MSX1

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Msh homeobox 1

PDB rendering based on 1ig7.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
SymbolsMSX1; ECTD3; HOX7; HYD1; STHAG1
External IDsOMIM: 142983 MGI: 97168 HomoloGene: 1836 GeneCards: MSX1 Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez448717701
EnsemblENSG00000163132ENSMUSG00000048450
UniProtP28360P13297
RefSeq (mRNA)NM_002448NM_010835
RefSeq (protein)NP_002439NP_034965
Location (UCSC)Chr 4:
4.86 – 4.87 Mb		Chr 5:
37.82 – 37.82 Mb
PubMed search
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Msh homeobox 1, also known as MSX1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX1 gene.[1][2] MSX1 transcripts are not only found in thyrotrope-derived TSH cells, but also in the TtT97 thyrotropic tumor, which is a well differentiated hyperplastic tissue that produces both TSHß- and a-subunits and is responsive to thyroid hormone. MSX1 is also expressed in highly differentiated pituitary cells which until recently was thought to be expressed exclusively during embryogenesis.[3] There is a highly conserved structural organization of the members of the MSX family of genes and their abundant expression at sites of inductive cell–cell interactions in the embryo suggest that they have a pivotal role during early development.[4]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the muscle segment homeobox gene family. The encoded protein functions as a transcriptional repressor during embryogenesis through interactions with components of the core transcription complex and other homeoproteins. It may also have roles in limb-pattern formation, craniofacial development, in particular, odontogenesis, and tumor growth inhibition. There is also strong evidence from sequencing studies of candidate genes involved in clefting that mutations in the MSX1 gene may be associated in the pathogenesis of cleft lip and palate.[5][6][7][8] Mutations in this gene, which was once known as homeobox 7, have also been associated with Witkop syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, and autosomal dominant hypodontia.[9] Haploinsufficiency of MSX1 protein affects the development of all teeth, preferentially third molars and second premolars. The effect of haploinsufficiency of PAX9 on the development of incisors and premolars is probably caused by a deficiency of MSX1 protein.[10]

Phenotypes caused by deficiency of MSX1 protein might depend on the localization of mutations and their effect on the protein structure and function. Two substitution mutations, Arg196Pro and Met61Lys cause only familial non-syndromic tooth agenesis. Frameshift mutations, Ser202Stop mutation, resulting in a protein that lacks the C-terminal end of the homeodomain, impairs not only teeth but also nail formation, while Ser105Stop mutation, causing complete absence of the MSX1 homeodomain, is responsible for the most severe phenotype, which includes orofacial clefts with accompanied tooth agenesis.[10]

MSX1 is one of the strongest candidate genes for specific forms of tooth agenesis, mutations in this gene was detected only in some affected individuals. Genes expressed in the early dental epithelium in mice such as Bmp4, Bmp7, Dlx2, Dlx5, Fgf1, Fgf2, Fgf4, Fgf8, Lef1, Gli2, and Gli3 are also potential candidates. Based on existing evidence, it seems possible that both hypodontia and oligodontia are heterogeneous traits, caused by several independent defective genes, which act along or in combination with other genes and lead to specific phenotypes.[10]

MSX1 is found to have a linkage with Witkop syndrome, also known as “tooth and nail syndrome” or “nail dysgenesis and hypodontia” since mutations in MSX1 were shown to be associated with tooth agenesis. There is a linkage found between TNS and markers surrounding the MSX1 locus and it showed that a nonsense mutation (S202X) in MSX1 cosegregated with the TNS phenotype in a three-generation family.[11]

Interactions

MSX1 has been shown to interact with DLX5,[12] CREB binding protein,[13] Sp1 transcription factor,[13] DLX2,[12] TATA binding protein[12][13][14] and Msh homeobox 2.[12]

LHX2, a LIMtype homeoprotein, is a protein partner for MSX1 in vitro and in cellular extracts. The interaction between MSX1 and LHX2 is mediated through the homeodomain-containing regions of both proteins. MSX1 and LHX2 form a protein complex in the absence of DNA, and that DNA binding by either protein alone can occur at the expense of protein complex formation.[15]

  • The expression patterns of Msx1 and Lhx2 overlap during murine development. In situ hybridization was performed on adjacent sections from day 11.5 p. c. mouse embryos using Msx1 (A, B) or Lhx2 (C, D) antisense probes. A, C Transverse sections at the mid-thoracic level showing overlapping expression (arrows) of Msx1 and Lhx2 in the limb buds (Lb). B, D Higher magnification of A and C showing that Msx1 and Lhx2 are coexpressed throughout the distal limb mesenchyme (arrows), although Lhx2 is excluded from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER).

