Mansoor Ijaz

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Mansoor Ijaz
Born August 1961
Tallahassee, Florida
Nationality United States of America
Alma mater 1979-1983 University of Virginia
1983-1985 M.I.T.
1983-1986 Harvard-MIT M.E.M.P.
Occupation Hedge Fund Management
Venture Capitalist
News Analyst & Opinion Writer
Freelance Diplomacy
Religion Islam
Spouse(s) Mrs. Valerie Martin-Ijaz
Children 5
Parents Dr. Mujaddid A. Ijaz (1937-1992)
Dr. Lubna Razia Ijaz
Relatives Farouk Ijaz, brother (1963-2012)
Atif Ijaz, brother
Mujeeb Ijaz, brother
Neelam Ijaz-Ahmad, sister
Sajid Sohail, first cousin
Faysal Sohail, first cousin

Mansoor Ijaz (Arabic: منصور اعجاز‎) (born August 1961) is an American financier of Pakistani ancestry. He is a hedge-fund manager and was for some time a media commentator, mostly in relation to Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan.[1] He is the founder and chairman of Crescent Investment Management Ltd,[2] a New York investment partnership since 1990 that includes retired General Jim Abrahamson, former director of President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative.[3] Ijaz heads a consortium of investors that in 2013 announced its intention to acquire 35% of the Lotus F1 Formula One team. Ijaz has maintained ties with former CIA Director R. James Woolsey, Jr., including jointly authoring opinion pieces with Woolsey.[4][5] Woolsey also served as a member of Crescent's board in the early 2000s.[6]

Personal life

Mansoor Ijaz was born in Tallahassee, Florida and grew up on a farm in rural Virginia.[7] He graduated Valedictorian of his high school class.[8] He received his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Virginia in 1983 [9] and master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985,[10] where he was trained as a neural sciences engineer in the Medical Engineering Medical Physics Program (M.E.M.P.). In 1993, Dean Daniel C. Tosteson welcomed Ijaz as a 3rd Century Fellow of Harvard Medical School.[11]

1982 Powerlifting Nationals SQUAT 374 lbs
1982 Powerlifting Nationals DEADLIFT 418 lbs

While attending U.Va., Ijaz earned All-American status as a powerlifter on March 19, 1982 with a combined lift total (squat, bench press and deadlift) of 960 lbs at the National Collegiate Powerlifting Championships held at Marshall University.[12][13] He competed in the 56 kg class. Later the same year, he competed at the U.S. National Powerlifting Championships in the 52 kg class held at Portland, Oregon, earning a bronze medal for this third place finish.[14] Ijaz was Virginia State Champion in the 52 kg and 56 kg classes and set more than 25 Virginia State powerlifting records for the Squat, Bench Press and Deadlift disciplines in both the Open Class and Teenage Class.[15] Ijaz’s coach at U.Va., John Gamble, was the top ranked powerlifter in the world in the 275-pound class from 1981 to 1983. He placed first at the IPF World Powerlifting Championships in 1984. He finished 3rd in the 1982 World’s Strongest Man competition[16] and went on to serve as Strength & Conditioning Coach of the Miami Dolphins under coach Don Shula from 1994 until 2005. Ijaz was also coached at the Charlottesville Barbell Club by William ("Willie") Morris (1944-2010), a multi-title champion at IPF meets in the Masters Class.[17]

His father, Dr. Mujaddid Ahmad Ijaz (July 16, 1937— July 14, 1992) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and professor of physics at Virginia Tech[18] who was noted and known for his work with sub-atomic and hypothetical particles, as well as his early role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear energy program.[19] His mother, Dr. Lubna R. Ijaz, is a noted solar physicist who worked with UNIDO to develop renewable energy programs and maintains a graduate student awards fellowship at her alma mater Virginia Tech.[20] Ijaz's brother, Mujeeb Ijaz, is a noted engineer in lithium battery technologies, currently serving as president of A123 Venture Technologies.[21] His brother, Atif Ijaz, is a senior executive at Allstate Insurance Company in Chicago. His first cousin, Faysal Sohail, is a general partner at one of Silicon Valley's leading venture capital firms, CMEA Capital.

