Ma Rainey

Ma Rainey
Background information
Birth name	Gertrude Pridgett
Born	(1886-04-26)April 26, 1886 Columbus, Georgia, United States
Died	December 22, 1939(1939-12-22) (aged 53) Rome, Georgia, United States
Genres	Blues
Occupations	Vocalist
Years active	1899–1933
Labels	Paramount
Associated acts	Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues, Rabbit Foot Minstrels, Bessie Smith

Gertrude "Ma Rainey" Pridgett (April 26, 1886 – December 22, 1939)^[1] was one of the earliest known American professional blues singers and one of the first generation of such singers to record.^[2] She was billed as The Mother of the Blues.

She began performing at the age of 12 or 14, and recorded under the name Ma Rainey after she and Will Rainey were married in 1904. They toured with F.S. Wolcott’s Rabbit Foot Minstrels and later formed their own group called Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues. From the time of her first recording in 1923 to five years later, Ma Rainey made over 100 recordings, including "Bo-weevil Blues" (1923), "Moonshine Blues" (1923), "See See Rider" (1924), "Black Bottom" (1927), and "Soon This Morning" (1927).^[3]

Ma Rainey was known for her very powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a ‘moaning’ style of singing similar to folk tradition. Though her powerful voice and disposition are not captured on her recordings (due to her recording exclusively for Paramount, which was known for worse-than-normal recording techniques and among the industry's poorest shellac quality), the other characteristics are present, and most evident on her early recordings, Bo-weevil Blues and Moonshine Blues. Ma Rainey also recorded with Louis Armstrong in addition to touring and recording with the Georgia Jazz Band. Ma Rainey continued to tour until 1935 when she retired to her hometown.^[1]

Biography

Gertrude Pridgett was born on April 26, 1886 in Columbus, Georgia.^[4] (This can be questioned, however, as the 1900 Census listing for Pridgett shows her as being born in September, 1882.^[5]) She was the second of five children of Thomas and Ella (née Allen) Pridgett, from Alabama.^[4] She had at least two brothers and a sister named Malissa, with whom Gertrude was later confused in some sources.^[4] She came onto the performance scene at a talent show in Columbus, Georgia when she was 12–14 years old.^[1][6] A member of the First African Baptist Church, she began performing in show tents. They sang and danced together in Black minstrel shows, and for several years toured with F.S. Wolcott's Rabbit Foot Minstrels.^[1] Around 1902 she was first exposed to blues music. From 1914, the Raineys were billed as Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues.^[7] Wintering in New Orleans, she met musicians including Joe "King" Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Pops Foster.^[7] Blues music increased in popularity and Ma Rainey became well known.^[7]

Around this time, Rainey met Bessie Smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name for herself.^[A] A story later developed that Rainey kidnapped Smith, making her join the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, and teaching her to sing the blues. This was disputed by Smith's sister-in-law Maud Smith.^[8] From the late 1910s, there was an increasing demand for recordings by black musicians.^[9] In 1920, Mamie Smith was the first black woman to record a record.^[10] In 1923, Rainey was discovered by Paramount Records producer J. Mayo Williams. She signed a recording contract with Paramount, and in December she made her first eight recordings in Chicago.^[11] These included the songs "Bad Luck Blues", "Bo-Weevil Blues" and "Moonshine Blues".^[1][12] She made more than 100 more over the next five years, which brought her fame beyond the South.^[1][12] Paramount marketed her extensively, calling her "the Mother of the Blues", "the Songbird of the South", "the Gold-Neck Woman of the Blues" and "the Paramount Wildcat".^[13] In 1924 she made some recordings with Louis Armstrong, including "Jelly Bean Blues", "Countin' the Blues" and "See, See Rider".^[14]

In 1924 she embarked on a tour of the Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA) throughout the South and Midwestern United States, singing both for black and white audiences.^[15] She was accompanied by bandleader and pianist Thomas Dorsey, and the band he assembled called the Wildcats Jazz Band which included Eddie Pollack, Gabriel Washington, Albert Wynn and David Nelson.^[16] They began their tour with an appearance in Chicago in April 1924 and continued, on and off, until 1928.^[17] Dorsey left the group in 1926 due to ill health and was replaced as pianist by Lillian Hardaway Henderson, the wife of Rainey's cornetist Fletcher Henderson, who became the band's leader.^[18]

