M139 bomblet
The M139 bomblet was a U.S. sub-munition designed for use in warheads as a chemical cluster bomb. Each bomblet held 590 grams (1.3 lb) of sarin nerve agent.
History
In 1964, a new warhead size was standardized for the 318 mm Honest John rocket. The warhead held 52 M139 bomblets.[1] When the MGM-29 Sergeant was deployed in the 1960s, it had the capacity to deliver a warhead carrying 330 M139 bomblets.[1] Subsequent missile systems, including the Pershing missile, had the capability to carry warheads with the M139 inside.[1] In total, about 60,000 M139s were produced and stored; almost all were destroyed between April and November 1976.[2]
Specifications
The M139 was a 11-centimetre (4.5 in) spherical bomblet that was filled with 590 grams (1.3 lb) of sarin (GB). On the outside of the device were "vanes"; the vanes created a spin which armed the impact fuze.[1] This "spin-to-arm" type fuze required between 1,000 and 2,000 rotations per minute to arm, which made handling the bomblets simpler because they were insensitive to normal movements.[2] The bomblet's interior contained a central explosive burster charge, containing 73 grams (0.16 lb) of composition B,[2] and two outer compartments which contained the sarin.[1]
Tests involving the M139
The M139 bomblet was used by the U.S. Army in at least two instances of chemical weapons testing. In 1967 there were two series of tests which sought to learn the effects of Sarin dropped in the bomblets over two different types of forest environment. The first series of tests, known as Green Mist, took place March 25–April 24, 1967.[3] Conducted in Hawaii, the purpose of the tests was to ascertain the effect of Sarin-filled M139s being dropped and disseminated over a canopy rain forest.[3] The Hawaii tests used both sarin nerve agent and the simulant methylacetoacetate.[3]
Another test using the M139 took place at the Gerstle River test site, near Fort Greely, Alaska, from June to July 1967.[4] The purpose of these tests was to determine the effectiveness of Sarin-filled M139 and BLU-19/B23 bomblets when dropped from a SADEYE dispenser in a summer forest environment.[4] The tests were collectively known as "Dew Point".[4] Both 1967 testing operations were overseen by the U.S. Army's Deseret Test Center.[3][4] Both M139 tests were part of Project 112.[5]
See also
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Smart, Jeffery K. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare: Chapter 2 - History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective, (PDF: p. 59), Borden Institute, Textbooks of Military Medicine, PDF via Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, accessed November 12, 2008.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mauroni, Albert J. Chemical Demilitarization: Public Policy Aspects, (Google Books), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 20, (ISBN 027597796X).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Fact Sheet — Green Mist", Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs), Deployment Health Support Directorate, accessed November 12, 2008.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Fact Sheet — Dew Point", Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs), Deployment Health Support Directorate, accessed November 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Project 112/SHAD Fact Sheets", Force Health Protection & Readiness Policy & Programs, The Chemical-Biological Warfare Exposures Site, accessed November 13, 2008.