Manizales
| Manizales | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| City | |||
 | |||
| |||
| Motto: The city of open doors – World capital of coffee | |||
 | |||
  Manizales | |||
| Coordinates: 5°06′N 75°33′W / 5.100°N 75.550°WCoordinates: 5°06′N 75°33′W / 5.100°N 75.550°W | |||
| Country |
 Colombia | ||
| Region | Andean Region | ||
| Department | Caldas | ||
| Foundation | October 12, 1849 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Jorge Eduardo Rojas Giraldo | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 571.84 km2 (220.79 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 2,160 m (7,090 ft) | ||
| Population (2005) | |||
| • Total | 438,587 | ||
| • Density | 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Manizaleño | ||
| Time zone | Eastern Time Zone (UTC-05) | ||
| Postal code | 170001-17 | ||
| Area code(s) | 57 + 6 | ||
| Website | Official website (Spanish) | ||
Manizales (Spanish pronunciation: [maniˈsales]) capital of the Department of Caldas. Is a city and municipality in central Colombia, and part of the region of Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis, near the Nevado del Ruiz volcano.
Presently, the city is the main center for the production of Colombian coffee and an important hub for higher educational institutions.
History
Manizales was founded October 12, 1849, in the middle of a civil war between bipartisan followers, Liberals against Conservatives. The city was founded by a group of twenty antioquians (The Expedition of the 20), who came from Neira and Salamina. There is a strong Spanish influence in the culture and the population was very homogeneous, mostly whites, until other ethnic groups migrated to the city in search of the universities.
Geography
Manizales is the capital city of one of the smallest Colombian departments. The city is described as having "abrupt topography"; it is built in a mountain region with a number of ridgelines and steep slopes. Combined with the seismic instability of the area, this has required architectural adaptations and public works to make the city safer. Even though Manizales has a very difficult topography, there are many coffee plantations in these fertile lands. The city is located in the north of the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis ("Eje Cafetero"), near the volcano Nevado del Ruiz, which has an altitude of about 5,321 meters.
It is in the basin of the Rio Chinchiná and subbasin of the Guacaica River. Natural threats are earthquakes, mud slides, and volcanic eruptions.
Economy
Its core business traditionally has been the cultivation and production of coffee. This culture allowed the creation of new jobs and several factories, some of which remain in the metropolitan area while others have reduced their operations or moved to other cities aggravating the unemployment problem. These companies are engaged in products such as liquor, shoes, rubber, chocolate, banks, detergents and soaps, threshing and packaged coffee, sweets and metallurgy, among others. In addition there are institutions and companies involved in the coffee sector as the Departmental Committee of Coffee Growers of Caldas, Almacafé, Cenicafe, and a number of other industries involved in processing of coffee (Threshers, Cooperatives, Exporting).
From the latter half of the twentieth century a lot of universities settled in the city to the point that some studies have pointed to the university and regard Manizales as the second largest city. The universities are attended by students from various regions of the country such as Tolima, Risaralda, Valle, Quindio Antioquia, Nariño and Huila among others.
At present, economic activity has been distinguished service sector in the form of Call Center.
Manizales won first place in the special category of business promotion in the V Iberoamerican Digital Cities Award, organized by the Latin American Association of Research Centers and Telecommunication Enterprises (AHCIET). In a 2010 study conducted by the World Bank, Manizales ranked first as the city of Colombia where it is best and easiest to do business.
Infrastructure
The city has urban nomenclature of races that increase from north to south and streets that increase from west to east. The main road of the city is the race 23, occupies the highest point, which extends along the crest of the hill, the formation of the city is planning a longitudinal central axis running 23 that eastward, also called Santander Avenue. Parallel to South Avenue and Avenue Kevin Angel north orientation continue Santander Avenue in a lower level. In the center there is the avenue that continues Gilberto Alzate Avendaño fast flow westward.
Among the major industrial parks are Juanchito Industrial Park (Km 10 via the Magdalena) and the Industrial Sector High Switzerland.
- Travel around by bus costs approximately 1300 COP to 1500 COP (between 40 and 90 cents US). To get around by taxi is quite cheap: a minimum fee of 3.200 COP (about 1.50 dollar US). Travel by bus to nearby cities is also fairly cheap; for example a bus ride to Medellin, a city 4 or 5 hours away, costs 32,000 COP one way (about $15 US).
Ground transportation
Despite the mountainous geography of Manizales, the city has a network of streets and highways that connect the different parts of the city, as well as different regions of the country. It also has a bus terminal located spare the Pan American Highway, in the area of 'the Cámbulos', which are released from vehicles bound for several cities. The presence of taxis is massive enough, the service is controlled by a meter that tarifica charging according to the distance and travel time. The rates vary in a range from three thousand (U.S. $1.5) to ten thousand Colombian pesos ($5). The airport area has a charge of 2300 pesos (U.S. $1). There are multiple routes of buses, minibuses and groups that allow movement to any area of the city.
