Mars One

Mars One

Country of origin	Netherlands
Responsible organization	Mars One and Interplanetary Media Group
Status	Active
Program History
Program duration	2010 – Present
First flight	January 2018 (planned)
First crewed flight	April 2024 (planned)
Vehicle Information
Vehicle type	Capsule
Crew vehicle	Mars One Dragon (planned)
Crew capacity	Four
Launch vehicle(s)	Falcon Heavy (planned)

Mars One is a non-profit organization based in the Netherlands that has put forward conceptual plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2025. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.^[1]

Mars One's current concept includes launching four carefully selected applicants in a Mars-bound spaceflight in 2024, to become the first residents of Mars, and that every step of the crew’s journey will be documented for a reality television program.

History

The reality TV marketing plan and the concept for a one way mission to Mars was first published in 2010, the Journal of Cosmology, volume 12.^[2] The Human Mission To Mars, Colonizing the Red Planet, which was edited by Joel Levine, Senior Scientist at the Science Directorate, NASA, and sponsored by the Mars Society. The reality TV concept, published by Dr. Rhawn Joseph,^[3] and the One Way Mission to Mars concept, published by Paul Davis and Dirk Schulze-Makuch,^[4] received international media attention in 2010 and 2011, and over 10,000 volunteers from around the world contacted the Journal of Cosmology and Dr. Davies, seeking to volunteer for a Mars mission. In 2010 through early 2012, Dr. Joseph led a lobbying campaign to convince the U.S. Congress to fund these plans for a human mission to Mars. In early 2012, the Mars One group seized upon Dr. Joseph's marketing and reality TV initiatives and Dr. Davies' concept for a one way mission to Mars and began promoting themselves as the originators of these plans and began charging volunteers an application fee.

The Mars One website states that the team behind Mars One began planning of Mars One in 2011. The company states that they researched the feasibility of the idea with specialists and expert organizations, and discussed the financial, psychological and ethical aspects of it.^[5]

Initial mission plans

Mars One initially publically announced plans for a one-way trip to Mars in May 2012, with a notional plan for an initial robotic precursor mission in 2016, and transporting the first human colonists to Mars in 2023.

The initial mission plan included:^[6]

• 2013: The first 40 astronauts were to have been selected;^[7] a replica of the settlement was planned to be built for training purposes.^[8]
• 2014: The first communication satellite was to have been produced.
• 2016: A supply mission would launch with 2500 kilograms of food in a modified SpaceX Dragon.
• 2018: An exploration vehicle would launch to pick the location of the settlement.^[8]
• 2021: Six additional Dragon capsules and another rover would launch with two living units, two life support units and two supply units.
• 2022: A SpaceX Falcon Heavy would launch with the first group of four colonists.^[8]
• 2023: The first colonists were to arrive on Mars in a modified Dragon capsule.
• 2025: A second group of four colonists slated to arrive.^[8]
• 2033: The colony projected to reach 20 settlers.^[9]

Recent history

In 2013, Mars One selected a first-round pool of astronaut candidates of 1058 people—"586 men and 472 women from 107 countries"—from a larger number of some 200,000 who showed interest on the Mars One website.^[10]

In December 2013, Mars One announced plans for a robotic precursor mission in 2018, two years later than had been conceptually planned in the 2012 announcements. The robotic lander is to be "built by Lockheed Martin based on the design used for NASA’s Phoenix and InSight missions, as well as a communications orbiter built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd."^[10] Contracts released in late 2013 were merely study contracts, and plans have not been disclosed to raise the US$200 million or more needed to support the robotic mission.^[10]

Current mission plans

The organization has mapped out the next several years in order to highlight major plans and goals for the mission:^{[citation needed]}

• January 2018 will mark the start of the Mars One colonization effort when a supply mission, carrying 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) in spare parts, solar panels, and other necessary supplies, will be launched and scheduled to land in 2018.^[11]
• In 2020, a settlement rover will explore the terrain of Mars in search of the ideal location for humans to reside.
• In 2022, the rovers will prepare to assemble the landing of six separate units to sustain human life. Two living units, two life support units, another supply unit, and a third rover will all arrive in this year.
• By 2024, the first Mars One team, consisting of four applicants, will be launched and will become the first expected residents of the Red Planet in 2025.
• By 2026, a new four-person Mars One crew will be sent for residency.

