Mercedes-Benz Superdome
| Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
|---|---|
| The Superdome, The Dome | |
 | |
| Former names | Louisiana Superdome (1975–2011) |
| Location |
1500 Sugar Bowl Drive New Orleans, Louisiana 70112 |
| Coordinates | 29°57′3″N 90°4′52″W / 29.95083°N 90.08111°WCoordinates: 29°57′3″N 90°4′52″W / 29.95083°N 90.08111°W |
| Broke ground | August 12, 1971 |
| Opened | August 3, 1975 |
| Owner | Louisiana Stadium/Expo District, Glenn Menard (Manager) |
| Operator | SMG |
| Surface |
Monsanto "Mardi Grass" turf (1975–2003)[1] FieldTurf (2003–2006) Sportexe Momentum Turf (2006–2009) UBU-Intensity Series-S5-M Synthetic Turf (2010–present) Concrete for multipurpose events |
| Construction cost |
$134 million (Initial) ($581 million in 2013 dollars[ 1]) $193 million (2005–06 repairs) Renovations: ($223 million in 2013 dollars[ 1]) |
| Architect |
Curtis and Davis Associated[2] Edward B. Silverstein & Associates[2] Nolan, Norman & Nolan[2] |
| Structural engineer |
Sverdrup & Parcel[2] Thornton Tomasetti (2006 repairs) |
| General contractor | Huber, Hunt, & Nichols/Blount Joint Venture[3] |
| Capacity |
American football: 73,208 (expandable to 76,468)[4] Basketball: 55,675 |
| Tenants | |
|
New Orleans Saints (NFL) (1975–present) Sugar Bowl (NCAA) (1975–present) Tulane Green Wave (NCAA) (1975–2013) Bayou Classic (NCAA) (1975-present) New Orleans Jazz (NBA) (1975–1979) New Orleans Pelicans (American Association) (1977) Prep Classic (LHSAA) (1981-present) New Orleans Breakers (USFL) (1984) New Orleans Night (AFL) (1991–1992) New Orleans Bowl (NCAA) (2001–present) New Orleans VooDoo (AFL) (2013) | |
The Mercedes-Benz Superdome (originally Louisiana Superdome and commonly The Superdome) is a domed sports and exhibition venue, located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Plans were drawn up in 1967, by the New Orleans modernist architectural firm of Curtis and Davis. Its steel frame covers a 13-acre (5.3 ha) expanse. Its 273-foot (83 m) dome is made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet (210 m), making it the largest fixed domed structure in the world.[5] It is adjacent to the Smoothie King Center.
Because of the size and location in one of the major tourist destinations in the United States, the Superdome routinely makes the "short list" of candidates being considered for major sporting events, such as the Super Bowl, College Football Championship Game and the Final Four. It is the home stadium of the New Orleans Saints American football team.
In 2005, the Superdome gained international attention of a different type when it housed thousands of people seeking shelter from Hurricane Katrina. The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm, and was closed for many months afterward.
On October 3, 2011, it was announced that German automaker Mercedes-Benz purchased naming rights to the stadium. The new name took effect on October 23, 2011.[6] It is the third stadium that has naming rights from Mercedes-Benz (and first in the United States), after the Mercedes-Benz Arena, the stadium of Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart, in Stuttgart, Germany and the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Shanghai, China.
Description
The Superdome is located on 52 acres (21 ha) of land, including the former Girod Street Cemetery. The dome has an interior space of 125,000,000 cubic feet (3,500,000 m3), a height of 253 feet (77.1 m), a dome diameter of 680 feet (207.3 m), and a total floor area of 269,000 square feet (24,991 m2).
Capacity
The Superdome has a listed football seating capacity of 76,468 (expanded) or 73,208 (not expanded) and a maximum basketball seating capacity of 73,432. However, published attendance figures from events such as the Sugar Bowl football game have exceeded 79,000. The basketball capacity does not reflect the NCAA's new policy on arranging the basketball court on the 50-yard line on the football field, per 2009 NCAA policy.[7] In 2011, 3,500 seats were added, increasing the Superdome's capacity to 76,468. The Superdome's capacity was expanded to around 82,000 for WWE WrestleMania XXX.
