Louise of Hesse-Kassel
| Louise of Hesse-Kassel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| | |
| Tenure | 15 November 1863 – 29 September 1898 |
| Spouse | Christian IX of Denmark |
| Issue | |
| Frederick VIII of Denmark Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom George I of Greece Dagmar, Empress of Russia Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover Prince Valdemar | |
| House | House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg House of Hesse |
| Father | Prince William of Hesse |
| Mother | Charlotte of Denmark |
| Born | 7 September 1817 Kassel |
| Died | 29 September 1898 (aged 81) Bernstorff Palace, Gentofte, Denmark |
| Burial | Roskilde Cathedral |
| Signature |  |
Louise of Hesse (German: Luise Wilhelmine Friederike Caroline Auguste Julie von Hessen-Kassel, Danish: Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie) (7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898) was a German Princess and (from 15 November 1863) the queen consort to King Christian IX of Denmark.[1]
Genealogy and connection to the Danish succession
Ancestry
Louise of Hesse was a descendant of an ancient German princely family, the Landgraves of Hesse, but lived in Denmark from the age of three and had Danish ancestry. In the political and dynastic conflicts that raged in Denmark during her lifetime she consistently found herself in opposition to German nationalism and protective of Danish interests mainly due to her upbringing and rank within the kingdom of Denmark.
She was a daughter of Prince William of Hesse and Charlotte of Denmark (1789–1864). Her mother, a Princess of Denmark, saw her become Hereditary Princess of Denmark and then Queen of Denmark. Louise's paternal grandparents were Prince Frederick of Hesse, youngest brother of William I, Elector of Hesse, and Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen; her maternal grandparents were Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway, sometime Regent of Denmark and Norway and youngest son of King Frederick V of Denmark.
As a niece of King Christian VIII, who ruled Denmark between 1839 and 1848, Louise was very close to the succession after several individuals of the royal house of Denmark who were elderly and childless. As children, her brother Frederik Wilhelm, her sisters and she were the closest relatives of King Christian VIII who were likely to produce heirs. It was easy to see that the agnatic succession from King Frederick III of Denmark would probably become extinct within a generation. Louise was one of the females descended from Frederick III of Denmark, and she enjoyed the remainder provisions of the succession (according to the Semi-Salic Law) in the event that his male line became extinct. She and her siblings were not agnatic descendants of the House of Oldenburg and the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein, thus ineligible to inherit the twin duchies, since there existed a number of agnatic lines eligible to inherit those territories.
Marriage to Her Cousin
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Louise was married at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842 to her second cousin Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg. He was soon selected as hereditary prince of Denmark and later ascended the throne of Denmark as King Christian IX). The marriage greatly strengthed Christian's efforts to secure the Danish throne, since it joined two competing claimants whose children would have an enhanced connection to the ancient bloodlines of the Danish monarchy.
Through his father, Christian was member of a junior male branch of the House of Oldenburg (he was a direct male-line descendant of Christian III of Denmark). He was also an agnatic descendant of Hedwig of Schauenburg (countess of Oldenburg), mother of the first King Christian I of Denmark, whose sons were the "Semi-Salic" heirs of her childless brother Count Adolf VIII of Holstein, who died in 1459, the last Schauenburg Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein. As such, Christian was eligible to succeed in the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, but was not first in the line.
Christian was also a great-grandson of King Frederick V of Denmark, through his mother Louise Caroline, Duchess of Lyksborg, whose mother Luise (Landgravine of Hesse) was King Frederik's third daughter. Christian, orphaned young, grew up in the Danish royal household under the tutelage of his maternal aunt Queen Marie Sophie Frederikke, wife of Frederick VI of Denmark.
Opportunities opening in the Danish succession
Louise was very much pre-occupied with the succession of the Crown of Denmark from early childhood. At the time of the accession of Christian VIII, 1839, the line of succession and chief cognatic heirs was as follows:
- Crown Prince Frederik, later Frederick VII of Denmark, only son of the king, born 1808, already once divorced and yet childless, who died in 1863.
- Hereditary Prince Frederik Ferdinand of Denmark, youngest brother of the king, born 1792, married over 10 years and childless. He also died in 1863, some months before his nephew the king.
The Crown Prince and the Hereditary Prince were the only surviving agnatic heirs. After them, provisions of the succession order (Lex Regia of 1655) promulgated by Frederick III allowed succession through female line, and the law presumably specified in favor of closest relative of the last monarch.