The organization’s goal is to send four-person spaceflights to the Red Planet every two years after the successful landing of the initial crew.^[11]

Mars One plans to establish the first human settlement on Mars. According to their schedule, the first crew of four astronauts would arrive on Mars in 2025, after a seven-month journey from Earth. Further teams would join their settlement every two years, with the intention that by 2033 there would be over twenty people living and working on Mars. The astronaut selection process began on April 22, 2013.^[12]

As of April 2013, the mission plan is as follows:^[6]

The astronaut selection process was expected to be completed in July 2015; six teams of four.^[12]

The original concept plans called for a supply mission to be launched in January 2016 (arriving in October) with 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) of food in a 5-meter (16 ft) diameter variant of the SpaceX Dragon.^[8]

In December 2013, mission concept studies for a 2018 Mars mission were contracted with Lockheed Martin and Surrey Satellite Technology for a 2018 demonstration mission to provide proof of concept for a subset of the key technologies for a later permanent human settlement on Mars.^[13]

The Mars One project has no connection with Inspiration Mars, a similarly-timed project to send a married couple on a Mars flyby and return them to Earth over a period of 500 days.^[14]

Astronauts selection and training

The application period

The application was available from April 22, 2013 to August 31, 2013.^[16][17] The application consists of applicant’s general information, a motivational letter, a résumé and a video. Mars One plans to hold several other application periods in the future.

Anyone over the age of 18 may apply, as long as the application is submitted in one of the 11 most used languages on Internet:^[18] English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Russian, Arabic, Indonesian, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. Applicants are judged on resiliency, adaptability, curiosity, ability to trust, and creativity.

By 9 September 2013, 2,782 applicants had paid their registration fee and submitted public videos in which they made their case for going to Mars in 2023.^[19] The application fee varies from US $5 to US $75 (the amount depending on the relative wealth of the applicant's country).^[20]

Application videos are available to be watched online.

The interview period

The results of applicants selected for round 2 were declared on December 30 of 2013. A total of 1,058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.^[10] The gender split is 586 male (about 55%) and 472 female (about 45%). Among the people that were selected for round 2, 159 have a master's degree, 347 have bachelor's degrees and 29 have Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degrees. The majority of the applicants are under 36 and well educated.^[22][23][24]

Continent	No. of applicants selected for round 2	Other details[25]
Americas	450 (42.5%)	United States of America - 297 (28.1%) Canada - 75 (7.1%) Brazil - 23 (2.2%) Mexico - 20 (1.9%) Argentina - 9 Colombia - 8 Chile - 4 Peru - 4 Bolivia - 3
Europe	294 (27.8%)	Russia - 52 (4.9%) United Kingdom - 40 (3.8%) Germany - 21 (2.0%) Poland - 13 Ukraine - 10 Sweden - 10 Turkey - 6 Belgium - 6 Spain - 5 Belarus - 5 Ireland - 3 Denmark - 2+ Czech Republic - 2 Lithuania - 2 Netherlands - 2 Norway - 2 Latvia - 1 Cyprus - 1 Malta - 1
Asia	214 (20.2%)	India - 62 (5.9%) China - 40 (3.8%) Japan - 10 Israel - 8 Singapore - 3 Thailand - 2 Malaysia - 1 United Arab Emirates (Dubai) - 1 Palestinian Territories - 1
Africa	54 (5.1%)	South Africa - 25 (2.4%) Egypt - 10
Oceania	46 (4.35%)	Australia - 43 (4.1%) New Zealand - 3
Worldwide	1058	107 countries in all.

^{[23][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]}

For those who didn't make it in, Mars One may take more applicants at an unspecified later date; but selected candidates must disclose themselves and provide a medical statement of good health from a physician before the interview.

