Ménière's disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Ménétrier's disease.
Ménière's disease
Classification and external resources

ICD-10 H81.0
ICD-9 386.0
OMIM 156000
DiseasesDB 8003
MedlinePlus 000702
eMedicine emerg/308
MeSH D008575

Ménière's disease /meɪnˈjɛərz/,[1] also called endolymphatic hydrops, is a disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance to a varying degree. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, low-pitched tinnitus, and hearing loss. The hearing loss is fluctuating rather than permanent, meaning that it comes and goes, alternating between ears for some time, then becomes permanent with no return to normal function. It is named after the French physician Prosper Ménière, who, in an article published in 1861, first reported that vertigo was caused by inner ear disorders.[citation needed] The condition affects people differently; it can range in intensity from being a mild annoyance to a lifelong condition.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Audiograms illustrating normal hearing (left) and unilateral low-pitch hearing loss associated with Ménière's disease (right).

Ménière's often begins with one symptom, and gradually progresses. However, not all symptoms must be present to confirm the diagnosis[3] although several symptoms at once is more conclusive than different symptoms at separate times.[4] Other conditions can present themselves with Ménière's-like symptoms, such as syphilis, Cogan's syndrome, autoimmune inner ear disease, dysautonomia, perilymph fistula, multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and both hypo- and hyperthyroidism.[5]

The symptoms of Ménière's are variable; not all sufferers experience the same symptoms. However, so-called "classic Ménière's" is considered to have the following four symptoms:[6]

  • Attacks of rotational vertigo that can be severe, incapacitating, unpredictable, and last anywhere from minutes to hours,[7] but generally no longer than 24 hours. For some, prolonged attacks can occur, lasting from several days to several weeks, often causing the sufferer to be severely incapacitated.[8] This combines with an increase in volume of tinnitus and temporary, albeit significant, hearing loss. Hearing may improve after an attack, but often becomes progressively worse. Nausea, vomiting, and sweating sometimes accompany vertigo, but are symptoms of vertigo, and not of Ménière's.[9]
  • Fluctuating, progressive, unilateral (in one ear) or bilateral (in both ears) hearing loss, usually in lower frequencies.[10] For some, sounds can appear tinny or distorted, and patients can experience unusual sensitivity to noises.[11]
  • Unilateral or bilateral tinnitus.
  • A sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears.

Some may have parasympathetic symptoms, which aren't necessarily symptoms of Ménière's, but rather side effects from other symptoms. These are typically nausea, vomiting, and sweating which are typically symptoms of vertigo, and not of Ménière's. Vertigo may induce nystagmus, or uncontrollable rhythmical and jerky eye movements, usually in the horizontal plane, reflecting the essential role of non-visual balance in coordinating eye movements.[12] Sudden, severe attacks of dizziness or vertigo, known informally as "drop attacks," can cause someone who is standing to suddenly fall.[13] Drop attacks are likely to occur later in the disease, but can occur at any time.[13]

Migraine

There is an increased prevalence of migraine in patients with Ménière’s disease, with some clinical samples showing about one third of patients experiencing migraines.[14][15] An association with familial history of vestibular migraine has also been demonstrated.[16]

Cause

Ménière's disease is idiopathic, but it is believed to be linked to endolymphatic hydrops, an excess of fluid in the inner ear.[17] It is thought that endolymphatic fluid bursts from its normal channels in the ear and flows into other areas, causing damage. This is called "hydrops." The membranous labyrinth, a system of membranes in the ear, contains a fluid called endolymph. The membranes can become dilated like a balloon when pressure increases and drainage is blocked.[18] This may be related to swelling of the endolymphatic sac or other tissues in the vestibular system of the inner ear, which is responsible for the body's sense of balance. In some cases, the endolymphatic duct may be obstructed by scar tissue, or may be narrow from birth. In some cases there may be too much fluid secreted by the stria vascularis. The symptoms may occur in the presence of a middle ear infection, head trauma, or an upper respiratory tract infection, or by using aspirin, smoking cigarettes, or drinking alcohol. They may be further exacerbated by excessive consumption of salt in some patients. It has also been proposed that Ménière's symptoms in many patients are caused by the deleterious effects of a herpes virus.[19][20][21]

