coastguard after a single repetition and a two-minute wait, then a vessel receiving the Mayday call should attempt to contact the coastguard on behalf of the Mayday vessel by broadcasting a Mayday relay.

A Mayday relay call should use the call sign of the transmitting vessel but give the name and position of the Mayday vessel.

Mayday relay calls can be used to summon help for a vessel which is either too far offshore to contact the coastguard directly or without radio capabilities (most vessels above a certain size or crew complement are legally required to carry two-way radio equipment, but this can be damaged or destroyed).

In aviation any air traffic controller or pilot who knows of an emergency may relay the mayday. This happens a lot in mountainous areas. With a mountain in between, a mayday call may not be received by air traffic control (ATC). An aircraft flying above the mountain may have line-of-sight radio contact with both the aircraft and ATC. A mayday relay in aviation could sound like:

Mayday, Mayday, Mayday, Amsterdam Center, KLM 123 received Mayday from KLM 456, I say again KLM 456 Boeing 737 engine failure, forced landing 10 miles east of Rotterdam 4000 feet descending heading 180.

ATC will probably reply with:

KLM 123, Amsterdam Center, roger your relayed Mayday from KLM 456.

This message could be followed by:

All stations, Amsterdam Center, stop transmitting, Mayday situation in progress

When the problem has been dealt with:

All stations, Amsterdam Center, distress traffic ended

Pan-pan

Main article: Pan-pan

Pan-pan (from the French: panne – a breakdown) indicates an urgent situation of a lower order than a "grave and imminent threat requiring immediate assistance", such as a mechanical breakdown or a medical problem. The suffix medico used to be added by vessels in UK waters to indicate a medical problem (Pan-pan medico, repeated three times), or by aircraft declaring a non-life-threatening medical emergency of a passenger in flight, or those operating as protected medical transport in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.[8] "Pan-pan medico" is no longer in official use.

Declaring emergency

Sometimes the phrase "declaring emergency" is used in aviation. This is the same as calling "Mayday". For example Swissair Flight 111 radioed "Swissair one eleven heavy is declaring emergency" on discovering their situation.[9][10]

However, ICAO recommends the use of the standard "Pan-pan" and "Mayday" calls instead of "declaring an emergency".[11] Cases of pilots using phrases other than "Pan pan" and "Mayday" has caused confusion and errors in aircraft handling.[12]

Securite

Securite (/seɪˈkjʊərɨteɪ/; from French sécurité — safety) indicates a message about safety, such as a hazard to navigation or weather information.

Silence

See also: Radio silence

The following calls may be made only by the vessel in distress or the responding authority:

Seelonce Mayday or Seelonce Distress means that the channel may only be used by the vessel in distress and the coastguard (and any other vessels they ask for assistance in handling the emergency). The channel may not be used for normal working traffic until 'seelonce feenee' is broadcast.

The expressions Stop Transmitting — Distress and Stop Transmitting — Mayday are the aeronautical equivalents of Seelonce Mayday.

Seelonce Feenee (French: silence fini — silence finished) means that the emergency situation has been concluded and the channel may now be used normally. The word prudonce (prudence caution) can also be used to allow restricted working to resume on that channel.

Distress Traffic Ended is the aeronautical equivalent of seelonce feenee.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
  2. ↑ No Joke
  3. ↑ Aeronautical Information Manual, paragraph 6-3-2, "Obtaining Emergency Assistance", Federal Aviation Administration, 1999
  4. ↑ "Why Mayday?". Research Questions. National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Retrieved 1 May 2013. 
  5. ↑ Naval Terms
  6. ↑ "Wikipedia SOS". 
  7. ↑ In 1927, the International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington adopted the word "Mayday" as radiotelephone distress call Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, page 81.
  8. ↑ ICAO Annex 10 V2 Section 5.3
  9. ↑ Swissair Flight 111 Transcript
  10. ↑ NTSB accident investigation report for Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701
  11. ↑ "ICAO Standard Phraseology". SKYbrary. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 
  12. ↑ "Aircraft Fuel Status and Communication Procedures". Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 

External links

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