Regional selection period

Medically cleared candidates will then be interviewed by one of the 300 regional selection committees who will select applicants to continue to the next step. Details of the 2014 selection phases have not been agreed upon due to ongoing negotiations with media companies for the rights to televise the selection processes. Expect further information to be released in early 2014 - See more at: http://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/mars-one-announces-round-2-astronaut-selection-results#sthash.YGZA1eoS.dpuf

The regional selection could be broadcast on TV and Internet in countries around the world. In each region, 20-40 applicants will participate in challenges including rigorous simulations, many in team settings, with focus on testing the physical and emotional capabilities of the remaining candidates, with the aim of demonstrating their suitability to become the first humans on Mars. The audience will select one winner per region, and the experts can select additional participants, if needed, to continue to the international level.^[39][40]

From the first selection series, six groups of four will become full-time employees of the Mars One astronaut corps, after which they'll train for the mission. Whole teams and individuals might be selected out during training when they prove not to be suitable for the mission.

International selection

The international event is planned to be broadcast throughout the world. The Mars One selection committee will create international groups of four candidates. Those groups will then be expected to demonstrate their ability to live in harsh living conditions, and work together under difficult circumstances. The groups are expected to receive their first short term training in a replica of the Mars outpost.

From the previous selection series, six groups of four will become full-time employees of the Mars One astronaut corps, after which they will train for the mission. Whole teams and individuals might be deselected during training if they prove not to be suitable for the mission. Six to ten teams, of four people, will be selected for seven years of full-time training. It is anticipated that this selection round will run until the end of 2015.^[39]

Technical training

The astronauts will be required to learn skills and gain proficiency in a wide variety of disciplines.

• 2 astronauts must be proficient in the use and repair of all equipment in order to be able to identify and solve technical problems.

• 2 astronauts will receive extensive medical training in order to be able to treat minor and critical health problems, including first aid and use of the medical equipment that will accompany them to Mars. Meaning at least two crewmembers will be trained in each essential skill-set in case a member becomes ill. Their training and preparations will take all the time between their admittance to the program, and the start of their journey to Mars.

• 1 person will train in studies on Mars geology

• another 1 will gain expertise in exobiology, the search for life beyond Earth, and the effects of extraterrestrial environments on living things.

• Other specialties like physiotherapy, psychology and electronics will be shared among all astronauts in each of the initial groups.

Personal training

The ability to cope with the difficult living environment on Mars will be an important selection criterion. The astronauts will be initially chosen for their inherent ability to cope with these environments, and will receive training on most effectively dealing with them.

Group training

Group training will take place in the form of simulation missions. A simulation mission is an extensive, fully immersive exercise that prepares the astronauts for the real mission to Mars. The simulated environment will invoke as many of the Mars conditions as possible. Immediately after selection, the groups will participate in these simulations for three months per year. During simulations, astronauts will only be able to leave the base when wearing their Mars suits. They will have to take care of their water supply and keep the life support systems up and running. They must also cultivate their own food, and all communications with the outside world will be artificially delayed by twenty minutes.

There will be several simulation bases, some easy to access for early stage, while others will be located in a harsh environments on Earth, providing realistic desert terrain and drastically cold conditions. These trials will demonstrate whether they are suitable for all elements of the task ahead.

Revenues and investment

Revenues that Mars One has received from merchandise sale and private donations until 31 October 2013.^[41]

Country of buyer/donor	Revenue amount (in US $)
United States of America	81,697
Canada	17,377
United Kingdom	13,211
Australia	11,770
Germany	7,211
Russia	5,605
Netherlands	5,579
Sweden	5,185
Norway	3,844
France	3,179
Brazil	2,315
Finland	2,059
Belgium	2,036
Switzerland	1,649
Denmark	1,636
Spain	1,487
Italy	1,343
Japan	1,175
South Africa	1,071
New Zealand	1,038
Others (62 countries)	13,403
Total (from 82 countries)	183,870

Reality TV

The reality TV and marketing concept to fund a human mission to Mars was published in 2010 in the Journal of Cosmology by Dr. Rhawn Joseph, in an article titled, "Marketing Mars . This article and the funding concept receiving national and international news attention and Dr. Joseph led a lobbying campaign to convince the U.S. Congress to fund a human mission to Mars program based on this plan. Dr. Joseph estimated that his funding initiative could raise over 100 billion dollars. Dr. Joseph is not associated with the Mars One group who in 2012 seized upon his published work and funding initiative.