Ménière's disease affects about 190 people per 100,000.[22] Recent gender predominance studies show that Ménière's tends to affect women more often than men.[22] Age of onset typically occurs in adult years, with prevalence increasing with age.[22]

Recent research has found that Ménière's disease may potentially be influenced and worsened by obstructive sleep apnea,[23] and that risk factors for reduced vascular function in the brain such as smoking, migraines, and atherosclerosis may play an important role in triggering attacks.[24]

Diagnosis

Doctors establish a diagnosis with complaints and medical history. However, a detailed otolaryngological examination, audiometry, and head MRI scan should be performed to exclude a vestibular schwannoma or superior canal dehiscence which would cause similar symptoms. Some of the same symptoms also occur with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and with cervical spondylosis (which can affect blood supply to the brain and cause vertigo). There is no definitive test for Ménière's; it is only diagnosed when all other causes have been ruled out. If any cause had been discovered, this would eliminate Ménière's disease, as by its very definition,[25] as an exclusively idiopathic disease—it has no known cause.

History

Ménière's disease had been recognized as early as 1860s, but it was still relatively vague and broad at the time. The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium (AAO HNS CHE) set criteria for diagnosing Ménière's, as well as defining two sub categories of Ménière's: cochlear (without vertigo) and vestibular (without deafness).[26]

In 1972, the academy defined criteria for diagnosing Ménière's disease as:[27]

  1. Fluctuating, progressive, sensorineural deafness.
  2. Episodic, characteristic definitive spells of vertigo lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours with no unconsciousness, vestibular nystagmus always present.
  3. Usually tinnitus.
  4. Attacks are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.

In 1985, this list changed to alter wording, such as changing "deafness" to "hearing loss associated with tinnitus, characteristically of low frequencies" and requiring more than one attack of vertigo to diagnose.[28] Finally in 1995, the list was again altered to allow for degrees of the disease:[29]

  1. Certain - Definite disease with histopathological confirmation
  2. Definite - Requires two or more definitive episodes of vertigo with hearing loss plus tinnitus and/or aural fullness
  3. Probable - Only one definitive episode of vertigo and the other symptoms and signs
  4. Possible - Definitive vertigo with no associated hearing loss

Management

Several environmental and dietary changes are thought to reduce the frequency or severity of symptom outbreaks. It is believed that since high salt diets cause water retention, it can lead to an increase (or at least preventing the decrease) of fluid within the inner ear, although the relationship between salt and the inner ear is not fully understood. High-salt intake is thought to alter the concentrations of fluid in the inner ear and Ménière's episodes could be accelerated by high-salt binges.[30] Recommended salt intake is often around one to two grams per day.[30] One source recommends taking two grams of potassium or more daily.<Jahnke, 1994>; <Woodworth et al.,2000>; <Thai-Van et al., 2001> Diuretics have traditionally been prescribed to facilitate a low sodium diet although there is no definite supportive evidence.[30]

Additionally, patients may be advised to avoid alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco, all of which can aggravate symptoms of Ménière's.[citation needed] Many patients will have allergy testing done to see if they are candidates for allergy desensitization, as allergies have been shown to aggravate Ménière's symptoms.[31]

Both prescription and over-the-counter medicine can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during an episode. Included are antihistamines such as meclozine or dimenhydrinate, trimethobenzamide and other antiemetics, betahistine, diazepam, or ginger root.[32] Betahistine, specifically, is of note because it is the only drug listed that has been proposed to prevent symptoms due to its vasodilation effect on the inner ear.[30]

The antiherpes virus drug acyclovir has been used with some success to treat Ménière's disease.[19] The likelihood of the effectiveness of the treatment was found to decrease with increasing duration of the disease, probably because viral suppression does not reverse damage. Morphological changes to the inner ear of Ménière's sufferers have also been found in which it was considered likely to have resulted from attack by a herpes simplex virus.[20] It was considered possible that long term treatment with acyclovir (greater than six months) would be required to produce an appreciable effect on symptoms. Herpes viruses have the ability to remain dormant in nerve cells by a process known as HHV Latency Associated Transcript. Continued administration of the drug should prevent reactivation of the virus and allow for the possibility of an improvement of symptoms. Another consideration is that different strains of a herpes virus can have different characteristics which may result in differences in the precise effects of the virus. Further confirmation that acyclovir can have a positive effect on Ménière's symptoms has been reported.[33]