The chronology of the capacity for football is as follows:
- 74,452 (1975–1978)[8]
- 71,330 (1979–1984)[9]
- 71,647 (1985–1986)[10]
- 69,723 (1987–1990)[11]
- 69,065 (1991–1994)[12]
- 70,852 (1995)[13]
- 64,992 (1996)[14]
- 69,420 (1997)[15]
- 69,028 (1998)[16]
- 70,054 (1999)[17]
- 64,900 (2000)[18]
- 70,020 (2001)[19]
- 68,500 (2002–2003)[20]
- 64,900 (2004–2005)[21]
- 68,354 (2006)[22]
- 72,968 (2007–2010)[23]
- 73,208 (expandable to 76,468) (2011–present)
Sports
American football
The Superdome's primary tenant is the NFL's New Orleans Saints. The team regularly draws capacity crowds.[24]
The NFL has hosted seven Super Bowls at the Superdome, most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013.
Tulane University played their home games at the stadium from 1975-2013 before moving to on-campus, Yulman Stadium.[25]
The BCS National Championship Game was played at the Superdome four times. The College Football Playoff semifinal game is played every three years in the stadium. Two other bowl games are also played there annually: the Sugar Bowl and New Orleans Bowl. The Superdome also hosts the Bayou Classic, a major regular-season game between two of the state's historically black colleges and universities, Grambling State and Southern.
In 2013, the Arena Football League New Orleans VooDoo played their last six home games of the season at the stadium. From 1991-1992 the New Orleans Night of the AFL played at the stadium.
The annual Louisiana Prep Classic state championship football games organized by the Louisiana High School Athletic Association have been held at the Superdome since 1981.
Home field advantage
Since the Superdome's reopening in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and the increased success of the New Orleans Saints, the Superdome has developed a reputation for having a very strong home field advantage. While all domed stadiums possess this quality to some degree, the Superdome is known to get extremely loud during games, especially during offensive drives by the visiting team.
During a pregame interview before the Minnesota Vikings' opening game of the 2010 NFL season against the Saints, Brett Favre, reflecting on the Vikings' loss to the Saints in the 2009–10 NFC Championship Game, said of the Superdome: "That was, by far, the most hostile environment I've ever been in. You couldn't hear anything." It was during that loss that some of the Vikings players elected to wear earplugs, including Favre. It was the first game of the season that they had chosen to do so.[26]
Baseball
The first baseball game in the Superdome was an exhibition between the Minnesota Twins and the Houston Astros on April 6, 1976.[27] The American Association New Orleans Pelicans played at the Superdome during the 1977 season. The Pelicans' season attendance was 217,957 at the dome.[28]
Superdome officials pursued negotiations with Oakland Athletics officials during the 1978–79 baseball off-season about moving the Athletics to the Superdome. The Athletics were unable to break their lease at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum and remained in Oakland.[29] Superdome officials met with the Pittsburgh Pirates in April 1981 about moving the club to New Orleans when the Pirates were unhappy with their lease at Three Rivers Stadium.[30]
The New York Yankees played exhibition games at the Superdome in 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1983. The Yankees hosted the Baltimore Orioles on March 15 and 16, 1980. 45,152 spectators watched the Yankees beat the Orioles 9 to 3 on March 15, 1980. The following day, 43,339 fans saw Floyd Rayford lead the Orioles to a 7 to 1 win over the Yankees.[31] Late in 1982, the Yankees considered opening the 1983 regular season at the Superdome if Yankee Stadium would not be ready yet after renovations.[32] Attendance slipped to 15,129 for a March 27, 1983 Yankees-Blue Jays exhibition game at the Superdome.[33] The Philadelphia Phillies and St. Louis Cardinals closed the 1984 spring training season with two games at the dome on March 31, 1984 and April 1, 1984.[34]
When the plaza level seats remained moveable, the capacity for baseball was 63,525. Due to the reconfiguration of the lower bowl that began in 2011, the stadium can no longer host baseball games.
Basketball
The NCAA has hosted the Men's Final Four at the Superdome five times, most recently in 2012.
The NBA's New Orleans Jazz used the Superdome as their home court, from 1975–1979. In 1977, the Jazz set a then-record in attendance for an NBA game, with 35,077 watching the Jazz led by Pete "Pistol Pete" Maravich against the Philadelphia 76ers,[35] led by fellow future Hall of Famer Julius Erving.