A one-way trip, excluding the cost of maintaining four astronauts on Mars until they die, is claimed to cost approximately 6 billion USD.^[42] Lansdorp has declined questions regarding the cost estimate because he believes "it would be very stupid for us to give the prices that have been quoted per component".^[43] For comparison, an "austere" manned Mars mission (including a temporary stay followed by a return of the astronauts) proposed by NASA in 2009 had a projected cost of 100 billion USD after an 18-year program.^[44]

Mars One, the not-for-profit foundation, is the controlling stockholder of the for-profit Interplanetary Media Group.^[45] A global reality-TV media event is intended to provide most of the funds to finance the expedition. It should begin with the astronaut selection process (with some public participation) and continue on through the first years of living on Mars.^[46][47]

Sponsors

On 31 August 2012, company officials announced that funding from its first sponsors had been received.^[42] Corporate sponsorship money will be used mostly to fund the conceptual design studies provided by the aerospace suppliers.^[42]

Sponsors and contributors for Mars One include:^[42][48]

• Australian Science (Australian-based science project)
• Byte Internet (Dutch Internet service provider)
• Aleph Objects, Inc. (U.S. developer and manufacturer of rapid prototyping 3D printers)^[49]
• Verkkokauppa.com^[50] (Finland's 2nd largest consumer electronics retailer)
• Gerald W. Driggers (author of The Earth-Mars Chronicles)^[8]
• SoftLayer Technologies, Inc. (U.S.-managed hosting and cloud computing provider)^[51]
• VBC Notarissen (Dutch law firm)
• MeetIn (Dutch consulting company)
• Intrepid Research & Development (U.S. engineering company)^[8]
• Trans Space Travels (German foundation)
• Edinburgh International Science Festival
• Baluw Research (Dutch market research firm)
• Mind Power Hungary (Hungarian language translation firm)
• Regus (multinational business and facility management corporation)
• Feinstein Associates (International Air & Space law firm)
• KIVI NIRIA (Royal Institution of Engineers in the Netherlands)
• Rockstart Accelerator^[52]
• Space Dream Studios (space-related software and games)^[53]
• Kliniek Amstelveen (Dutch medical services)^[54]
• Mpress Books (British publishing firm)^[55]
• MakeAmsterdam (graphic design and branding)^[56]
• Great Communicators (speech training)^[57][58]
• Dejan SEO (Australian marketing firm)^[42]

Donations and merchandise

Since December 2012^{[citation needed]} and the official announcement of their conversion to a Stichting, Mars One has been accepting one time and regular monthly donations through their website. As of December 31, 2013, Mars One has received $206,055 in donations and merchandise sales.^[59]

The pie-chart alongside shows the break-up of Mars One's revenues into different areas. Over three quarters of the investment is in concept design studies. Mars One states that "income from donations and merchandise have not been used to pay salaries".^[60]

Crowd funding

On December 10, 2013, Mars One set up a crowd funding campaign on Indiegogo to fund their 2018 demonstration mission. The 2018 mission includes a lander and communications satellite, and aims to prove several mission critical technologies in addition to launch and landing. The campaign goal is to raise $400,000 USD by January 25, 2014. However, since the ending date was drawing near they decided to extend the ending date for more time. It now will end on February 9, 2014. By February 4, 2014, their campaign had received $231,265 in funds.^[61]

Intellectual property (IP)

Mars One has stated that it will retain ownership of technology developed for its mission, and that subsequent licensing fees from this technology will help fund future missions.^[62]

Technology

Mars One has identified at least one potential supplier for each component of the mission.^[6][63] The major components are to be acquired from proven suppliers.^[64] As of May 2013, Mars One has a contract with only one company, Paragon Space Development Corporation, for a preliminary life support study.^[65] Mars One plans to use SpaceX hardware for the launcher, lander and crew habitat but, as of May 2013, SpaceX has not yet been contracted to supply mission hardware and SpaceX has stated that it does "not currently have a relationship with Mars One."^[65]