Ijaz developed CARAT, a currency, interest rate and equity risk management system.[10] He started Crescent as an investment firm in 1990 and continues to operate it today.[18] Away from Crescent's daily business affairs, Ijaz has served on the College Foundation Board of Trustees at the University of Virginia.[22] He was also a member of the board of directors of the Atlantic Council from 2007 until 2009.[23]

Ijaz is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.[24] He also serves as a member of the Advisory Board of Rebuilding Afghanistan Foundation.[25]

Formula One

Ijaz at Monaco's 2013 Grand Prix
On June 18, 2013, Genii Capital announced that it had sold a stake of 35% [26] in Lotus F1 Team Limited, a leading contender in Formula One's Constructor's Championship, to Infinity Racing Partners Limited, an investor consortium comprising an American hedge-fund management group, Abu Dhabi-based Al Manhal International Group LLC, headed by Suhail Al Dhaheri [27] and the royal family interests of an unnamed country.

Ijaz is chairman of Quantum Motorsports Limited (f.k.a. Infinity Racing Partners Limited, renamed in October 2013). In a press statement [28] released by Genii Capital's principals, Gerard Lopez and Eric Lux, the team owners highlighted technological developments Infinity could bring to assisting Lotus F1's race cars as engine configurations change in the 2014 season. Lopez and Lux also cited the global network of Infinity Racing's principal partners and how this could potentially increase sponsorship revenues flowing to Lotus F1.

On November 4, 2013, Ijaz and Al Dhaheri met with reporters at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and reconfirmed their commitment to conclude the announced financing.[29] Media coverage noted that the transaction, announced in June 2013, had not completed by mid-November.[30] At the US Grand Prix on November 16, Ijaz, in a live television interview with Lotus Team Principal Eric Boullier, maintained that concluding the deal with Lotus was imminent.[31]

On November 23, 2013, Boullier stated at a FIA press conference in Brazil that the Quantum deal had progressed toward closing and that banker communications during the previous week, while not fully conclusive, indicated the deal could close early during the week of November 25. Boullier also confirmed that Lotus F1 and current owners Genii Capital had proof of Quantum's funding and full compliance on the consortium's assets.[32]

On January 17, 2014, Lotus F1 co-chairman Andrew Ruhan confirmed that negotiations to finalize Quantum's planned investment were continuing but that the original configuration of the deal had been restructured by Ijaz.[33]

Media commentator

Mansoor Ijaz has appeared on financial and political news programs for CNN , Fox News, BBC, Germany’s ARD TV, Japan’s NHK, ABC and NBC. He has commented for PBS’ Newshour with Jim Lehrer , , , and ABC News Nightline with Ted Koppel. Ijaz has been featured twice in Barron's Currency Roundtable discussions. He has also contributed to the editorial pages of London’s Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The International Herald Tribune, Newsweek International, The Christian Science Monitor, The Weekly Standard, National Review, USA Today, and the Times of India. He endorsed views in the period prior to the Iraq War, later proven to be false, that included the presence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and ties between Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda. Among other topics, he has commented on the lack of wisdom in letting politics and policymakers ignore good intelligence, vis-à-vis changes in the Muslim world[34] and nuclear proliferation.[35]

Ijaz was a Fox News Analyst and played a popular role on Special Report.[36] He was a frequent guest on the show and appeared on various Fox programs on more than 100 occasions. He articulated opinions on a wide array of subjects, including some that supported the Bush administration's policies on Iraq and Afghanistan. Some media outlets categorized his views as neo-conservative, placing him in the same category of analysts such as former CIA Director Jim Woolsey, former Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz and former Defense Policy Board chairman Richard Perle.

In 2006, in an interview with Gulf News, Ijaz claimed that Iran already had a nuclear bomb and that US think-tanks were already formulating strategies to overthrow the Iranian Government. His opinion appeared in an interview published in Gulf News, a Dubai-based newspaper.[37]

International negotiator

Ijaz & President Bill Clinton, DSCC Event 1996

Negotiations with Sudan

Mansoor Ijaz was involved in unofficial negotiations[10] between the U.S. and Sudanese governments in an effort to extradite Osama bin Laden to the U.S. in early 1996. In the same year, the United States Congress had imposed sanctions against the Sudanese government over allegations of harboring and abetting terrorist cells on its soil.[38]