Studies done over the use of transtympanic micropressure pulses have indicated promise with patients who had not been previously treated by gentamicin or surgery.[34][35] Other studies suggest less clear results and propose that micropressure devices are simply placebos.[30]

Coping

Sufferers tend to have high stress and anxiety due to the unpredictable nature of the disease.[36] Healthy ways to combat this stress can include aromatherapy, yoga, t'ai chi,[37] and meditation. Greenberg and Nedzelski recommend education to alleviate feelings of depression or helplessness.[30]

Surgery

If symptoms do not improve with typical treatment, more permanent surgery is considered.[38] Unfortunately, because the inner ear deals with both balance and hearing, few surgeries guarantee no hearing loss.

Nondestructive surgeries include those which do not actively remove any functionality, but rather aim to improve the way the ear works.[39] Intratympanic steroid treatments involve injecting steroids (commonly dexamethasone) into the middle ear in order to reduce inflammation and alter inner ear circulation.[40] Surgery to decompress the endolymphatic sac has shown to be effective for temporary relief from symptoms. Most patients see a decrease in vertigo occurrence, while their hearing may be unaffected. This treatment, however, does not address the long-term course of vertigo in Ménière's disease[41] and may require repeated surgery. Danish studies even link this surgery to a very strong placebo effect, and that very little difference occurred in a 9-year followup, but could not deny the efficacy of the treatment.[42]

Conversely, destructive surgeries are irreversible and involve removing entire functionality of most, if not all, of the affected ear.[43] The inner ear itself can be surgically removed via labyrinthectomy although hearing is always completely lost in the affected ear with this operation.[4] Alternatively, a chemical labyrinthectomy, in which a drug (such as gentamicin) that "kills" the vestibular apparatus is injected into the middle ear can accomplish the same results while retaining hearing.[44] In more serious cases surgeons can cut the nerve to the balance portion of the inner ear in a vestibular neurectomy. Hearing is often mostly preserved, however the surgery involves cutting open into the lining of the brain, and a hospital stay of a few days for monitoring would be required.[45] Vertigo (and the associated nausea and vomiting) typically accompany the recovery from destructive surgeries as the brain learns to compensate.[45]

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapists also have a role in the management of Meniere’s disease. In vestibular rehabilitation, physiotherapists use interventions aimed at stabilizing gaze, reducing dizziness and increasing postural balance within the context of activities of daily living. After a vestibular assessment is conducted, the physiotherapist tailors the treatment plan to the needs of that specific patient.[46]

The central nervous system (CNS) can be re-trained because of its plasticity, or alterability, as well as its repetitious pathways. During vestibular rehabilitation, physiotherapists take advantage of this characteristic of the CNS by provoking symptoms of dizziness or unsteadiness with head movements while allowing the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems to interpret the information. This leads to a continuous decrease in symptoms.[46]

Although a significant amount of research has been done regarding vestibular rehabilitation in other disorders, substantially less has been done specifically on Meniere’s disease. However, vestibular physiotherapy is currently accepted as part of best practices in the management of this condition.[46]

The Merck Manual has added head trauma as a risk factor due to the research on 300 Meniere's patients over the past fourteen years. Michael Burcon, BPh, DC has established a link between whiplash as a result of vehicular accidents or falling on one's head and Meniere's disease. It takes an average of fifteen years after the trauma before the onset of symptoms. Case history, thermography, MRI, CScan, and/or cervical x-ray and modified Prill relative leg length tests are used for diagnosis and upper cervical specific adjustments are performed for treatment to reduce or eliminate vertigo.[47]

Prognosis

Ménière's disease usually starts confined to one ear, but it often extends to involve both ears over time. The number of patients who end up with bilaterial Ménière's is debated, with ranges spanning from 17% to 75%.[48]