References

  1. ↑ Hewitt JE, Clark LN, Ivens A, Williamson R (November 1991). "Structure and sequence of the human homeobox gene HOX7". Genomics 11 (3): 670–8. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90074-O. PMID 1685479. 
  2. ↑ McAlpine PJ, Shows TB (July 1990). "Nomenclature for human homeobox genes". Genomics 7 (3): 460. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90186-X. PMID 1973146. 
  3. ↑ Sarapura VD, Strouth HL, Gordon DF, et al. (1997). "Msx1 is present in thyrotropic cells and binds to a consensus site on the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter.". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (12): 1782–94. doi:10.1210/me.11.12.1782. PMID 9369446. 
  4. ↑ Shetty S, Takahashi T, Matsui H, et al. (1999). "Transcriptional autorepression of Msx1 gene is mediated by interactions of Msx1 protein with a multi-protein transcriptional complex containing TATA-binding protein, Sp1 and cAMP-response-element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP/p300)". Biochem. J. 339 (3): 751–8. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3390751. PMC 1220213. PMID 10215616. 
  5. ↑ Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011). "Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences". Nat. Rev. Genet. 12 (3): 167–78. doi:10.1038/nrg2933. PMC 3086810. PMID 21331089. 
  6. ↑ van den Boogaard MJ, Dorland M, Beemer FA, van Amstel HK (April 2000). "MSX1 mutation is associated with orofacial clefting and tooth agenesis in humans". Nat. Genet. 24 (4): 342–3. doi:10.1038/74155. PMID 10742093. 
  7. ↑ Jezewski PA, Vieira AR, Nishimura C, Ludwig B, Johnson M, O'Brien SE, Daack-Hirsch S, Schultz RE, Weber A, Nepomucena B, Romitti PA, Christensen K, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Machida J, Natsume N, Murray JC (June 2003). "Complete sequencing shows a role for MSX1 in non-syndromic cleft lip and palate". J. Med. Genet. 40 (6): 399–407. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.6.399. PMC 1735501. PMID 12807959. 
  8. ↑ Suzuki Y, Jezewski PA, Machida J, Watanabe Y, Shi M, Cooper ME, Viet le T, Nguyen TD, Hai H, Natsume N, Shimozato K, Marazita ML, Murray JC (2004). "In a Vietnamese population, MSX1 variants contribute to cleft lip and palate". Genet. Med. 6 (3): 117–25. doi:10.1097/01.GIM.0000127275.52925.05. PMID 15354328. 
  9. ↑ "Entrez Gene: MSX1 msh homeobox 1". 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Mostowska A, Kobielak A, Trzeciak WH (2003). "Molecular basis of non-syndromic tooth agenesis: mutations of MSX1 and PAX9 reflect their role in patterning human dentition". Eur. J. Oral Sci. 111 (5): 365–70. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00069.x. PMID 12974677. 
  11. ↑ Jumlongras D, Bei M, Stimson JM, et al. (2001). "A Nonsense Mutation in MSX1 Causes Witkop Syndrome". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1086/321271. PMC 1226049. PMID 11369996. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Zhang, H; Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen M M, Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 17 (5): 2920–32. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 232144. PMID 9111364. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Shetty, S; Takahashi T, Matsui H, Ayengar R, Raghow R (May 1999). "Transcriptional autorepression of Msx1 gene is mediated by interactions of Msx1 protein with a multi-protein transcriptional complex containing TATA-binding protein, Sp1 and cAMP-response-element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP/p300)". Biochem. J. (ENGLAND) 339 (3): 751–8. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3390751. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1220213. PMID 10215616. 
  14. ↑ Zhang, H; Catron K M, Abate-Shen C (Mar 1996). "A role for the Msx-1 homeodomain in transcriptional regulation: residues in the N-terminal arm mediate TATA binding protein interaction and transcriptional repression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (UNITED STATES) 93 (5): 1764–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.5.1764. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 39855. PMID 8700832. 
  15. ↑ Bendall AJ, Rincón-Limas DE, Botas J, Abate-Shen C (1998). "Protein complex formation between Msx1 and Lhx2 homeoproteins is incompatible with DNA binding activity". Differentiation 63 (3): 151–7. doi:10.1046/j.1432-0436.1998.6330151.x. PMID 9697309. 

Further reading

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