Manizales is located in the center of the three main cities of Colombia, in the so-called Golden Triangle. The distance between Manizales and Bogotá is 303 km. Between Manizales and Medellin there are 194 km and between Manizales and Cali there are 263 km. It is connected to neighboring capitals Pereira and Armenia through Freeway Coffee.
Avenues
Because of the topography, traffic on east-west direction and vice versa, is flatter and faster than in a north-south or south-north, therefore the avenues Santander, Parallel, Kevin Pan and Angel, are arranged longitudinally most of its length. The few avenues with a north-south or south-north are the Centennial and October 12, the first most important because it connects the center with one of the station where converjen Uribe major access routes to the city.
- Avenida Santander. Was the first avenue of the city, formerly called Cervantes. It is the most important avenues of the city. This makes travel in east-west direction (2 lanes) and west-east (2 lanes). This avenue does his entire tour of the race 23 from 32nd Street in the industry founders to Calle 71 in the battalion sector and vice versa. All around are some of the most important places of the city like: Founders Theatre, Alley Building, Plaza 51, The Triangle, Panorama Towers, University of Caldas, Catholic University, Cervantes Building, Park Antonio Nariño, Instituto Universitario de Caldas, Herbeo Tower, General Cable Plaza and the Zona Rosa. Mobility in this avenue: – 9 Traffic (West-East), 9 Traffic (East-West) – 2 `bridges.
- Parallel Avenue. Was the second city avenue. This makes travel in east-west direction (2 lanes) and west-east (2 lanes). This avenue does his entire tour of the street race 25 from 33 in the Founders Park to Calle 71 in the Palermo neighborhood and vice versa. All around are important places of the city such as St. Stephen's Cemetery, University of Caldas, Palogrande Stadium. Mobility in this avenue: – 5 Traffic (West-East), 5 Traffic (East-West) – 3-2 `bridges Glorieta.
Aerial cable
Modern version of the system in the 20s communicated it with Mariquita called Aerial Cable Manizales – Mariquita. It has two lines in operation and under construction:
- Founders – The Cambulos.
It is the first line in Manizales Cable Air inaugurated October 30 of 2009. This cable line connecting the center of the city, with the transport terminal with a length of 2.1 km Each cabin has a sitting capacity of eight passengers and can carry 1,530 passengers per hour. It has three stations in its route:
The Cambulos "Located in Manizales Transport Terminal '- Bethany '" is the intermediate station located in the area of the source' - Founders' "Ubicadada in Manizales downtown, adjacent to Founders Park and around Park Caldas "
The Cable – The Yarumos. This is the second line in Manizales aerial cable and an extension of 760 meters. Its purpose is tourism. It has two stations in its route:
'Laureles "behind the mall Cable Plaza '- The Yarumos '" In the Ecopark The Yarumos »
- The Cambulos – Villamaria.
This line would join the aerial cable coming from the city center to link with Villamaria, Caldas. Currently working.
Air transport
Manizales has a domestic airport called La Nubia Airport which has a runway of about 1,400 meters and provides services from 6 am to 6 pm. Due to weather conditions, it is often closed by low visibility. Meanwhile, the existence of buildings over two floors close to the head and make it unfeasible topographical expand the airport, which has become an obstacle to regional development;[1] For these reasons, Coffee International Airport is being built within the metropolitan area, in the town of Palestina, 25 minutes from the city. It will have a runway of 2,800 meters to 1,525 m, which would be extended to 3,500 meters in order to receive long-range aircraft. It is expected that the new airport is on duty 24 hours a day. It is currently being conducted and the adequacy of the ground motion.
Arts and culture
The most important cultural events held in the city are the Manizales' International Theater Festival,[2] which is one of the major theater events in Latin America and the Manizales Jazz Festival which gather jazz musicians from all over the world, which is held annually.
The Manizales Fair was born in 1951 with the first centenary of the city.[3] It began with the presentation of grand bullfights and with typical "Manolas" parade (Spanish parade). Due to its hospitality, more shows and presentations have been brought into the fair, such as International Coffee Beauty Pageant which together with the bullfighting season turn into the main events of the fair. Currently the fair includes activities like horseback riding rarades, typical presentations, "trova" concerts, other parades, national and international musicians and bands, expositions, and cultural shows. It is an important celebration in the country, like the Barranquilla Carnival.
