Marshall–Lerner condition

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The Marshall–Lerner condition (after Alfred Marshall and Abba P. Lerner) has been cited as a technical reason why a reduction in value of a nation's currency need not immediately improve its balance of trade.^[1] In intuitive terms, if the domestic currency devalues (i.e. the cost of foreign goods increases relative to the cost of domestic goods), there will be a positive quantity effect on the balance of trade, because domestic consumers will buy fewer imports and foreign consumers will buy more of our exports; but offsetting this is a negative cost effect on the balance of trade, since the cost of imports will be higher. Whether the net effect on the trade balance is positive or negative depends on whether or not the quantity effect outweighs the cost effect; if the quantity effect is greater, then we say that the Marshall–Lerner condition is met. Essentially, the Marshall–Lerner condition is an extension of Marshall's theory of the price elasticity of demand to foreign trade.

Formally, the condition states that, for a currency devaluation to have a positive impact on trade balance, the sum of price elasticity of exports and imports (in absolute value) must be greater than 1. The net effect on the trade balance will depend on price elasticities. If goods exported are elastic to price, their quantity demanded will increase proportionately more than the decrease in price, and total export revenue will increase. Similarly, if goods imported are elastic, total import expenditure will decrease. Both will improve the trade balance.

Empirically, it has been found that trade in goods tends to be inelastic in the short term, as it takes time to change consuming patterns and trade contracts.{Bahmani-Oskoee & Ratha 2004 } Thus, the Marshall–Lerner condition is not met, and a devaluation is likely to worsen the trade balance initially. In the long term, consumers will adjust to the new prices, and trade balance will improve. This effect is called the J-curve effect. For example, assume a country is a net importer of oil and a net producer of ships. Initially, the devaluation immediately increases the price of oil, and as consumption patterns remain the same in the short term, an increased sum is spent on imported oil, worsening the deficit on the import side. Meanwhile, it takes some time for the shipbuilder's sales department to exploit the lower price and secure new contracts. Only the funds acquired from previously agreed contracts, now devalued by the currency devaluation, are immediately available, again worsening the deficit on the export side.

Mathematical derivation

Here $e$ is defined as the price of one unit of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency.

Using this definition, the trade balance denominated in domestic currency (with domestic and foreign prices normalized to one) is given by:

$N_{x}=X-Qe$

where X denotes exports, and Q imports.

Differentiating with respect to e gives:

${\frac {\partial N_{x}}{\partial e}}={\frac {\partial X}{\partial e}}-e{\frac {\partial Q}{\partial e}}-Q$

Dividing through by X:

${\frac {\partial N_{x}}{\partial e}}{\frac {1}{X}}={\frac {\partial X}{\partial e}}{\frac {1}{X}}-{\frac {e}{X}}{\frac {\partial Q}{\partial e}}-{\frac {Q}{X}}$

At equilibrium, $X=eQ$ . Therefore:

${\frac {\partial N_{x}}{\partial e}}{\frac {1}{X}}={\frac {\partial X}{\partial e}}{\frac {1}{X}}-{\frac {1}{Q}}{\frac {\partial Q}{\partial e}}-{\frac {1}{e}}$

Multiplying through by e:

${\frac {\partial N_{x}}{\partial e}}{\frac {e}{X}}={\frac {\partial X}{\partial e}}{\frac {e}{X}}-{\frac {\partial Q}{\partial e}}{\frac {e}{Q}}-1$

Which can be expressed as ${\frac {\partial N_{x}}{\partial e}}{\frac {e}{X}}=\eta _{{Xe}}-\eta _{{Qe}}-1$

where $\eta _{{Xe}}$ and $\eta _{{Qe}}$ are common notation for the elasticity of exports and imports with respect to the exchange rate respectively.

In order for a fall in the relative value of a country's currency (i.e. a rise in e using the above definition) to have a positive effect on that country's trade balance, the left hand side of the equation must be positive (i.e. for a rise in e to cause a rise in $N_{x}$ )

Therefore:

$\eta _{{Xe}}-\eta _{{Qe}}-1>0\Rightarrow \eta _{{Xe}}-\eta _{{Qe}}>1$

Which can be written as:

$\eta _{{Xe}}+\left|\eta _{{Qe}}\right|>1$

References

↑ Davidson, Paul (2009), The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 125, ISBN 978-0-230-61920-3 .

Marshall–Lerner condition

Mathematical derivation

References

Further reading