In early 1996, CIA and State Department officials held secret meetings near Washington D.C. with Sudan’s then defense minister, El Fatih Erwa. The meetings failed to reconcile U.S. demands of Khartoum about Sudan’s record in aiding, abetting and harboring known terrorist groups and individuals.[39] In May 1996, Bin Laden left Sudan for Afghanistan under pressure from the United States. Ijaz then reportedly tried to negotiate a deal between Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir and U.S. government officials, including Lee Hamilton, chairman of the House International Relations Committee at the time, Sandy Berger, then deputy national security adviser and Susan Rice, Africa bureau chief at the National Security Council at the time, to hand over intelligence data on the sprouting Al Qaeda network in Sudan and Bin Laden's activities there.[40] Ijaz argued the U.S. should adopt a policy of "constructive engagement" with Sudan in return for Sudan handing over to U.S. authorities its intelligence data on Bin Laden, Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups that had operated from Sudanese soil.[41]

Sudan's offer of counter-terrorism assistance, April 1997

In April 1997, Bashir sent a letter to Hamilton, hand-carried by Ijaz from Khartoum to Washington D.C., in which Sudan made an unconditional offer of counter-terrorism assistance to the FBI and other U.S. intelligence agencies. According to Ijaz, those efforts were met positively by Secretary of State Madeleine Albright but spurned by other members of the Clinton administration. The New York Times reported on September 28, 1997 that Secretary Albright had concluded the Sudanese Government’s more moderate public stance over the previous year should be tested and therefore announced that certain U.S. diplomats would return to Khartoum to pursue, among other objectives, obtaining counter-terrorism data in the possession of Sudan’s intelligence directorate, the Mukhabarat.[42] According to former U.S. Ambassador to Sudan, Tim Carney and Ijaz, Susan Rice and counter-terrorism czar Richard Clarke persuaded national security adviser Sandy Berger to overrule Albright's overture to the Sudan.[34] Three days later, on October 1, 1997, the State Department said it had erred in announcing return of U.S. diplomats to Khartoum.[43] The Clinton administration then proceeded in early November 1997 to announce more comprehensive economic, trade, and financial sanctions against the Sudan.[44] In August 1998, in the wake of the East Africa embassy bombings, the U.S. launched cruise missile strikes against Khartoum.

Assertions on Osama bin Laden

Capturing Bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government from the presidency of Bill Clinton until Bin Laden's death in 2011.[45] Ijaz asserted that in 1996 while the Clinton administration had begun pursuit of the policy, the Sudanese government allegedly offered to arrest and extradite Bin Laden as well as to provide the United States with detailed intelligence information about growing militant organizations in the region, including Hezbollah, Hamas, Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood and Iran’s Revolutionary Guard, and that U.S. authorities allegedly rejected each offer despite knowing of Bin Laden's involvement in the East Africa embassy bombings.[46]

However, the 9/11 Commission found that although "former Sudanese officials claim that Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to the United States", "we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim."[47] Ambassador Carney, according to later reports, had instructions only to press the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden because the U.S. government had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment against Bin Laden outstanding.”[48] In 1998, two years after the warning, the Clinton administration ordered several military missions to capture or kill Bin Laden that failed.[49]

Ijaz's assertions on Bin Laden were made in numerous opinion pieces both individually authored[46] as well as jointly authored with former Clinton administration officials.[34] Vanity Fair contributing editor David Rose also made similar allegations in a feature Vanity Fair piece in January 2002[50] as did Richard Miniter, author of Losing bin Laden, in a November 2003 interview with World.[51]

Ceasefire negotiations in Kashmir

Ijaz was involved in efforts to broker a ceasefire in Kashmir in 2000 and 2001. The Kashmir conflict was cause of three wars between India and Pakistan since partition of the two nuclear-armed nations in 1947.

