The Manda Formation (also known as the Manda Beds) is a Middle Triassic geologic formation in Tanzania. It preserves fossils of many terrestrial vertebrates from the Triassic, including some of the earliest archosaurs.[1]
History of study
One of the first to study rocks of the Manda Formation was British geologist G. M. Stockley. In 1932, Stockley explored the geology of the Ruhuhu Basin in Tanzania. He called a series of layers dating from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic the Songea Series and divided it into eight units labelled K1-K8. Stockley was also the first to describe fossils from these rocks, naming an older layer the "Lower Bone Bed" and a younger layer the "Upper Bone Bed".
In 1957, paleontologist Alan J. Charig described many more fossils from the bone beds in his Ph.D. thesis for the University of Cambridge.[2][3] Charig renamed the youngest of Stockley's units in 1963, calling unit K6 the Kawinga Formation, K7 the Kingori Sandstones, and K8 the Manda Formation. Fossils were identified in many strata, invalidating Stockley's division into two distinct bone beds. Since Charig's description, the Kawinga Formation has been renamed the Usili Formation, the Kingori Sandstones have become the Kingori Sandstone Member of the Manda Formation, and Charig's original Manda Formation has become a subunit of the formation called the Lifua Member.[1]
Paleobiota
Tetrapods
|
|
|
Color key
| Taxon |
Reclassified taxon |
Taxon falsely reported as present |
Dubious taxon or junior synonym |
Ichnotaxon |
Ootaxon |
Morphotaxon |
|
|
|
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited. |
Temnospondyls
| Taxon | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
| Stanocephalosaurus pronus[4] | Lifua Member | | Remains of a temnospondyl amphibian previously referred either to Parotosaurus or Eryosuchus[5] | |
|
Parareptiles
| Taxon | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ruhuhuaria reiszi[6] | Lifua Member | CAMZM T997, poorly preserved but complete skull and mandible | An owenettid | |
| Unnamed[4] | Lifua Member | GPIT K72, six or seven dorsal vertebrae with articulated osteoderms | A pareiasaur | |
|
Archosauromorphs
| Taxon | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
| Asperoris mnyama | Lifua Member | NHMUK PV R36615, incomplete skull | A non-crurotarsan archosauriform of uncertain phylogenetic placement |  |
| "Stagonosuchus" tanganyikaensis[7] | Lifua Member | SAM 11754, right humerus | An indeterminate archosauromorph; possibly a rhynchosaur | |
| Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi | Lifua Member | | A rhynchosaur | |
| "Teleocrater rhadinus" | Lifua Member | NHMUK R6795, vertebrae, limb bones and other elements | An indeterminate archosauriform; a nomen nudum not yet formally described | |
| Unnamed[4] | Lifua Member | NHMUK PV R36619, incomplete skull and partial postcranial skeleton | A non-archosaurian archosauriform | |
|
Archosaurs
| Taxon | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
| Asilisaurus kongwe | Lifua Member | | A silesaurid dinosauriform |  |
| Hypselorhachis mirabilis | Lifua Member | NHMUK R16586, a complete dorsal vertebra | A sail-backed archosaur possibly belonging to the family Ctenosauriscidae | |
| "Mandasuchus tanyauchen" | Lifua Member | NHMUK R6792, partial mandible and postcranial skeletons | A "rauisuchian"; a nomen nudum not yet formally described | |
| Nyasasaurus parringtoni[8] | Lifua Member | NHMUK R6856, a right humerus, three partial presacral vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae | A theropod or an ornithischian or the most advanced non-dinosaurian dinosauriform. Possibly the oldest dinosaur.[8] | |
| "Pallisteria angustimentum" | Lifua Member | NHMUK R36620, partial skull and some postcranial fragments | A "rauisuchian"; a nomen nudum first identified as a thecodont | |
| Parringtonia gracilis | Lifua Member | NHMUK R8646, a mandible, scapula, partial ischium, twelve vertebrae, and five osteoderms | An erpetosuchid | |
| Stagonosuchus nyassicus | Lifua Member | GPIT/RE/3831/1-21 and GPIT/RE/3832/1-15, two partial postcranial skeletons | A "rauisuchian" | |
| "Stenaulorhynchus" major[7] | Lifua Member | SAM S337, distal half of a left humerus | A subjective senior synonym of Stagonosuchus.[8] | |