Launcher

The Falcon Heavy from SpaceX is the notional launcher in the Mars One conceptual plan.^[64]

Mars transit vehicle

A manned interplanetary spacecraft, which would transport the crew to Mars, would be assembled in low Earth orbit and comprise two propellant modules: a Transit Living Module (discarded just before arrival at Mars) and a lander (see "Human Lander" below).^[64][66]

A potential supplier for the Transit living module as of November 2012 was Thales Alenia Space.^[67]

Communications system

In December 2013 Mars One awarded a contract to Surrey Satellite Technology for a study of the satellite technology required to provide 24/7 communication between Earth and the Mars base.^[68][69] Mars One expects that there will be at least two satellites, one in geostationary orbit above Mars and a second at the Earth - Sun L4 or L5 point to relay the signal when Mars blocks the geosynchronous satellite from line of sight to Earth.^[69] It is possible that a third satellite will be required to relay the signal on the rare occasions when the sun blocks the first relay satellite from line of sight with Earth.^[69]

Lander

The notional Mars One lander is a 5 meters (16 ft)-diameter variant of SpaceX's Dragon capsule.^{[citation needed]} The lander is planned to be used in five roles:

• Life Support Unit – a lander containing systems for generating from Martian resources the energy, water and breathable air needed by the settlers.^[70] The likely supplier for these systems is Paragon Space Development.^[67]
• Supply Unit – a lander carrying only cargo (supplies).^[64]
• Living Unit – a lander containing an inflatable module to provide habitable space for the settlers on Mars.^[71]
• Human Lander – a lander to carry the settlers to the surface of Mars (see "Mars Transit Vehicle" above).^[64]
• Rover Lander – a lander to carry the two rovers to the surface of Mars.^[72]

Rover

The rover would be unpressurized and support travel distances of 80 km (50 miles).^[73] A potential supplier for the rover as of November 2012 was Astrobotic Technology.^[67]

Mars suit

The Mars suit would be flexible to allow the settlers to work with both cumbersome construction materials and sophisticated machinery when they are outside the habitat while protecting them from the cold, low pressure and noxious gases of the Martian atmosphere.^[74] The likely supplier of the suits is ILC Dover.^[75] On March 12, 2013, Paragon Space Development Corporation was contracted to develop concepts for life support and the Mars Surface Exploration Spacesuit System.^[76]

Advisors

As of January 2013 the Mars One advisory board includes:

• Tanja Masson-Zwaan – Deputy Director of the International Institute of Air and Space Law at Leiden University, President of the International Institute of Space Law, board member of the Netherlands Space Society, advisory board member of the Space Generation Advisory Council and was on the founding board of Women in Aerospace Europe.^[77]
• Brian Enke – Senior Space Research Analyst at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, USA.^[78]
• Professor Pascale Ehrenfreund – lead investigator with the NASA Astrobiology Institute.^[79]
• Dr. Gino Ormeno – Aviation Medical Examiner.^[80]
• Steve Carsey – UK television executive and CEO of Conceive Media, a consultancy, development and production venture specialising in the creation of cross platform entertainment brands for the global market.^[81]
• Dr. Raye Kass – Professor of Applied Human Sciences at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.^[82]
• Professor Thais Russomano – has over 20 years experience in Aerospace Medicine, Space Physiology and Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Telemedicine & eHealth research and development.^[83]
• Dr. Christopher P. McKay – Planetary Scientist at NASA Ames.^[84] He has a particular interest in the evolution of the Solar System and the origin of life and is actively involved in planning for future Mars missions including human exploration.^[85] Dr McKay has been involved with research in several Mars-like environments and has traveled to the Antarctic Dry Valleys, the Atacama Desert, the Arctic, and the Namib Desert.^[85]
• Dr. John D. Rummel – Director of the Institute for Coastal Science and Policy at East Carolina University.^[86]
• Dr. John W. Traphagan – Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Centennial Commission and the Liberal Arts Fellow at the University of Texas at Austin.^[87]
• Dr. James R. Kass – has worked in the field of human spaceflight for more than 30 years.^[88]
• Jamie Guined – exercise scientist at the Exercise Physiology Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center and countermeasures researcher at the NASA Flight Analogs Research Unit, and science faculty member at the University of Phoenix.^[89]
• Professor Stefano Stramigioli – professor of Advanced Robotics and chair holder at the Robotics and Mechatronics group at the University of Twente and a member of the ESA topical team on the dynamics of prehension in micro-gravity and its application to robotics and prosthetics.^[90]
• Dr. Günther Reitz – head of the department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center where he leads research on the biological effects of space radiation in manned space missions. Permanent chairman of the Workshop of Radiation Monitoring on the ISS (WRMISS) since its foundation in 1996.^[91]
• Professor Leo Marcelis – professor in Crop Production in Low-Energy Greenhouses, Wageningen University, The Netherlands where he leads research into crop management, crop physiology and the modelling of greenhouse horticulture. He has over 25 years of experience in research on plant growth in controlled environments (greenhouses and climate rooms). Working in close collaboration with other university departments he develops complete and reliable food systems.^[92]