Boxing
On October 14, 1975, the Dome hosted Muhammad Ali Appreciation Day. The Muhammad Temple of Islam 46 in New Orleans organized the activities, with Ali's appearance as the day's highlight. Speakers included Dr. Na'im Akbar, Wallace D. Muhammad and Louis Farrakhan.[36]
The Superdome hosted the September 15, 1978 fight some called the Ali rematch where Muhammad Ali won the world Heavyweight title for the third time by beating Leon Spinks in front of a crowd of 65,000. It was Ali's last professional win.
Leonard–Durán II, also known as the No Más Fight, took place on November 25, 1980 at the Louisiana Superdome. In the match, Sugar Ray Leonard defeated Roberto Durán to regain the WBC Welterweight Championship. The match gained its famous appellation in the end of the eighth round when Durán turned away from Leonard, towards the referee and quit by saying "No más" (Spanish for "No more").
On December 3, 1982, the Superdome hosted the Carnival of Champions. In the first of two co-main events, Wilfredo Gómez would defend his WBC world Jr Featherweight championship against WBC's world Bantamweight champion Lupe Pintor. In the second, Wilfred Benítez defended his WBC world Jr Middleweight championship against the former WBA Welterweight champion of the world Thomas Hearns.[37]
Gymnastics
The USSR National Gymnastics Team performed for the first time in Louisiana in 1976. The Superdome event featured Olga Korbut, Nelli Kim, Nicolai Andrianov and Alexander Dityatin.
Motocross
On June 4, 1977, 40,000 fans watched Jimmy Weinert win the sixth of twelve races for the American Motor Cyclist Association $250,000 Supercross series. 20,000,000 pounds of dirt were piled into the center of the Superdome for the event.[38]
Soccer
The first soccer match to be held in the Superdome pitted The New York Cosmos and the Dallas Tornado. The Brazilian star Pelé and Kyle Rote, Jr. led their respective teams on September 5, 1976.
Wrestling
The Superdome was renowned for hosting many of Mid-South Wrestling's large, "Blow Off" events that were culminations of weeks or months of feuds and rivalries. Bill Watts was the promoter of this territory and gained much notoriety from promotion of his events in the Superdome.
The thirtieth annual WrestleMania pay-per-view event, WrestleMania XXX will be held at the Superdome on April 6, 2014. This will be the first time the WWE will hold its annual event in New Orleans.
Special events
The Superdome held its official dedication ceremonies on August 3, 1975. Jazz musicians Al Hirt and Pete Fountain played for the event.
Between August 28 and September 14, 1975, the Superdome continued to celebrate its grand opening, with appearances by Bob Hope, Telly Savalas, Dorothy Lamour, Karen Valentine, and Raquel Welch. The Allman Brothers, the Marshall Tucker band, Wet Willie, the Charlie Daniels band, the O'Jays, the Isley Brothers, the Temptations, Donald Byrd and the Blackbyrds, and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus also performed.[39]
On October 3, 1975, June Carter, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter performed in the Dome. Fans included then Governor Edwin Edwards.[40]
The Superdome's 1977 New Year's Eve celebration opened with the Emotions and Deniece Williams, followed by Earth, Wind and Fire.
On May 29, 1977, the First Annual Superdome KOOL Jazz Spectacular featured Aretha Franklin, Al Green, The Spinners, and The Mighty Clouds of Joy. Jimmie "J.J." Walker from the TV series "Good Times" was the guest M.C.
On December 5, 1981, a concert by The Rolling Stones attracted more than 87,500 spectators, with attendees filling in the floor area, as well as the regular seating sections.[41]
Pope John Paul II addressed 80,000 children at the stadium in 1987.[35]
The Republican National Convention was held there in 1988.[35]
In June 1996, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Disney's 34th animated feature, had a gala world premiere at this stadium, with over 65,000 people attending the event.
Britney Spears performed at the dome on September 20, 2000 during her Oops!... I Did It Again Tour.
'N Sync performed here during their 2001 PopOdyssey Tour. The August 22nd show was filmed and released on VHS and DVD.