Salahuddin Letter to Clinton, August 2000

Ijaz held a series of meetings with senior Indian and Pakistani government officials as well as senior Kashmiri leaders from November 1999 until January 2001, traveling to India secretly on out-of-passport visas.[52] In late July 2000, after months of non-public negotiations between Hizbul Mujahideen commander Abdul Majid Dar and A. S. Dulat, former chief of India’s Research and Analysis Wing, that were aimed at bringing about a ceasefire, the Kashmiri militant leader declared a unilateral ceasefire in the Himalayan enclave on July 25, 2000. The initial ceasefire was aborted by a hard-line militant faction within Hizbul Mujahideen backed by Pakistan’s intelligence services.[53]

In order to gain Pakistani support for India's peace efforts in Kashmir, Ijaz traveled to Islamabad, Pakistan to meet with Gen. Pervez Musharraf on May 31, 2000.[54] Musharraf agreed to back the ceasefire plan but faced significant internal resistance from hard line elements in his army and intelligence services who had committed significant national resources to Kashmiri resistance fighters battling Indian security forces along Kashmir's Line of Control. Ijaz carried Musharraf's message to Indian officials.

Dulat’s primary efforts to secure peace in the region were supported by RAW’s then deputy chief, C. D. Sahay (promoted to RAW chief in 2003) who worked during the same period with Ijaz to develop a comprehensive blueprint[52] for participation of a wider cross-section of Kashmiri resistance groups, particularly militant groups operating from Pakistan-administered Kashmir (Azad Kashmir). In late summer 2000, Ijaz traveled to Muzzafarabad, capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, to negotiate with Hizbul Mujahideen commander Syed Salahuddin. That meeting resulted in Salahuddin issuing a letter to President Bill Clinton,[55] hand-carried to the White House by Ijaz, in which the Kashmiri leader requested Clinton administration support for any further steps in ceasefire negotiations by Kashmiri resistance groups over which Salahuddin exerted influence.

The plan drafted by Sahay and Ijaz[55] reportedly became the basis of a decision by Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to announce a unilateral ceasefire of military operations by Indian security forces in Indian-administered Kashmir in November 2000.[56] During the period immediately following the Vajpayee ceasefire, Ijaz met with senior Indian government officials, including Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh, national security adviser Brajesh Mishra and Home Minister L. K. Advani.[52] Ijaz then traveled to Srinagar, summertime capital of Indian-administered Kashmir, to meet with cabinet ministers and leaders of Kashmiri resistance groups.

Ijaz’s efforts to build a permanent framework for Kashmiri peace ended, according to news accounts, in early 2001 when he shared detailed plans to bring Pakistan’s radical Islamic groups in support of wider Indo-Pakistani peace with Indian Home Minister L. K. Advani. The initial ceasefire period of one month was later extended several times and was eventually transformed into a permanent cessation of hostilities that ultimately resulted in the Agra summit between India and Pakistan held from July 14–16, 2001, where Prime Minister Vajpayee and Gen. Musharraf nearly forged agreement on a permanent resolution to the Kashmir conflict.

Memogate

Main article: Memogate (Pakistan)
Adm. Mullen Memorandum & Judicial Commission Report
Newsweek on Memogate "Who in the World is Mansoor Ijaz?". 

Mansoor Ijaz was involved in the memogate controversy, which revolved around a memorandum seeking help of the Obama administration to avert a military takeover of the civilian government in Pakistan in the wake of the Osama bin Laden raid, and to assist in a civilian takeover of the military apparatus.[57] The contents of the confidential memo, addressed to Admiral Mike Mullen and delivered to him by Ijaz's friend at the time, former US national security adviser Gen. James L. Jones, were published in their entirety on Foreign Policy magazine's website[58] and concurrently on the Washington Post's website.[59]

Ijaz alleged that former Pakistan Ambassador to the United States Husain Haqqani asked him to deliver the confidential memo[60] asking for US assistance. The memo is alleged to have been drafted by Haqqani at the behest of President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari.[61] The Supreme Court of Pakistan opened a broader inquiry into the origins, credibility and purpose of the memo.[62]

On June 12, 2012, according to a report released by the Judicial Commission tasked with investigating the origins, purpose and authenticity of the memorandum, it found that the alleged memorandum was authentic and that former ambassador Husain Haqqani was its "originator and architect". The report said he had in fact sought US support through the memo and wanted to head a new national security team in Pakistan. The report also stated that Haqqani was not loyal to Pakistan as he had left the country, had no material assets in Pakistan and was now living abroad. The Supreme Court, upon hearing the report in session, ordered the former ambassador to appear before the bench. The process of repatriating Haqqani to Pakistan for his appearance in front of the high court continues to the present day.[63]

