Manuel Buíça

Manuel Buíça
Born	30 December 1876 Bouçoães, Valpaços
Died	1 February 1908(1908-02-01) (aged 31) Lisbon
Cause of death	Shot by police
Occupation	cavalry sergeant teacher
Spouse(s)	Hermínia Augusta da Costa
Parents	Abílio da Silva Buíça Maria Barroso
Killings
Date	1 February 1908
Location(s)	Terreiro do Paço
Target(s)	King Carlos I of Portugal Queen Amélie d'Orléans Prince Luis Filipe Prince Manuel II Prime Minister João Franco
Killed	2
Injured	1
Weapon(s)	Carbine Rifle

Manuel dos Reis da Silva Buíça (30 December 1876 — 1 February 1908) was a Portuguese schoolteacher, former cavalry Sergeant, and excellent marksman involved with Alfredo Costa in the regicide of King Carlos I of Portugal and the Prince Royal, Luis Filipe, during the events that became known as the 1908 Lisbon Regicide (on February 1, 1908).

Biography

Son of reverend Abílio da Silva Buíça, parish priest of Vinhais, and Maria Barroso.

Buíça married twice: the first lasted from 1896 to 1898, and his second, to Hermínia Augusta da Costa, with whom he had two children (Elvira e Manuel).

Manuel Buíça had few friends, outside his professional acquaintances, although he was a close colleague of Alfredo Costa and Aquilino Ribeiro (the latter of whom he referred to in his last testament by name), with whom he mingled at the Café Gelo in the Rossio.

His professional career started with his conscription into the army, where he would achieve the status of second Sergeant, and hold the title of field instructor in shooting, while at the Cavalry Regiment in Bragança. A professional, Buíça also enrolled in the master-at-arms training course, obtaining a medal for first class sharpshooting medallion in the process. Unfortunately, his career in the military was not spotless: there were various infractions and three disciplinary notes in his record.

After the army, Buíça enrolled in courses at the Colégio Nacional, and participated in lessons in music and French.

Elevator coup

On the night of January 28, 1908 several men were arrested by the police around the Lisbon Municipal Library Elevator.^[1] This group of people were later determined to be the principal revolutionaries in an attempted republican coup that was to have effectively occurred on January 28, 1908, but failed. The Janeirada (which colloquially means the January thing), or more commonly referred to as the Municipal Library Elevator Coup, was an attempted coup to assassinate João Franco, proclaim a republic and abolish the monarchy (by this, its King, Carlos I of Portugal).

A cell of 20 men, led by Alfredo Costa, that also included Manuel Buíça, originally were to assault the Royal Palace, but later, strategically modified their assault to the Quartel dos Lóios, and attacked contingents of the Municipal Guard, around the Rua de Santa Bárbara, until they received word of the revolution (from a particular mortar explosion.

The Janeirada was planned by members of the Portuguese Republican Party, their enforcers, the Formiga Branca, elements of the Progressive Dissidency Party and the Carbonária, the latter two providing financing, men and arms. In addition to António José de Almeida, there was support from the shadows from Luz de Almeida, the chief of the Carbonária Lusitana, Machado Santos and António Maria da Silva. The decision to murder the King, was not clear, but these instructions were passed on to Alfredo Costa's group, as part of the coup plans.^[2] But, the plans were shelved immediately when, tipped-off by police, João Franco's government began rounding-up the usual suspects in militant republican circles. Those that could escape, did so, while others congregated around São Julião's Elevator and were rounded-up by the police on mass. In fact, the limits were limited to the higher-echelon members and leaders of the anti-monarchist movement, while lower level dissidents and thugs were limited to attacks in the Rato, in Alcântara, in the Campo de Santana, and along the Rua da Escola Politécnica (where one officer was killed).

The back room of the Café Gelo, then a popular meeting place for republican and Carbonária sympathizers, was empty in the following days, except for Manuel Buíça and Alfredo Costa who had escaped the sweep and were not afraid to be seen.

Assassination

On the morning of February 1, 1908, Manuel Buíça met with Alfredo Costa and other Carbonária in Quinta do Xexé, in Olivais, where they finalized the regicide of King Carlos I of Portugal.^[3] Around two in the afternoon, Buíça has lunch with Costa and three other conspirators in the corner of the Café Gelo. Near the kitchen, the nook allowed members to converse unnoticed. At the end of their conversations, Buíça was the first to get up, and mention to the other two he was going to "get the wand", which likely referred to his Winchester series 2137 carbine rifle, which had been imported from Germany by Heitor Ferreira.

By four in the afternoon, Manuel Buíça, Domingos Ribeiro and José Maria Nunes, positioned themselves in the Terreiro do Paço, near the statute of D. José and near a tree in front of the Ministry of the Kingdom, alongside a kiosk. Alfredo Costa, Fabrício de Lemos and Ximenes assume positions below the arcade of the Ministry, and mingled with the population gathered for the King's arrival by boat.

At about 5:20, as the landau rounded the square, Manuel Buíça advanced from his position, and from 8–10 meters behind the carriage, he dropped to one knee and fired the first shot. His aim was perfect: the bullet hit the monarch in the neck, immediately snapping his spine at his neck, and effectively killed Carlos I. His second shot only guaranteed the King's death, but may have been directed to the young Prince Royal seated in front of the King.^[4] This second shot clipped that amplets on the left shoulder of the King, and caused the king to slump to the right. At this time Alfredo Costa intervenes, jumping on the landau and firing two shots into the back of the King. Buíça moved his position, and fired on the Prince Royal, as the latter was confronting Costa: the first projectile misses, but the second hits Luís Philip in the face (exiting the cranium) killing the Prince.