Beyonce performed at the dome on July 7, 2013 during her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. The concert was a part of the Essence Music Festival and broke the attendance record of the annual festival[42]
Stadium history
Planning
Sports visionary David Dixon (who decades later founded the United States Football League) conceived of the Superdome while attempting to convince the NFL to award a franchise to New Orleans. After hosting several exhibition games at Tulane Stadium during typical New Orleans summer thunderstorms, Dixon was told by NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle that the NFL would never expand into New Orleans without a domed stadium. Dixon then won the support of the governor of Louisiana, John McKeithen. When they toured the Astrodome in Houston, Texas in 1966, McKeithen was quoted as saying, "I want one of these, only bigger," in reference to the Astrodome itself. Bonds were passed for construction of the Superdome on November 8, 1966, seven days after commissioner Pete Rozelle awarded New Orleans the 25th professional football franchise. The stadium was conceptualized to be a multifunctional stadium for football, baseball and basketball [with moveable field level stands that would be arranged specifically for each sport and areas with dirt (for the bases and pitchers mound) covered with metal plates on the stadium floor (they were covered by the artificial turf during football games)] and there are also Meeting Rooms that could be rented for many different purposes. Dixon imagined the possibilities of staging simultaneous high school football games side-by-side and suggested that the synthetic surface be white.[43] Blount International of Montgomery, Alabama was chosen to build the stadium.[44]
As the dome was being constructed, various individuals developed eccentric models of the structure: one was of sugar, another consisted of pennies. The so-called "penny model" traveled to the Philadelphia Bicentennial '76 exhibition. New Orleanian Norman J. Kleintz built the model with 2,697 pennies and donated it to the Superdome Board of Commissioners in April, 1974.[45]
It was hoped the stadium would be ready in time for the 1972 NFL season, and the final cost of the facility would come in at $46 million. Instead, due to political delays, construction did not start until August 11, 1971, and was not finished until August 1975, seven months after Super Bowl IX was scheduled to be played in the stadium. Since the stadium was not finished in time for the Super Bowl, the game had to be moved to Tulane Stadium, and was played in cold and rainy conditions. Factoring in inflation, construction delays, and the increase in transportation costs caused by the 1973 oil crisis, the final price tag of the stadium skyrocketed to $165 million. Along with the state police, Elward Thomas Brady, Jr., a state representative from Terrebonne Parish and a New Orleans native, conducted an investigation into possible financial irregularities, but the Superdome went forward despite the obstacles.[46]
Early History (1975-1999)
First Saints game
The New Orleans Saints opened the 1975 NFL season at the Superdome, losing 21–0 to the Cincinnati Bengals in the first regular-season game in the facility. Tulane Stadium, the original home of the Saints, was condemned for destruction on the day the Superdome opened.
First Super Bowl
The first Super Bowl played in the stadium was Super Bowl XII in January 1978, the first in prime time.
Original turf
The original artificial turf playing surface in the Superdome was produced by Monsanto specifically for the Superdome and was named "Mardi Grass."[1]
2000-2009
New turf installation
The Superdome converted its artificial grass surface to FieldTurf midway through the 2003 football season on November 16.
Effect of Hurricane Katrina
The Superdome was used as a "shelter of last resort" for those in New Orleans unable to evacuate from Hurricane Katrina when it struck in late August 2005. During the storm, a large section of the outer covering was peeled off by high winds. The photos of the damage, in which the concrete underneath was exposed, quickly became an iconic image of Hurricane Katrina. A few days later the dome was closed until September 25, 2006.
Reopening after Katrina
The Superdome cost $185 million to repair and refurbish. To repair the Superdome, FEMA put up $115 million,[47] the state spent $13 million, the Louisiana Stadium & Expedition District refinanced a bond package to secure $41 million and the NFL contributed $15 million.
After being damaged from the flooding disaster, a new Sportexe MomentumTurf surface was installed for the 2006 season.
On Super Bowl XL Sunday (February 5, 2006), the NFL announced that the Saints would play their home opener on September 24, 2006 in the Superdome against the Atlanta Falcons. The game was later moved to Monday night, September 25.
The reopening of the dome was celebrated with festivities including a free outdoor concert by the Goo Goo Dolls before fans were allowed in, a pre-game performance by the rock bands U2 and Green Day performing a cover of The Skids' "The Saints Are Coming", and a coin toss conducted by former President George H. W. Bush. In front of ESPN's largest-ever audience at that time, the Saints won the game 23–3 with 70,003 in attendance and went on to a successful season reaching their first ever NFC Championship Game.
The first bowl game played in the Superdome after Katrina was the New Orleans Bowl won by the Troy Trojans 41–17 over the Rice Owls.
