Magnolia champaca

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Champak
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Genus: Magnolia
Species: M. champaca
Binomial name
Magnolia champaca
(L.) Baill. ex Pierre[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Champaca michelia Noronha
  • Magnolia membranacea P.Parm.
  • Michelia aurantiaca Wall.
  • Michelia blumei Steud.
  • Michelia champaca L.
  • Michelia euonymoides Burm.f.
  • Michelia pilifera Bakh.f.
  • Michelia pubinervia Blume
  • Michelia rheedei Wight
  • Michelia rufinervis Blume
  • Michelia rufinervis DC.
  • Michelia sericea Pers.
  • Michelia suaveolens Pers.
  • Michelia tsiampacca Blume
  • Michelia velutina Blume nom. illeg.
  • Sampacca euonymoides (Burm.f.) Kuntze
  • Sampacca suaveolens (Pers.) Kuntze
  • Sampacca velutina Kuntze
  • Talauma villosa f. celebica Miq.

Magnolia champaca, commonly called yellow jade orchid tree,[3] is a large evergreen tree, native to the Indomalaya ecozone (consisting of South Asia, Southeast Asia and some parts of China).[4] It is best known for its strongly fragrant yellow or white flowers. It is, however, primarily cultivated for its timber, and is also used in urban landscaping. Its aril-covered seeds are highly attractive to birds.[5]

Varieties

This species occurs in varying shades of cream to yellow-orange. In China, M. champaca var. pubinervia is documented.[6] Magnolia × alba is a hybrid cultivar of M. champaca. In Thailand, there has been some purported man-made hybrids with other magnolia species including Magnolia liliifera and Magnolia coco.

Etymology

The species epithet, champaca, comes from the Sanskrit word campaka (pronounced tʃaɱpaka).

Vernacular names

A pale-flowered variety

Common names in other languages include champaca, champak; Sonchaaphaa (सोन चाफ़ा) in the Marathi language; Chenbakam/Chenpakam (செண்பகம்) in Tamil; Chenbagam in Malayalam; shornochampa (golden champa), স্বর্ণচাঁপা in Bengali; champa, cempaka, sampenga and sampangi in Telugu; Sampige (ಸಂಪಿಗೆ) in Kannada; cempaka in Malay; jeumpa in Acehnese and shamba. All other names above apply to Plumeria varieties as well, with the exception of Sonchaaphaa, which is used exclusively for this particular subvariety in Western India. Some half a dozen varieties of Plumeria together with Magnolia champaca (three varieties) and two varieties of Ylang Ylang are generically called Chaaphaa in Marathi,Manoranjitam in Tamil, though in some cases, a further descriptor is added: the red plumeria variety, for instance, is Dev Chaaphaa or God's Champa, and the two Ylang Ylang varieties each have a separate name as well.

Uses

Perfume

The flowers are used in Southeast Asia for several purposes. Especially in India, they are primarily used for worship at temples whether at home or out, and more generally worn in hair by girls and women as a means of beauty ornament as well as a natural perfume. Flowers are used to be floated in bowls of water to scent the room, as a fragrant decoration for bridal beds, and for garlands.

"Magnolia champaca however is more rare and has a strong perfume, and is not that commonly or plentifully used - for example in hair it is worn singly or as a small corsage but rarely as a whole garland, and for bridal beds it is most often jasmine and roses while for bowls of water to be placed around rooms usually other, more colourful for visual decoration and less strongly perfumed flowers are used."[7]

The flower is sometimes commonly called the 'Joy perfume tree.' Many niche perfumers are now once again using Champaca Absolute as single note fragrances.

Cultivation

Magnolia champaca is cultivated and used as an ornamental tree in temperate climate gardens, such as in coastal California.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: t. 3 (1880). "WCSP (2013). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.". Retrieved July 17, 2013. 
  2. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". 
  3. ↑ "Uniprot Taxonomy". 
  4. ↑ "Germplasm Resources Information Network_USDA". 
  5. ↑ FRISCH, J.D. & FRISCH, C.D. - Aves Brasileiras e Plantas que as atraem, São Paulo, Dalgas Ecotec, 3rd. edition, 2005, ISBN 85-85015-07-1, page 374
  6. ↑ "Flora of China FOC Vol. 7 Page51,80". 
  7. ↑ Minter, S. "Fragrant Plants." in Prance, G. and M. Nesbitt. (2005). The Cultural History of Plants. London: Routledge. 242.This is great

Further reading

  • Fernando, M. Thilina R., et al. "Identifying dormancy class and storage behaviour of champak (Magnolia champaca) seeds, an important tropical timber tree." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41.2 (2013): 141-146.

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