Criticism

Mars One has received a variety of criticism, mostly relating to technical and financial feasibility.

Rhawn Joseph who in 2010 developed and published the marketing, name branding, astronaut selection and reality TV programs for funding a human mission to Mars , and who then led a lobbying campaign to implement it, has referred to the Mars One Group as "a Fraud and a Scam--They have no space craft, no space-port, no launching facilities--its a scam and a hoax

Chris Welch, director of Masters Programs at the International Space University, has said "Even ignoring the potential mismatch between the project income and its costs and questions about its longer-term viability, the Mars One proposal does not demonstrate a sufficiently deep understanding of the problems to give real confidence that the project would be able to meet its very ambitious schedule."^[93]

Space tourist Richard Garriott stated in response to Mars One, "Many have interesting viable starting plans. Few raise the money to be able to pull it off."^[94]

Robert Zubrin, advocate for manned Martian exploration, said "I don't think the business plan closes it. We're going to go to Mars, we need a billion dollars, and we're going to make up the revenue with advertising and media rights and so on. You might be able to make up some of the money that way, but I don't think that anyone who is interested in making money is going to invest on that basis — invest in this really risky proposition, and if you're lucky you'll break even? That doesn't fly."^[95] Despite his criticisms of some of the elements of Mars One, Zubrin became an advisor to Mars One on October 10, 2013.^[96]

Many have also criticized the project's US$ 6 billion budget as being far too low to successfully transport humans to Mars. Objections have also been raised regarding the reality TV project associated with the expedition. Given the transient nature of most reality TV ventures, many believe that as viewership declines, funding could significantly decrease thereby harming the entire expedition.^[97]

Wired magazine gave it a plausibility score of 2 out of 10 as part of their 2012 Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans.^[98]

In January 2014, former German astronaut Ulrich Walter strongly criticised the project for ethical reasons. Speaking with Berlin's Tagesspiegel, he estimated the probability of reaching Mars alive at only thirty percent, and that of surviving there more than three months at less than twenty percent. He said, "They make their money with that [TV] show. They don't care what happens to those people in space... If my tax money were used for such a mission, I would organise a protest."^[99]

See also

• Colonization of Mars
• Inspiration Mars, an American non-profit organization which aims to launch a manned mission to fly by Mars in January 2018
• Manned mission to Mars
• Mars Colonial Transporter
• MarsDrive
• MARS-500, a psychosocial isolation experiment conducted between 2007 and 2011 by Russia
• Mars to Stay
• Private spaceflight
• SpaceX

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars One.

• Official website
• Mars One Movie
• Mars One on Twitter
• Mars One on Facebook

v t e Mars One Technology Falcon Heavy (SpaceX launcher) Mars transit vehicle (Thales Alenia Space) Mars One Dragon (SpaceX lander) Communications system (Surrey Satellite Technology) Rover (Astrobotic Technology) Mars Suit (ILC Dover) Team Bas Lansdorp (founder) Arno Wielders (founder) Bryan Versteeg Kai Staats Norbert Kraft Suzanne Flinkenflögel Advisors Christopher P. McKay Gino Ormeno James R. Kass John D. Rummel John W. Traphagan Pascale Ehrenfreund Raye Kass Steve Carsey Tanja Masson-Zwaan Thais Russomano Ambassadors Gerard 't Hooft Paul Römer Mary Roach Gerard Blaauw Boudewijn Ambrosius Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Sponsors Byte Internet VBC Notarissen MeetIn New-Energy.tv Dejan SEO Intrepid Research & Development Gerald W. Driggers Adknowledge Aleph Objects Inc