Renovations
In early 2006, the Superdome began a $320 million renovation that consisted of three remodeling phases. First, the stadium was repaired and refurbished from damage suffered during Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, new windows were installed to bring natural light into the building. Later that year, the roof-facing of the Superdome was also remodeled, restoring the roof with a solid white hue. Between 2009 and 2010, the entire outer layer of the stadium, more than 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of aluminum siding, was replaced with new aluminum panels and insulation, returning the building to its original champagne bronze colored exterior. An innovative barrier system for drainage was also added, allowing the dome to resemble its original facade.
In addition, escalators were added to the outside of the club rooms. Each suite includes modernized rooms with raised ceilings, leather sofas, and flat-screen TVs, as well as glass brushed aluminum and wood-grain furnishings. A new $600,000 point-of-sale system was also installed, allowing fans to purchase concessions with credit cards throughout the stadium for the first time.
2010-present
New turf installation
During the summer of 2010 the Superdome installed 111,831 square feet (10,389.4 m2) of the Speed S5-M synthetic turf system by UBU Sports. The Superdome now has the largest continuous synthetic turf system in the NFL.
Renovations
Beginning in 2011, demolition and new construction began to the lower bowl of the stadium, reconfiguring it to increase seating by 3,500, widening the plaza concourse, building two bunker club lounges and adding additional concession stands. Crews tore down the temporary stairs that lead from Champions Square to the Dome, and replaced them with permanent steps. Installation of express elevators that take coaches and media from the ground level of the stadium to the press box were also completed. New 7,500-square-foot (700 m2) bunker lounges on each side of the stadium were built. The lounges are equipped with flat-screen TVs, granite counter tops and full-service bars. These state of the art lounges can serve 4,500 fans, whose old plaza seats were upgraded to premium tickets, giving those fans leather chairs with cup-holders. The plaza level was extended, closing in space between the concourse and plaza seating, adding new restrooms and concession areas. The renovations also ended the stadium's ability to convert to a baseball configuration.[48] The renovations were completed in late June 2011 in time for the Essence Music Festival. With all three phases of the renovation complete, the Superdome is one of the most up-to-date facilities in the U.S.
Naming rights
The Superdome had not taken on corporate naming rights until Mercedes-Benz acquired the rights in 2011. Though the stadium is owned by the state of Louisiana, the New Orleans Saints' lease gives the team the authority to sell the rights.[49] Saints owner Tom Benson also owns Mercedes-Benz dealerships in New Orleans and San Antonio.[6]
Super Bowl XLVII power failure
The Superdome hosted the Super Bowl XLVII football game on February 3, 2013. A partial power failure halted game play for about 34 minutes in the third quarter between the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers. It caused CBS, who was broadcasting the game, to lose some of its cameras as well as voiceovers by the commentators. At no point did the game go off the air, though the game had no audio for about two minutes. While the lights were coming back on, CBS reporters deployed around the stadium reported on the outage as a breaking news situation until power was restored enough for play to continue.
On February 8, 2013 it was reported that a relay device intended to prevent an electrical overload had caused the failure.[50] The device was located in an electrical vault owned and operated by Entergy, the electrical utility for the New Orleans area. That vault is approximately one quarter mile away from the Superdome. A subsequent report from an independent auditor confirmed the relay device as the cause.[51] The Superdome's own power system was never compromised and continues to function normally.
See also
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Louisiana Superdome Articles". Football.ballparks.com. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Louisiana Superdome
- ↑ "Mercedes-Benz Superdome". Football.ballparks.com. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
- ↑ "The Superdome - An Icon Transformed". State of Louisiana. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ↑ The Superdome in New Orleans
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Woodyard, Chris (October 4, 2011). "Mercedes-Benz buys naming rights to New Orleans' Superdome". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ↑ "Basketball Resources". NCAA. January 2, 2012.
- ↑ "Galleries". CNN. September 15, 1975. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Falcons Fight Hate". The Albany Herald. September 2, 1979. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Saints-Jets Game a Sellout". The Vindicator (Youngstown). November 19, 1983. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Ranking the NFL Stadiums". The Miami News. August 12, 1987. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Jackson Blocks Out Bitter Past-And Saints Swilling". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 17, 1990. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Saints Stump Panthers". The Robesonian. November 28, 1995. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ Brinster, Dick (December 2, 1996). "Broncos Wrap Up Home-Field Advantage". Argus-Press. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ ESPN Sports Almanac. Boston: Information Please LLC. 1998. ISBN 0-7868-8296-4.