Some Ménière's disease sufferers, in severe cases, may end up losing their jobs, and will be on disability until the disease burns out.[49] However, a majority (60-80%) of sufferers will not need permanent disability and will recover with or without medical help.[48]

Hearing loss usually fluctuates in the beginning stages and becomes more permanent in later stages, although hearing aids and cochlear implants can help remedy damage.[50] Tinnitus can be unpredictable, but patients usually get used to it over time.[50]

Ménière's disease, being unpredictable, has a variable prognosis. Attacks could come more frequently and more severely, less frequently and less severely, and anywhere in between.[51] However, Ménière's is known to "burn out" when vestibular function has been destroyed to a stage where vertigo attacks cease.

Studies done on both right and left ear sufferers show that patients with their right ear affected tend to do significantly worse in cognitive performance.[52] General intelligence was not hindered, and it was concluded that declining performance was related to how long the patient had been suffering from the disease.[53]

Notable cases

Known cases

  • Alan B. Shepard, the first American astronaut and fifth man on the Moon, was diagnosed with Ménière’s disease in 1964, grounding him after only one brief spaceflight. Several years later, an endolymphatic shunt surgery (which was then at the experimental stage) was performed, allowing Shepard to fly to the Moon on Apollo 14.[54]
  • Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist, poet, and cleric, is known to have suffered from Ménière’s disease.[55]
  • Steve Francis, American Pro Basketball Player, is known to have suffered from Ménière’s disease.
  • Varlam Shalamov, a Russian writer, was affected.[56]
  • Su Yu, PLA General who achieved many victories for the communists during the Chinese Civil War was hospitalized in 1949 and that prevented him from taking command in the Korean War, and Mao Zedong selected Peng Dehuai instead.[57]
  • Ryan Adams, an American musician, had to take a two year break from music because the disease became so degenerative to him, and needed to undergo therapy to get back on stage to overcome the anxiety the disease caused him.[58]
  • Katie Leclerc, an American actress and star in the ABC Family television series Switched at Birth, is known to suffer from vertigo and was diagnosed as having Ménière's disease.
  • Dana White, president and minority owner of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). White had surgery on the condition but the procedure was a failure.[59] After the failed surgery White had another procedure involving the use of stem cells, this time the procedure was successful.[60]
  • Chris Packham, British wildlife photographer and television presenter.[61] Has suffered with condition since he was 37, but has vowed to continue with his work regardless.
  • Kristin Chenoweth, Broadway and film star, and opera singer.[62]
  • Abdullah Gül, the 11th and current President of the Republic of Turkey.[63]
  • Brent Crosswell, former Australian Rules football player.
  • Henry Solon Graves, American Forester. Co-founder and first director of the Yale School of Forestry in New Haven, CT. Second chief of the US Forest Service. Dean of the Yale School of Forestry and also served as provost of the University. Due to the symptoms of 'Meniere's Symbole', he resigned as Chief of the US Forest Service following his return to the US from France (during WWI, he was a Lieutenant Colonel with the Army Corps of Engineers). It appears that the onset of Meniere's occurred during this time. Henry disclosed his diagnosis of "Meniere's Symbole" in a 1919 letter to his good friend, George Dudley Seymour.[64]
  • Doc Hammer, painter and co-creator of The Venture Bros. He has stated repeatedly that he has Meniere's disease.[65]
  • Les Paul, American musician, innovator of early electric guitar and recording technology, prolific songwriter, performer.

Possible cases

  • Marilyn Monroe, American actress and cultural icon was known to experience the vertigo and compromised hearing associated with Ménière’s.[66]
  • Charles Darwin may have suffered from Ménière’s disease.[67] This idea is based on a common list of symptoms which were present in Darwin's case, such as tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, vomiting, continual malaise and tiredness. The absence of hearing loss and 'fullness' of the ear (as far as known) excludes, however, a diagnosis of typical Ménière’s disease. Darwin himself had the opinion that most of his health problems had an origin in his 4-year bout with sea sickness. Later, he could not stand traveling by carriage, and only horse riding would not affect his health. One of the diagnoses that he received from his physicians at the time was that of "suppressed gout". The source of Darwin's illness is not known for certain. See Charles Darwin's health.
  • Martin Luther wrote in letters about the distresses of vertigo, and suspected Satan was the cause.[68][69]
  • Julius Caesar was known to have suffered from the "falling sickness" as noted in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, and has been cited by Shakespeare, noting that Caesar was unable to hear fully in his left ear.[70]
  • It has been suggested that Vincent van Gogh may have suffered from Ménière's,[71] though this is now considered conjectural.[72] See Vincent van Gogh's medical condition for a discussion of the range of possible alternative diagnoses.
  • David Terrell; UFC president Dana White mentioned in an interview that Terrell underwent the same surgery as White himself.