| "Thecodontosaurus" alophos[8] | Lifua Member | SAM-PK-K10654, three cervical vertebrae and two posterior presacral vertebrae | A subjective senior synonym of Nyasasaurus, first identified as a sauropodomorph dinosaur.[8] | |
| Unnamed[4] | Lifua Member | NMT RB48, partial postcranial skeleton | An archosaur | |
| Unnamed[9] | Lifua Member | Nearly complete skull and partial skeleton | A stem-aetosaur | |
|
Therapsids
Dicynodonts
| Taxon | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
| Angonisaurus cruickshanki | Lifua Member | | A kannemeyeriiform | |
| Kannemeyeria sp. | Lifua Member | | A kannemeyeriid kannemeyeriiform | |
| Sangusaurus parringtonii | Lifua Member | | A stahleckeriid kannemeyeriiform | |
| ?Shansiodon | Lifua Member | Skull | A shansiodontid kannemeyeriiform | |
| Tetragonias njalilus | Lifua Member | | A shansiodontid kannemeyeriiform |  |
Cynodonts
| Taxon | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
| Aleodon brachyrhamphus | Lifua Member | | A possible chiniquodontid | |
| Cricodon metabolus | Lifua Member | | A trirachodontid | |
| Diademodon tetragonas | Lifua Member | | A diademodontid | |
| Scalenodon angustifrons | Lifua Member | | A traversodontid | |
| "Scalenodon" attridgei | Lifua Member | | A traversodontid; may fall outside the genus Scalenodon and may be a synonym of "Scalenodon" charigi | |
| "Scalenodon" charigi | Lifua Member | | A traversodontid; may fall outside the genus Scalenodon | |
| Mandagomphodon hirschoni | Lifua Member | | A traversodontid; originally classified in the genus Scalenodon; named after the Manda Beds | |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Butler, R. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Abel, R. L.; Gower, D. J. (2009). "A possible ctenosauriscid archosaur from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1022. doi:10.1671/039.029.0404.
- ↑ Charig, A. J. (1957). New Triassic archosaurs from Tanganyika, including Mandasuchus and Teleocrater: Dissertation Abstracts. Cambridge University.
- ↑ Nesbitt, S. J.; Butler, R. J. (2012). "Redescription of the archosaur Parringtonia gracilis from the Middle Triassic Manda beds of Tanzania, and the antiquity of Erpetosuchidae". Geological Magazine: 1. doi:10.1017/S0016756812000362.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Sidor, C. A.; Vilhena, D. A.; Angielczyk, K. D.; Huttenlocker, A. K.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Peecook, B. R.; Steyer, J. S.; Smith, R. M. H.; Tsuji, L. A. (2013). "Provincialization of terrestrial faunas following the end-Permian mass extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (20): 8129. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302323110.
- ↑ Sues, H.-D.; and Fraser, N.C. (2010). "Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana". Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 19–36. ISBN 9780231135221. "ISBN 0-231-13522-X"
- ↑ Tsuji, L. A.; Sobral, G.; Müller, J. (2013). "Ruhuhuaria reiszi, a new procolophonoid reptile from the Triassic Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania". Comptes Rendus Palevol. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.08.002.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lautenschlager, S.; Desojo, J. B. (2011). "Reassessment of the Middle Triassic rauisuchian archosaurs Ticinosuchus ferox and Stagonosuchus nyassicus". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 85 (4): 357. doi:10.1007/s12542-011-0105-1.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Nesbitt, S. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Werning, S.; Sidor, C. A.; Charig, A. J. (2013). "The oldest dinosaur? A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania". Biol. Lett. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949.
- ↑ Nesbitt, S.J.; Sidor, C.A.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Smith, R.M.; and Parker, W. (2012). "Derivation of the aetosaur osteoderm carapace: evidence from a new, exceptionally preserved "stem aetosaur" from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Manda Beds of southwestern Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (Supp. 1): 149.
