Magpie-lark

Magpie-lark
Female
Male
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Monarchidae[2]
Genus:	Grallina
Species:	G. cyanoleuca
Binomial name
Grallina cyanoleuca (Latham, 1802)

The Magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) is a conspicuous Australian bird of small to medium size, also known as the Mudlark in Victoria and Western Australia, the Murray Magpie in South Australia, and as the Peewee in New South Wales and Queensland. It had been relegated to a subfamily of fantails in the family Dicruridae (drongos), but has been placed in a new family of Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers) since 2008.^[2]

It is a common and very widespread bird both in urban and rural areas, occupying all parts of Australia except for Tasmania and some of the inland desert in the far north-west of Western Australia, and appears to have adapted well to the presence of humans. It is also found in southern New Guinea.

Taxonomy

The Magpie-lark was originally described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1802. Like many Australian birds, it was named for its apparent similarity to the northern hemisphere birds familiar to European settlers. In fact, it is neither a magpie nor a lark and is not particularly closely related to either—though its actual relationship to other birds remains uncertain: it was traditionally placed somewhere in-between the mud nest builders and the currawong family (both of which look rather similar) but, in the light of modern DNA studies, is now grouped with the monarch flycatchers.

It has many common names, including Peewit, Peewee, Mudlark (in Victoria), and Murray Magpie. It was known as Yilimbirraa among the Yindjibarndi people of the central and western Pilbara.^[3]

Description

Female in Melbourne. The female has a white throat and the male has a black throat.

The Magpie-lark is around 26 to 30 cm long when fully grown, or about the same size as a European Common Blackbird, and boldly pied in black and white; the weight range is 63.9 to 118 g for males, and 60 to 94.5 g for females.^[4] They are a familiar sight around Australia; sitting on telephone wires either singly or in pairs, or patrolling patches of bare ground, especially foreshores or swamps. The sexes are similar from a distance but easy to tell apart: the female has a white throat, the male a black throat and a white "eyebrow". Juveniles and immatures of either sex have the white throat of the female and the black eyestripe of the male, and a white belly also accompanies.

Behaviour

A male Magpie Lark with freshly captured prey.

A primarily carnivorous species that eats all sorts of small creatures, the Magpie-lark can adapt to an enormous range of different habitats, requiring only some soft, bare ground for foraging, a supply of mud for making a nest, and a tree to make it in. They have benefited greatly from agriculture: both the clearing of dense forest in fertile zones and the provision of artesian water in arid areas—although a disaster for other species—have been a boon for bare-ground and short-grass feeders like magpies and magpie-larks.

Group gatherings of magpie larks have been observed, with loose "flocks" comprising dozens of individuals being observed perched on vantage points. Such behaviour is common, particularly in productive agricultural areas. This behaviour may be pairing or breeding related or simply indicate a bountiful feeding area.

The Magpie-lark is aggressively territorial, and will fearlessly defend its territory against larger species such as magpies, ravens, kookaburras, and even the Wedge-tailed Eagle. They are also known to attack people to defend their territory, such attacks occur usually within 60m of the nesting site.^[5] Although attacks on people are not as vicious as Masked Lapwings and magpies, they can still result in shock or minor injury to the recipient. Native birds and their nests are protected under legislation, so if a particular bird is causing serious safety problems, contact the wildlife officer at your local Department of Environment and Conservation office, who can assess the situation and remove the culprit if necessary. Alternatively you can try the following techniques:

Avoidance is the easiest solution. Most birds will only swoop within about 60 metres of their nest, so it is often just a matter of taking a slight detour.

Good advice for children is to travel in a group, as birds usually prefer to target individuals.

Try and appear confident when riding through a known swooper's territory because if it senses panic, it will be more aggressive.

Swooping birds are often dissuaded from swooping when they are being watched by the intruder, so placing some stick-on "eyes" on the back of your helmet could deter them.

Holding a stick or umbrella over your head will often force a bird to keep its distance. Similarly, fitting a long orange traffic flag to the rear of the bike may work.

Some enterprising cyclists have even tried attaching a couple of 400mm black plastic cable ties vertically to their helmets like antennae.^[6]

Breeding

Two chicks in a mud nest

Birds generally pair for life (though divorce is not unknown) and defend a territory together. The nest is round, about 150 mm in diameter with vertical sides and is usually placed on a flat branch somewhere near water or on a horizontal beam of a telephone pole. Made of grass and plant material thickly plastered together with mud, and generously lined with grass, feathers and fur. Breeding is opportunistic, usually from August to February in the fertile south, anytime after rain in drier areas, and multiple broods are common when conditions allow. Both parents incubate a clutch of between three and five eggs. It is quite common for only some of the chicks to survive because sometimes the nest just isn't big enough for all of the baby birds, therefore one baby will sometimes push another out of the nest and it is most likely that the chick will not survive the fall.

Duet singing

Magpie-larks are one of the 200-odd species of bird around the world that are known to sing in duet; each partner producing about one note a second, but a half-second apart, so that humans find it difficult to tell that there are actually two birds singing, not one.

Traditionally, it has been thought that the function of duet singing (not just in Magpie-larks but birds more generally and indeed in mammals, insects and frogs) was to defend a territory or to maintain the pair-bond. More recently it has been proposed that it serves to guard against infidelity—that the male sings to attract a mate, and the female joins in to let her rivals know that this particular male is already taken. Duet singing remains fairly poorly understood as a great deal of the existing research on birdsong has been carried out in the northern hemisphere, where a fairly small number of female birds sing.

In the case of the Magpie-lark, the duet singing is now known to be cooperative: pairs sing together to defend their territory. Magpie-larks sing more vigorously in response to duet calls from other birds than they do to the call of a single rival, and more vigorously still if the callers are strangers rather than established and familiar birds from a neighbouring territory. A pair of neighbours calling from the 'wrong' place, however, (as when calls are recorded and played back by an experimenter) bring forth a powerful reaction: clearly, they know exactly who their neighbours are.

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  A male Magpie-lark showing dorsal feather colouring.

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  A Magpie-lark attacking a car mirror.

References

External links

• Magpie-lark videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magpie-lark.

Wikispecies has information related to: Grallina cyanoleuca