The Judicial Commission report also exonerated President Zardari from any prior knowledge of the memorandum, although it noted that in the "considered view" of the justices, Haqqani had led Ijaz to believe the memorandum had the Pakistani president's approval.[64]

References

  1. ↑ "Mansoor Ijaz: The Pakistan perspective (CNN interview of Ijaz)". CNN. October 18, 2001. 
  2. ↑ Ahmad, Issam (January 25, 2012). "Who is Mansoor Ijaz?". Christian Science Monitor. 
  3. ↑ Bergen, Peter (November 24, 2011). "What's behind the furor in Pakistan?". CNN. Retrieved November 24, 2011. 
  4. ↑ Woolsey, R. James; Mansoor Ijaz (November 28, 2001). "How Secure is Pakistan's Plutonium". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2001. 
  5. ↑ Woolsey, R. James; Mansoor Ijaz (September 12, 2001). "Revenge is a Dish Best Served Cold". Los Angeles Times. 
  6. ↑ Woolsey, R. James; Ijaz, Mansoor and Abrahamson, James (October 1, 2001). "The Battle Ahead". Newsweek. Retrieved October 1, 2001. 
  7. ↑ "The Rediff Interview/ Mansoor Ijaz". Rediff.com. November 28, 2000. Retrieved February 14, 2007. 
  8. ↑ "Ijaz's 1979 Valedictorian Plaque". Christiansburg High School. 1979. 
  9. ↑ "UVA Newsletter". February 3, 2003. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Miniter, Richard (2003). "Losing Bin Laden: How Bill Clinton's Failures Unleashed Global Terror". Regnery Publishing. Retrieved 2003. 
  11. ↑ "Ijaz's 1993 Harvard Medical School 3rd Century Fellow Plaque". May 21, 1993. 
  12. ↑ Purdy, Tom (September 11, 1981). "Ijaz shoots for half ton". The Cavalier Daily. 
  13. ↑ "Ijaz's All-American Powerlifting Certificate". March 19, 1982. 
  14. ↑ Appel, Larry (March 1982). "Ijaz qualifies for lifting nationals". The Cavalier Daily. 
  15. ↑ Geran, George (September 1980). "The Ijaz's: Mom prays her sons to powerlifting titles". The Roanoke Times. 
  16. ↑ "World's Strongest Man Competition Official Results". Retrieved January 27, 2014. 
  17. ↑ Shifflett, John (January 28, 2010). "Virginia Powerlifting". Retrieved January 26, 2014. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ahmed, Fasih (December 2, 2011). "Who in the World is Mansoor Ijaz?". Newsweek Pakistan. 
  19. ↑ Ijaz, Mansoor (February 11, 2004). "Not all of Pakistan's nuclear scientists were rogues". Christian Science Monitor. 
  20. ↑ Virginia Tech "Lubna Razia Ijaz Scholarship". 
  21. ↑ Ailworth, Erin (May 1, 2013). "Battery Maker Hopes New Venture Tech Division Will Part Its Rebirth". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2013-05-01. 
  22. ↑ "UVA President's Report October 2004-September 2005". University of Virginia. September 2005. Retrieved 2005-09-10. 
  23. ↑ Atlantic Council "Mansoor Ijaz Board of Directors". 
  24. ↑ Council on Foreign Relations "CFR Membership Roster". November 18, 2013. 
  25. ↑ "Rebuilding Afghanistan Foundation". 
  26. ↑ "To Infinity and Beyond". Lotus F1 Team Official Website. June 18, 2013. 
  27. ↑ "Al Manhal International Group LLC". Corporate Website. 
  28. ↑ ESPN "Genii sells 35% of Lotus to Infinity Racing". June 18, 2013. 
  29. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (November 4, 2013). "Lotus Formula 1 team sure Quantum investment deal will happen". Autosport. Retrieved November 4, 2013. 
  30. ↑ Noble, Jonathan (November 16, 2013). "Quantum insists there are no doubts about Lotus deal despite delays". Autosport. Retrieved November 16, 2013. 
  31. ↑ "Pastor Maldonado waits on confirmation of 2014 seat". SkySports. November 17, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2013. 
  32. ↑ "FIA Friday Press Conference-Brazil". Formula 1. November 23, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013. 