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Iberus Indus Ituxi Kasei Labou Ladon Lethe Licus Ma'adam Mad Maja Mamers Mangala Marineris Marte Mawrth Minio Naktong Nanedi Niger Nirgal Padus Parana Patapsco Peace Rahway Ravi Reull Sabis Samara Scamander Shalbatana Simud Stura Tader Tinia Tiu Tyras Uzboi Verde Warrego Gullies Outflow channels Fossae, mensae and labyrinthi Amenthes Fossae Ceraunius Fossae Cerberus Fossae Coloe Fossae Cyane Fossae Elysium Fossae Galaxias Fossae Hephaestus Fossae Icaria Fossae Labeatis Fossae Mareotis Fossae Medusae Fossae Memnonia Fossae Olympica Fossae Oti Fossae Sirenum Fossae Tantalus Fossae Tithonium Fossae Tractus Fossae Aeolis Mensae Capri Mensa Cydonia Mensae Deuteronilus Mensae Ganges Mensa Nilosyrtis Mensae Protonilus Mensae Angustus Labyrinthus Cydonia Labyrinthus Noctis Labyrinthus Catenae and craters Artynia Catena Tithonium Catena Tractus Catena Airy Airy-0 Aniak Antoniadi Arandas Argo Arkhangelsky Asimov Bacolor Baltisk Barnard Beagle Becquerel Beer Bernard Boeddicker Bok Bond Bonestell Bonneville Burroughs Canso Cassini Caxias Cerulli Chafe Chapais Columbus Corby Crewe Crivitz Curie Davies Dawes Dejnev Denning Dilly Dinorwic Dromore Eagle Eberswalde Eddie Emma Dean Endeavour Endurance Erebus Escalante Fenagh Fesenkov Flaugergues Fram Galdakao Gale Galle Gilbert Gold Green Grindavik Gusev Hale Hartwig Heimdall Heinlein Henry Herschel Holden Hutton Huygens Iazu Ibragimov Inuvik Jezero Jezža Kaiser Kepler Kinkora Kipini Koga Korolev Kufra Kunowsky Lipik Llanesco Lockyer Lod Lohse Lomonosov Lowell Lyot Mädler Mandora Mariner Masursky Maunder McLaughlin McMurdo Mellish Mendel Milankovic Miyamoto Mohawk Mojave Molesworth Montevallo Moreux Nereus Newton Nhill Nicholson Nipigon Onon Orson Welles Oudemans Pangboche Pasteur Penticton Persbo Pettit Pickering Pollack Porter Porth Proctor Ptolemaeus Púnsk Rabe Radau Rahe Reuyl Ritchey Robert Sharp Russell Sagan Saheki Santa Maria Schaeberle Schiaparelli Secchi Semeykin Sharonov Sibu Sitka Spallanzani Srīpur Stokes Taytay Terby Thila Thira Tikhonravov Timbuktu Tooting Trouvelot Tugaske Tycho Brahe Victoria Virrat Vishniac Wirtz Wislicenus Yuty Zumba Zunil Martian meteorites On Earth About Balsaltic Breccia NWA 7034 Chassignites Chassigny Kaidun Nakhla Nakhlites Orthopyroxenite/OPX ALH84001 Shergottites Shergotty Category On Mars Opportunity Block Island Heat Shield Mackinac Island Meridiani Planum Oileán Ruaidh Shelter Island Rocks Curiosity Bathurst Inlet Coronation Goulburn Hottah Jake Matijevic Link Rocknest Rocknest 3 Tintina Opportunity Bounce El Capitan Last Chance Sojourner Barnacle Bill Yogi Spirit Adirondack Home Plate Mimi Pot of Gold Viking Big Joe Other Face Monolith Rootless cones Geology Canals (list) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Gullies Lobate debris apron North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Polar caps Rocks Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface "Swiss cheese" feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Water History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Moons Specific Deimos Features Swift crater Voltaire crater Phobos Features Stickney crater Monolith Common Moons of Mars In fiction Astronomy Eclipses Solar eclipses on Mars Transits Deimos Phobos Earth Mercury Venus Asteroids Mars-crosser asteroid 2007 WD5 Comets Siding Spring (Mars-crosser,19Oct2014) Trojans List 5261 Eureka 1998 VF31 1999 UJ7 2007 NS2 Exploration Current Artificial objects on Mars HiWish program Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity observed Mars Express Mars flyby Mars landing Mars Odyssey Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars rover Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity timeline Mars Scout Program MAVEN Past Beagle 2 Deep Space 2 Mars 2 Prop-M Mars 2MV-3 No.1 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observed Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars Scout Program Phoenix Mars Surveyor '98 program Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Yinghuo-1 Future Robotic Caves of Mars Project ExoMars orbiter lander rover Icebreaker Life InSight Mars Geyser Hopper Mars Next Generation Mars sample return mission Mars 2020 rover mission MELOS MetNet Northern Light Phobos Surveyor Red Dragon SCIM Manned Chinese Mission to Mars Colonization Haughton–Mars Project Inspiration Mars Mars Analog Habitats Mars Analogue Research Station Program AMASE Euro-MARS FMARS MARS-Oz MDRS Mars Colonial Transporter Mars Direct MARS-500 Mars for Less Mars Initiative Mars One Mars orbit rendezvous Mars to Stay Terraforming Related Darian calendar Flag of Mars ICAMSR In fiction Life on Mars Mars Institute Mars Society Martian Memorials on Mars Mythology Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Book:Mars Book:MSL Book:Solar System Category:Mars Portal:Mars Portal:Solar System