Notes

  1. ↑ Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. Accessed on 9 September 2008
  2. ↑ Ménière's disease at Who Named It?
  3. ↑ Hazell, Jonathan. "Information on Ménière's Syndrome". Retrieved 2007-02-27. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Meniérè's disease". Maryland Hearing and Balance Center. Retrieved 2008-03-03. 
  5. ↑ Haybach, pg. 55
  6. ↑ "Meniere's disease symptoms". Mayo Clinic. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
  7. ↑ Haybach, pg. 70
  8. ↑ Lempert, T.; Neuhauser, H. (November 2008). "Epidemiology of vertigo, migraine and vestibular migraine". Journal of Neurology 256 (3): 333–338. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-0149-2. PMID 19225823. 
  9. ↑ Haybach, p. 72
  10. ↑ Haybach, p. 71
  11. ↑ Haybach, pg. 79
  12. ↑ Haybach, pg. 46
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Haybach, pg. 90
  14. ↑ Ibekwe TS, Fasunla JA, Ibekwe PU, Obasikene GC, Onakoya PA, Nwaorgu OG (2008). "Migraine and Meniere's disease: two different phenomena with frequently observed concomitant occurrences". J Natl Med Assoc. 100 (3): 334–8. PMID 18390027. 
  15. ↑ Shin JE, Kim CH, Park HJ (2013). "Vestibular abnormality in patients with Meniere's disease and migrainous vertigo". Acta Otolaryngol. 133 (2): 254–8. doi:10.3109/00016489.2012.727469. PMID 23145969. 
  16. ↑ Requena T, Espinosa-Sanchez JM, Lopez-Escamez JA (2013). "Genetics of dizziness: cerebellar and vestibular disorders". Curr Opin Neurol. 
  17. ↑ Haybach, pg. 8
  18. ↑ Menieres Causes at the American Hearing Research Foundation Chicago, Illinois 2008.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Shichinohe, Mitsuo (December 1999). "Effectiveness of Acyclovir on Meniere's Syndrome III Observation of Clinical Symptoms in 301 cases". Sapporo Medical Journal 68 (4/6): 71–77. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gacek RR, Gacek MR (2001). "Menière's disease as a manifestation of vestibular ganglionitis". Am J Otolaryngol 22 (4): 241–50. doi:10.1053/ajot.2001.24822. PMID 11464320. 
  21. ↑ Gacek RR (2009). "Ménière's disease is a viral neuropathy". ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 71 (2): 78–86. doi:10.1159/000189783. PMID 19142031. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Thomas, Alexander; Jeffrey Harris (October 2010). "Current Epidemiology of Meniere's Syndrome". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 43 (5): 965–970. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.001. PMID 20713236. 
  23. ↑ Nakayama, M.; Kabaya K. (Oct 2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome as a novel cause for Ménière's disease.". Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Retrieved 4 September 2013. 
  24. ↑ http://www.ucdenver.edu/about/newsroom/newsreleases/Pages/How-to-treat-Menieres-disease.aspx
  25. ↑ Haybach, pg. 9
  26. ↑ Beasley, Jones, p.1111, para.elsei 3
  27. ↑ Beasley, Jones, p.1111, para. 2/table I
  28. ↑ Beasley, Jones, p.1111, para. 4/table II
  29. ↑ Beasley, Jones, p.1112, para. 2/table III
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Greenberg, Simon; Julian Nedzelski (October 2010). "Medical and Noninvasive Therapy for Meniere's Disease". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 43 (5): 1081–1090. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.005. PMID 20713246. 
  31. ↑ Derebery MJ (2000). "Allergic management of Meniere's disease: an outcome study". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 122 (2): 174–82. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70235-X. PMID 10652386. 
  32. ↑ Haybach, p. 198
  33. ↑ Gacek RR (2008). "Evidence for a viral neuropathy in recurrent vertigo". ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 70 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1159/000111042. PMID 18235200. 