  33. ↑ Noble, Jonathan. "Lotus Formula 1 team talks with Quantum continue". Autosport. Retrieved 21 January 2014. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Carney, Timothy; Mansoor Ijaz (June 30, 2002). "Intelligence Failure? Let's Go Back to Sudan". The Washington Post (mafhoum.com). 
  35. ↑ Ijaz, Mansoor (January 7, 2004). "Pakistan's Nuclear Metastasis: How Widespread is the Cancer?". The Weekly Standard. 
  36. ↑ Randall, Steve (July 1, 2004). "Still Failing the 'Fair & Balanced' Test". FAIR.org. 
  37. ↑ Gopal, Neena (January 27, 2006). "Iran 'has bomb and trying to make more'". Gulf News. 
  38. ↑ Gellman, Barton (October 3, 2001). "U.S. Was Foiled Multiple Times in Efforts To Capture Bin Laden or Have Him Killed". The Washington Post. 
  39. ↑ "1996 CIA Memo to Sudanese Official". The Washington Post. October 3, 2001. 
  40. ↑ Ijaz, Mansoor (September 30, 1998). "Olive Branch Ignored". Los Angeles Times. 
  41. ↑ "1997 Congressional Hearings - Intelligence & Security". House Judiciary Sub-Committee on Crime and Terrorism. June 10, 1997. 
  42. ↑ Krauss, Clifford (September 28, 1997). "Slowly, U.S. Is Returning Some Envoys To the Sudan". The New York Times. 
  43. ↑ "State Dept says it erred on Sudan envoys". The New York Times. October 1, 1997. 
  44. ↑ "Executive Order 13067--Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Sudan". U.S. Treasury Department. November 5, 1997. 
  45. ↑ "Bill Clinton: I got closer to killing Bin Laden". CNN. September 24, 2006. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Ijaz, Mansoor (December 5, 2001). "Clinton Let Bin Laden Slip Away and Metastasize". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  47. ↑ "9-11 Commission Report". July 22, 2004. 
  48. ↑ "9-11 Report, Section 4, Responses to Al Qaeda’s Initial Assaults". August 2004. 
  49. ↑ Lichtblau, Eric (August 17, 2005). "State Dept. Says It Warned About bin Laden in 1996". The New York Times. 
  50. ↑ Rose, David (January 2002). "The Osama Files". Vanity Fair. 
  51. ↑ Belz, Mindy (November 1, 2003). "Clinton did not have the will to respond". World. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Gopal, Neena (May 11, 2005). "Architects and Wreckers of the Kashmir Peace Plan". Gulf News. 
  53. ↑ Menon, Jaideep (Sep-Oct 2000). "The Hizbul-Mujahideen Ceasefire–Who Aborted It?". Bharat Rakshak Monitor. 
  54. ↑ Ijaz, Mansoor (December 7, 2000). "Maintain Peace Momentum on Kashmir". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 26, 2014. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Ijaz, Mansoor (November 22, 2000). "A Workable Peace Plan for Kashmir". International Herald Tribune. 
  56. ↑ Constable, Pamela (November 20, 2000). "India Announces One-Month Cease-Fire in Kashmir; Unilateral Move Aimed at Opening Talks With Rebel Groups". The Washington Post. 
  57. ↑ "Pakistan US ambassador offers to resign over 'Memogate'". BBC News Asia. November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011. 
  58. ↑ "Contents of the Mullen Memorandum". Foreign Policy. November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011. 
  59. ↑ "Secret memo on Pakistan to Adm. Mike Mullen". The Washington Post. November 17, 2011. 
  60. ↑ "A dangerous path for Pakistan, says Mansoor Ijaz". The News International. October 31, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2011. 
  61. ↑ "Ambassador Haqqani again denies sending memo". Geo News. November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011. 
  62. ↑ Ahmad, Munir. "Pakistani Judicial Commission To Probe Memo Scandal". Associated Press (Yahoo News). Retrieved December 30, 2011. 
  63. ↑ "Haqqani sought US support through memo". The News International. June 12, 2012. 
  64. ↑ Khan, Azam (June 15, 2012). "Zardari had no involvement in Memogate: Commission". Express Tribune. Retrieved June 16, 2012. 

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