v t e Manned missions to Mars Planned Inspiration Mars (2018 or 2021) Mars One (2024) 21st century proposals Mars Piloted Orbital Station Aurora programme Austere Human Missions to Mars Vision for Space Exploration Constellation program Chinese mission to Mars Mars to Stay Mars for Less Red Dragon 20th century proposals The Mars Project Martian Piloted Complex TMK Ride Report Space Exploration Initiative Mars Direct The Case for Mars NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0 Mars analogs MARS-500 Mars Analogue Research Station Program FMARS MDRS Euro-MARS MARS-Oz Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition See also Exploration of Mars Colonization of Mars Terraforming of Mars Caves of Mars Project Mars Society Mars Initiative Mars orbit rendezvous Manned Mars rover

v t e Spacecraft missions to Mars Current Orbiters Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Orbiter Mission (en route) MAVEN (en route) Rovers Curiosity timeline Opportunity observed Past Flybys Mariner 3 Mariner 4 Mariner 6 Mariner 7 Mars 1 Mars 1M No.1 Mars 1M No.2 Mars 2MV-4 No.1 Mars 4 Mars 6 Mars 7 Nozomi Zond 2 Orbiters Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1 Kosmos 419 Mariner 8 Mariner 9 Mars 2 Mars 2M No.521 Mars 2M No.522 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars 96 Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Viking 1 Viking 2 Landers Beagle 2 Mars 2 Mars 2MV-3 No.1 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Phoenix Viking 1 Viking 2 Rovers Prop-M Sojourner Spirit Special Dawn (flyby) Deep Space 1 (proposed flyby) Rosetta (flyby) Zond 3 (crossed Mars orbit) Planned InSight (2016) ExoMars (2016 and 2018) Inspiration Mars (2018 or 2021) Mars 2020 rover (2020) Proposed BOLD Mission by China Icebreaker Life Mars Geyser Hopper Mars-Grunt Mars One (from 2016) Mars sample return mission MELOS MetNet Northern Light Red Dragon SCIM Sky-Sailor Cancelled ARES Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Mars 4NM Mars 5NM Mars 5M (Mars-79) Mars-Aster Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher Mars Surveyor Lander Mars Telecommunications Orbiter NetLander Vesta Voyager Italics indicate failures at launch.