  34. ↑ Rajan GP, Din S, Atlas MD (2005). "Long-term effects of the Meniett device in Ménière's disease: the Western Australian experience". The Journal of laryngology and otology 119 (5): 391–5. doi:10.1258/0022215053945868. PMID 15949105. 
  35. ↑ Gates GA, Verrall A, Green JD, Tucci DL, Telian SA (December 2006). "Meniett clinical trial: long-term follow-up". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 132 (12): 1311–6. doi:10.1001/archotol.132.12.1311. PMID 17178941. 
  36. ↑ Haybach, p. 231
  37. ↑ Haybach, p. 198-200
  38. ↑ Haybach, p. 181
  39. ↑ Haybach, p.209
  40. ↑ Hain, Timothy (2009-06-26). "Intratympanic Steroid Treatment For Meniere's Disease". Retrieved 2011-01-16. 
  41. ↑ Tsun-Sheng, Huang; Ching-Chen, Lin; Yun-Lan, Chang (1991). "Endolymphatic Sac Surgery for Meniere's Disease". Acta Otolaryngol 111 (S485): 145–154. doi:10.3109/00016489109128054. 
  42. ↑ Thomsen, J; Bretlau, P.; Tos, M.; Johnsen, N.J. (1981). "Placebo effect in surgery for Meniere's disease. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on endolymphatic sac shunt surgery". Acta Otolaryngol 107 (5): 558–61. PMID 6517150. 
  43. ↑ Haybach, p.212
  44. ↑ Hain, Timothy (2010-10-06). "Intratympanic/Transtympanic Gentamicin Treatment for Meniere's Disease". Retrieved 2011-01-16. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Haybach, p.215
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Gottshall, K.; Topp, S. & Hoffer, M. (2010). "Early Vestibular Physical Therapy Rehabilitation for Meniere's Disease". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 43 (5): 1113–1119. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.006. PMID 20713248. 
  47. ↑ BurconMT, Upper Cerical Protocol for Ten Meniere's Patients, Upper Cervical Subluxation Complex, a review of the chiropractic and medical literature, Kirk Ericksen, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Haybach, pg. 10
  49. ↑ Haybach, pg. 224
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Haybach, pg. 223
  51. ↑ Haybach, pg. 221
  52. ↑ Theilgaard, Laursen, Kjaerby, et al. p. 103
  53. ↑ Theilgaard, Laursen, Kjaerby, et al. p. 104
  54. ↑ Gray, Tara. "Alan B. Shepard, Jr.". 40th Anniversary of Mercury 7. NASA. Retrieved May 25, 2012. "After the cancellation of Shepard's second Mercury flight, he began training with Frank Borman, a member of the second group of astronauts selected by NASA, for the flight of the first manned Gemini mission. However, in early 1964 Shepard awoke one morning feeling nauseated. He met with Chief Astronaut Deke Slayton to report on what he encountered. He had become extremely dizzy, fallen and then became ill. For several days Shepard felt fine, his episode apparently behind him. Until the fifth day, when he again experienced head-spinning and vomiting.28 Once again the room whirled madly. He felt and heard an awful ringing in his left ear that went as quickly as it came. It came back several times and Shepard knew something was dangerously, terribly wrong so he checked in with the flight surgeons.29 He was diagnosed with Meniere's syndrome, a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear and makes the semicircular canals and motion detectors extremely sensitive. It results in disorientation, dizziness and nausea. He was also diagnosed with glaucoma, an elevated pressure in the eyeballs." 
  55. ↑ Crook, Keith (1998). A Preface to Swift. Longman. p. 6. ISBN 978-0582289789. 