- ↑ Williams, Charean (August 28, 1998). "Nfc In Order Of Predicted Finishes". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
- ↑ "Williams Primed for Debut". The Advocate (Baton Rouge). September 10, 1999. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ Mihoces, Gary (November 16, 2000). 'Ain'ts'+seek+1st+playoff+win&pqatl=google "Saints Tested by Williams Loss Raiders, Rams Loom As Former 'Ain'ts' Seek 1st Playoff Win". USA Today. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Roaf Listed As "Doubtful to Out" for Jets game". The Advocate (Baton Rouge). November 1, 2001. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Saints’ Season-Tix Offer Scores". SportsBusiness Daily. March 3, 2003. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Morning Buzz, August 5, 2004". SportsBusiness Daily. August 5, 2004. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ Smith, Jimmy (September 20, 2006). "Sellout of Season Tickets Shows Faith in N.O., Benson Says". The Times-Picayune (New Orleans). Retrieved October 18, 2012.
- ↑ Heath, Thomas (September 1, 2005). "Obsolete Stadium Is Now Serving a Tragic Purpose". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ↑ "Saints sell out Superdome for sixth season in a row". NFL. May 22, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ↑ Nunez, Tammy (December 8, 2011). "Tulane Plans to Build a 30,000-plus Seat On-Campus Football Stadium". The Times-Picayune (New Orleans). Retrieved March 27, 2012.
- ↑ St. Paul Pioneer Press
- ↑ "Home in the Dome". Associated Press. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ↑ "History of New Orleans Baseball". Retrieved September 21, 2009.
- ↑ United Press International (January 30, 1979). "Yankees, Twins Still Dickering". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ↑ "Pirates Considering New Orleans Move". Ellensburg Daily Record. Associated Press. April 24, 1981. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ↑ "Big Crowds See Baseball at Superdome". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. March 17, 1980. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ↑ "SPORTS PEOPLE; Yankees, Southern Style". The New York Times. October 15, 1982. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ↑ "Yanks' Alexander Impressive in Win Over Jays". St. Petersburg Times. March 28, 1983. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ↑ "Phillies Full of Questions for Opener". The Philadelphia Inquirer. April 2, 1984.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Timeline". Louisiana Superdome. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ↑ Louisiana Superdome Newsletter IV:11 (November 15, 1975).Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University Libraries.
- ↑ BoxRec Boxing Records. Boxrec.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
- ↑ "Superdome Supercross is Super." Louisiana Superdome Newsletter 6:7 (July 1977).Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University Libraries.
- ↑ "Thousands View Dome Dedication." Louisiana Superdome Newsletter IV:8 (15 August 1975). Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University Libraries.
- ↑ Louisiana Superdome Newsletter IV:10 (October 15, 1975). Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University Libraries.
- ↑ "The Mercedes-Benz Superdome – Home". Superdome.com. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
- ↑
- Canada, Danielle (July 8, 2013). "Beyoncé closes out the Essence Music Festival". rollingout.com. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- "Beyoncé smashes Essence Festival attendance record". ATLnightspots.com. July 8, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- ↑ "Louisiana Plans Functional Stadium". The New York Times. June 11, 1967. p. 215.
- ↑ "Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M. "Red" Blount". Au.af.mil. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
- ↑ Louisiana Superdome Newsletter 5:7 (August 1976) and III:4 (April 15 1974).
- ↑ "Robert Morris, "Local businessman, former legislator dies", April 8, 2007". houmatoday.com. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ↑ "Superdome returns with glitz, glamor and Monday night football". CBS Sports. September 20, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ↑ "Superdome gets makeover with big games ahead". CBS.
- ↑ "Mercedes-Benz has Superdome deal". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 4, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ↑ ESPN.com. Associated Press http://espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs/2012/story/_/id/8929106/super-bowl-xlvii-utility-says-bad-device-caused-super-bowl-blackout
|url=missing title (help). Retrieved 9 April 2013. - ↑ Thompson, Richard. "Reporter". NOLA Media Group. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Superdome. |
- Official Mercedes-Benz Superdome website
- The Times-Picayune in 175 years – 1975: The Superdome opens in New Orleans
- Stadium picture
- Louisiana Superdome at Structurae
- Tulane Green Wave – Louisiana Superdome
- Southeastern Architectural Archive, Special Collections Division, Tulane University Libraries
- Mercedes-Benz Superdome Seating Charts
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