Periodic events
- Annual Fair of Manizales (Feria de Manizales) [January]
- Bullfighting Season of Manizales [January]
- International Coffee Beauty Pageant [January]
- Image Festival [April]
- International Theater Festival [September/October]
- Manizales Jazz Festival [September/October]
Attractions
- Gold museum of the Banco de la Republica
- Museum of Natural History Universidad de Caldas
- Museum of Art Universidad de Caldas
- Archaeological Museum Universidad de Caldas
- Botanical Garden Universidad de Caldas
- Natural Museum of Histories CC
- Museum of Science and the Game Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Tourism
- Cathedral of Manizales, the third tallest in Latin America, at 113 meters
- Nevado del Ruiz Natural Park (with caves and snow)
- Thoughts Recinct Park (El Recinto del Pensamiento)
- Los Yarumos Ecological Park
- Ruiz Hot Springs ("Thermal Waters")
- Otún Hot Springs ("Thermal Waters")
- La Rochela
- Santágueda
- Simon Bolivar Park
- (Francisco Jose de) Caldas Park
- Rustic Club
- Manizales Club
- Route of Nereidas
- Route to Neira
- Route of Rioclaro
- Route of Chinchiná
- Route of La Cabaña
- Murillo Route
- Route of "Cerro Bravo"
- Paramo Cocteles
A unique landmark is Torre Horveo, a tower of a former cableway now a monument.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Manizales features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb). Despite being located in the tropics and due to its high altitude, the city seldom gets very hot during the course of the year, featuring spring-like temperatures throughout the year. Because of its tropical location, there are only two seasons in the city; the wet and dry seasons that alternate throughout the year with each lasting about three months. Monthly averages are quite uniform, with an annual mean of 16.6 °C (61.9 °F). Manizales receives about 1,500 millimetres (59 in) of precipitation a year, with October being wettest.
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
27.8 (82) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.8 (82) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
25.0 (77) |
25.0 (77) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.9 (75) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.9 (75) |
23.9 (75) |
24.4 (75.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.1 (61) |
15.7 (60.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
10.0 (50) |
10.5 (50.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.7 (49.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
10.0 (50) |
9.7 (49.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
8.3 (46.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 95.0 (3.74) |
92.1 (3.626) |
123.3 (4.854) |
177.0 (6.969) |
158.1 (6.224) |
88.7 (3.492) |
59.5 (2.343) |
81.3 (3.201) |
142.0 (5.591) |
206.1 (8.114) |
187.3 (7.374) |
122.8 (4.835) |
1,533.2 (60.362) |
| Avg. rainy days | 13 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 21 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 225 |
| % humidity | 81 | 80 | 81 | 84 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 81 | 84 | 87 | 86 | 83 | 83 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 173.9 | 136.6 | 129.4 | 109.4 | 113.0 | 125.3 | 160.3 | 137.2 | 111.0 | 93.1 | 111.6 | 143.8 | 1,544.6 |
| Source: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales [4] | |||||||||||||
Sports
Manizales has sports centers especially in the area of the Palogrande Stadium The city also has a football team the Once Caldas, which is housed in the Palogrande Stadium, won of the Copa Libertadores 2004, and 4 times the Category First A of Colombia, being in the historical position as eighth, also has had two basketball teams Caldas Bancafetero Aces 'and' Wise Caldas which have become champions of the Colombian Professional Basketball in 1989 and 2000 respectively, both had to host the Coliseum Mayor Jorge Uribe and both are currently inactive, and also in the sport of futsal cup microfútbol in both male with Real Caldas FS and female with 'Real Caldas, and the FIFA Futsal League in 'Club Deportivo Linear which won the 2011-II, all these had to host Coliseum Minor Vargas Ramón Marín.
Manizales has also been home to sporting events such as the Fourth National Games in 1936, South American U-20, 1987, the Copa America 2001 the South American U-20 2005 and most important World Cup 2011 U-20.
Education
Manizales is an important regional cultural and educational center. It has more universities per capita than any other city in Colombia.[citation needed] The city has a student population of some 30,000 people that attend to 6 colleges and universities:
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Universidad de Manizales
- Universidad Autónoma de Manizales
- Universidad Católica de Manizales
- Universidad Luis Amigó
- Universidad de Caldas
Sister cities
-
Rosario, Argentina -
Montreal, Canada -
Lisbon, Portugal -
Oxford, England -
Barcelona, Spain - Valencia, Spain
See also
- 1999 Armenia earthquake
References
- ↑ "Documento Conpes 3270" (in Spanish). p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
- ↑ "Festival de Manizales" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ↑ "Feria de Manizales: lo más destacado de la tradición taurina en América en el escenario del café" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-03-27.
- ↑ "Cartas Climatologicas - Medias Mensuales - Aeropuerto La Nubia (Manizales)" (in Spanish). Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
External links
- Manizales' Gallery in Wikimedia Commons
- Birds from Manizales
- Checklist of birds from Manizales and surroundings