  56. ↑ Toker, Leona (2000). Return from the Archipelago: narratives of Gulag survivors. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-253-33787-9. "Meanwhile, Shalamov's health kept deteriorating—the Kolyma twig would have but a short time before wilting in Moscow. The body of a Kolyma survivor bore witness of its own: blindness, deafness, frostbitten skin, Ménière’s disease, chronic congestion, and apparently also minor strokes, angina pectoris, Parkinson's disease, and incipient dementia. Iulii Shreider found a woman to cook and clean for him, yet eventually Shalamov broke with her too. Unable to take care of himself, in 1979 he was placed in a nursing home (see Isaev 1996)." 
  57. ↑ Su Yu (simplified Chinese wiki)
  58. ↑ Drew, Ian (October 21, 2011). "Ryan Adams Opens Up About Tragic Ear Disease". US Weekly. Retrieved May 25, 2012. "Having your first album of new material immediately break into the Billboard Top 200 albums chart on release week is usually cause for celebration for most rock stars. But Ryan Adams isn't smiling just because his brilliantly subdued new disc, Ashes & Fire, slid right in at #7 this week. That's because the alternative singer, 36, is still grappling with Meniere's disease, a debilitating and incurable inner ear condition that forced him to take a break from music for over two years." 
  59. ↑ http://www.mmamania.com/2013/2/22/4018206/ufc-dana-white-ear-surgery-menieres-disease-mma
  60. ↑ http://www.mmamania.com/2013/4/18/4240318/dana-white-meniers-disease-a-rod-germany-stem-cell-treatment-cure-ufc-president
  61. ↑ Alice Lagnado (2011-05-02). "Wildlife star Chris Packham on living with chronic vertigo | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-07. 
  62. ↑ Byron, Ellen. "Kristin Chenoweth: Exclusive Interview With Prevention". Prevention.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07. 
  63. ↑ "Cumhurbaşkanımızın hastalığı hakkında - Prof. Dr. Osman MÜFTÜOĞLU - Hürriyet". Hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2013-03-07. 
  64. ↑ George Dudley Seymour Papers, Yale Manuscripts and Archives
  65. ↑ by ~Doc-Hammer, May 16, 2005, 7:08:23 PM (2005-05-16). "50 Questions (from MySpace) by ~Doc-Hammer on deviantART". Doc-hammer.deviantart.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07. 
  66. ↑ Brown, Peter and Barham, Patte Marilyn: The Last Take. New York: Dutton, 1992, p. 221 ISBN 0-525-93485-5
  67. ↑ Hayman, John (2009-12-13). "Darwin's illness revisited". BMJ 339: b4968. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4968. PMID 20008377. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  68. ↑ Feldmann H (1989). "Martin Luther's seizure disorder". Sudhoffs Archiv (in German) 73 (1): 26–44. PMID 2529669. 
  69. ↑ Cawthorne, T (1947). "Ménière's disease". Annals of Otology 56: 18–38. 
  70. ↑ Cawthorne, T (1958). "Julius Caesar and the falling sickness". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 51 (1): 27–30. PMC 1889541. PMID 13518145. 
  71. ↑ Arenberg IK, Countryman LF, Bernstein LH, Shambaugh GE (1990). "Van Gogh had Menière's disease and not epilepsy". JAMA 264 (4): 491–3. doi:10.1001/jama.264.4.491. PMID 2094236. 
  72. ↑ Arnold, Wilfred N. (1992). "Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity". Birkhäuser Boston. ISBN 0-8176-3616-1 

References

  • Theilgaard A, Laursen P, Kjaerby O, et al (1978). "Menière's disease. II. A neuropsychological study". ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. 40 (3): 139–46. doi:10.1159/000275398. PMID 570693. 
  • Beasley NJ, Jones NS (December 1996). "Menière's disease: evolution of a definition". J Laryngol Otol 110 (12): 1107–13. doi:10.1017/S002221510013590X. PMID 9015421. 
  • Haybach, P. J. (1998). Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. ISBN 0-9632611-1-8. 
Outer ear
Middle ear
and mastoid
Inner ear and
central pathways
Common pathway
Equilibrioception
Hearing
Hearing impairment
Excessive response
Deafblindness
Other

M: EAR

anat (e/p)/phys/devp

noco/cong, epon

proc, drug (S2)

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