But Buiça was not finished, and attempted to move position for another volley, when he was interrupted by Henrique da Silva Valente, a soldier of the 12th Infantry, who was in the square. In their brief confrontation, the soldier is hit in the leg. By then a cavalry officer, Lieutenant Francisco Figueira fired on Buíça, hitting him in the leg, and as the assassin attempted to flee, Figueira immobilizes him with a shot that hit his thigh. A police officer finally kills Buíça in the square.

Afterward

Manuel Buíça, 31 years old, was buried on February 11, 1908; three men, members of the Associação do Registo Civil (English: Association of the Civil Registry) had protested outside the morgue, in order to convince the director to allow them to have a civil funeral.

Earlier that day, the autopsy found: a contusion at the top of the cranium, a laceration in his lower back (likely caused by Lieutenant Figueiro's sabre) and a wound to the left breast. This wound was the fatal entry, the bullet clipped the heart and perforated the liver.^[5] The recovered bullet was a 6.35 caliber bullet from an automatic pistol, a munition that was not used by the Portuguese police at the time, fueling speculation that some extra-military personnel had finally killed the assassin.

In the afternoon, his cadaver, along with Alfredo Costa and the body of an innocent bystander (José Sabino), were gathered by sent to the cemetery in the Alto de São João. The two assassins' bodies were buried in graves 6044 and 6045, but in 1914, they were exhumed and placed in the local mausoleum. Shortly after their burial, permission was given by the acclamation government of Ferreira do Amaral to allow republican sympathizers to visit the graves. These events were organized by the Associação do Registo Civil, which furnished flowers and paid (500 réis per person and 200 réis per child) for those that appeared at the graves.^[6] After the 5 October Revolution ushered in a republican government, the Associação do Registo Civil acquired a plot in the cemetery and erected a monument to "the heroic liberators of the Fatherland". The monument was eventually dismantled during the Estado Novo, but its elements were never destroyed, but preserved and never replaced.

Around six-months before the regicide of King Carlos and Prince Luis Philip, Manuel Buíça had become a widower, and his children, ages seven and four years, would be left with their maternal grandmother.

There is a belief, primarily in republican circles, that Buíça was an idealist, whose assassination of the King and Prince Royal, were accomplished as a form of justice and honourable duty for the Fatherland.^[7] In his final will, dated January 28, 1908, four days before the Lisbon Regicide, he wrote the following:

"Manuel dos Reis da Silva Buiça, widower, son of Augusto da Silva Buiça and Maria Barroso, resident of Vinhais, concelho of Vinhais, district of Bragança. I am a native of Bouçoais, concelho of Valpaços, district of Vila Real (Traz-os-Montes), married D. Herminia Augusta da Silva Buíça, daughter of a retired major in the cavalry and D. Maria de Jesus Costa. The major was João Augusto da Costa, widower. My wife left me two children, that I know: Elvira, who was born on 19 December 1900, in Rua de Santa Marta, bottom floor, and who is not yet baptised nor civilly registered and Manuel who was born on 12 September 1907 in Escadinhas da Mouraria, No.4, fourth floor and was registered in the administration of the first barrio of Lisbon, on 11 October, in the year above referred. The witnesses were Albano José Correia, married, employed in commerce and Aquilino Ribeiro, single, publicist. Both my children live with me and their maternal grandmother in Escadinhas da Mouraria, No.4, 4th floor, left. My family lives in Vinhaes, where it is likely my death or disappearance, should that be. My children will remain poor; I have nothing to leave them, except my name and my respect and compassion for those who suffer. I plead that they be educated in the principals of liberty, equality and fraternity...and for whom they remain, through providence, in short, orphans. Lisbon, 28 January 1908. Manuel dos Reis da Silva Buiça. Remember my signature, Rua do Crucifixio, Lisbon.

Notes

References

Sources

• Sanches de Baêna, Miguel (1990). Diário de D. Manuel e estudo sobre o regicídio (in Portuguese). Publicações Alfa S.A. 
• Revista História Ano XVIII (nova série) No26 (in Portuguese). November 1996. 
• Alves, Francisco Manuel (2002). Memórias Arqueológico-Históricas do Distrito de Bragança Tomo VI - Os Fidalgos (in Portuguese). Camara Municipal de Bragança. p. 123. ISBN 972-95125-7-4. 
• Vale, Virgílio do (2003). Vinhais - Póvoa Rica de Homens Bons (in Portuguese). Do Autor. ISBN 972-9025-36-3. 
• Morais, Jorge (2007). Regicídio: A Contagem Decrescente [Regicide: The Untold Story] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Zéfiro. ISBN 978-972-8958-40-4. 
• Pinto, José Manuel de Castro (2007). D. Carlos (1863-1908) A Vida e o Assassinato de um Rei [D. Carlos (1863-1908): The Assassination of a King] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Plátano Editora. ISBN 978-972-770-563-4. 
• Henriques, Mendo Castro. Dossier Regicídio o - Processo Desaparecido [The Regicide Dossier: The Missing Process] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Tribuna da História – Edição de Livros e Revistas, Lda. ISBN 978-972-8799-78-6. 
• Fetherling, George (2001). The Book of Assassins. John Wiley and Sons. p. 79. ISBN 0-471-15891-7. 
• Esperança, Carlos (December 2007). "Manuel Buíça e Alfredo Costa: mártires injustiçados" [Manuel Buíça e Alfredo Costa: unjustified martyers] (in Portuguese). Coimbra, Portugal: República Laicaide associação cívica. Retrieved 19 August 2010.