Some of Rainey's lyrics have open references to lesbian or bisexual behavior. For example, a 1928 song, "Prove It on Me", states: They said I do it, ain't nobody caught me. Sure got to prove it on me. Went out last night with a crowd of my friends. They must've been women, cause I don't like no men.^[19] According to the website queerculturalcenter.org, the lyrics refer to an incident in 1925 in which Rainey was "arrested for taking part in an orgy at [her] home involving women in her chorus."^[20] "Prove It on Me" further alludes to presumed lesbian behavior, "It's true I wear a collar and a tie... Talk to the gals just like any old man."^[21] Political activist and scholar Angela Y. Davis notes: "'Prove It on Me' is a cultural precursor to the lesbian cultural movement of the 1970s, which began to crystallize around the performance and recording of lesbian-affirming songs."^[22]

Towards the end of the 1920s, live vaudeville went into decline, being replaced by radio and recordings.^[18] Rainey's career was not immediately affected. She continued recording with Paramount and earned enough money touring to buy a bus with her name on it.^[23] In 1928, she worked with Dorsey again and recording 20 songs, before Paramount finished her contract.^[24] Her style of blues was no longer considered fashionable by the label.^[25]

In 1935 Rainey returned to her hometown, Columbus, Georgia, where she ran two theaters, "The Lyric" and "The Airdrome",^[26] until her death from a heart attack in 1939^[27] in Rome, Georgia.^[28]

In 1983, Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.^[29]

Legacy

One year after Rainey's death, blues singer and guitarist Memphis Minnie recorded a tribute. French singer/song writer Francis Cabrel refers to Rainey in the song "Cent Ans de Plus" on the 1998 album Hors-Saison. Cabrel cites the artist as one of a number of blues influences, including Charley Patton, Son House, Blind Lemon, Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf, Blind Blake, Willie Dixon, and Blues Boy Willie, whose father toured with Rainey.^{[citation needed]}

American singer/songwriter Bob Dylan refers to Rainey in the song "Tombstone Blues" on his 1965 album, Highway 61 Revisited in which she is intimate with Beethoven ("Ma Rainey and Beethoven once unwrapped their bedroll").

In 1981 Sandra Lieb wrote the first full-length book about Rainey, titled Mother of the Blues: a Study of Ma Rainey.

The 1982 August Wilson play Ma Rainey's Black Bottom took its title from her song of the same name recorded in December of 1927, which ostensibly refers to the Black Bottom dance of the time.

In 1994, the U.S. Post Office issued a Rainey 29-cent commemorative postage stamp.

In 2004, her song "See See Rider Blues" (1925) was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame, and was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry in 2004.^[30] The board selects voices in an annual basis that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."^{[citation needed]}

Recordings

This sortable table presents all 94 titles recorded by Ma Rainey.^[31]

• The recording dates are approximate.
• The Classification by Sandra Lieb is almost entirely by form. Blues songs which are only partly of twelve-bar structure as classified as "Mixture of Blues and Popular Song Forms". Blues songs without any twelve-bar or eight-bar structure are classified as "Non-blues".^[32]
• The JSP and DOCD columns refer to the two complete CD reissues^[33][34]
• Click any label to sort. To return to chronological order, click #.

Notes

References

Footnotes

Sources

• Lieb, Sandra (1983). Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey. Univ. of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-334-3. 
• Davis, Angela Y. (1998). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism. Pantheon. ISBN 0-679-45005-X. 

External links

Gertrude “Ma” Rainey entry at the African American Registry

• Gertrude “Ma” Rainey at the New Georgia Encyclopedia
• Ma Rainey discography at Discogs
• Ma Rainey at AllMusic
• Ma Rainey at the Internet Movie Database
• Ma Rainey at the Notable Names Database
• Ma Rainey at Find a Grave