The female lines following are arranged according to the degree of proximity to the reigning monarch, King Christian VIII:
- the King's elder surviving sister, Juliane Sophie of Denmark, Dowager Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, born 1788, widowed and childless, who died in 1850. Soon after her death, Louise's family arranged the succession line in Louise's favor by means of renunciations and cedings.
- The King's youngest sister, Charlotte of Denmark, Landgravine Wilhelm of Hesse, born 1789 (Louise's own mother). She had several children, who are listed below.
- The King's first cousin once removed, the elder daughter of the deceased king Frederick VI, Caroline of Denmark, born 1793, wife of Ferdinand of Denmark (see above), married over 10 years and childless, who died in 1881.
- The King's first cousin once removed, the youngest daughter of the late King Frederick VI, Wilhelmine Marie of Denmark, born 1808, divorced wife of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark (above), and married to Duke Charles of Lyksborg. She was childless, but at the age of 40, was not past childbearing years, though believed to be barren. In 1850s, it became clear that she would never have children. She died in 1891.
- The King's first cousin Louise Auguste of Denmark, Duchess of Augustenborg, legally the daughter of the late King Christian VII and sister of late King Frederick VI, born in 1771, died in 1843. She had several children, who are listed below.
All other cognatic heirs were descendants of deceased Princesses of Denmark, themselves members of other dynasties, and rather alien to Denmark. Ancestresses of many of them had renounced their rights when marrying "abroad". Some of closest of those lines were the following:
- Gustav, Prince of Vasa, former Crown Prince of Sweden, grandson of Princess Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, the eldest daughter of Frederick V and wife of King Gustav III of Sweden, mother of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden. Queen Carola of Saxony was his only surviving child and wife of King Albert I of Saxony, but she died childless in 1907.
- Grand Duchess Sophie of Baden, the eldest daughter of Gustav IV Adolf, was born Princess of Sweden and married Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden. She produced children. Prince Gustav and Sophia and their issue were followed by their sister Grand Duchess Cecilia of Oldenburg.
- William II, Elector of Hesse, 1777–1847, son of Princess Caroline of Denmark, second daughter of Frederick V. He had numerous children and siblings.
- Prince Frederick of Hesse, born in 1771 in Gottorp, eldest son of Princess Louise of Denmark, third and youngest daughter of Frederick V. A widower of a morganatic wife, he died in 1845 without legitimate children of sufficiently high rank to claim the throne of Denmark.
- Marie Sophie Frederikke, Queen Dowager of Denmark, born 1767, née Princess of Hesse, eldest daughter of Princess Louise of Denmark, third and youngest daughter of Frederik V. She died in 1852. Her children are listed above, as they were both Princesses of Denmark.
- Juliane Luise Amalie, Princess of Hesse, born 1773, daughter of Princess Louise of Denmark, third and youngest daughter of Frederick V. She was unmarried and died in 1860.
- Louise Caroline of Hesse, born in 1789 in Gottorp. Dowager Duchess of Lyksborg as widow of Duke William of Lyksborg, she was the youngest daughter of Princess Louise of Denmark, herself the third and youngest daughter of Frederick V. She had several children, who are listed below.
After them, the next cognatic heirs would have been descendants of daughters and younger sons of predecessors of Frederick V.
There were three thriving young families with chief potential to inherit the throne of Denmark and had children to continue the line of succession. These three families were, in order of proximity with the reigning monarch, the Hesse, the Augustenborg, and then the Lyksborg families. Only two of the families (Augustenborg and Hesse) had mothers who were Princesses of Denmark. Two of these, however, i.e. Augustenborg and Lyksborg, were agnatic descendants of ancient kings of Denmark.
Augustenborg
The Augustenborg family was the next senior agnatic branch of Schleswig-Holstein and of the royal house of Oldenburg, immediately after the male line of the then king of Denmark. They were the issue of Louise Auguste of Denmark, sister of Frederick VI:
1. Christian (aka Christian August), Duke of Augustenborg, born in 1798 in Copenhagen. In 1820 he married Countess Lovisa-Sophie Danneskjold-Samsøe (1797–1867), a Danish noblewoman and relative of the kings of Denmark who belonged to a bastard branch of House of Oldenburg. Duke Christian, who in 1848 became a rebel, later sold his rights to the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark in aftermath of the Treaty of London (1851), but later renounced his rights to the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein in favor of his son Frederick August. He was the brother-in-law of King Christian VIII and a nephew of King Frederick VI. Duke Christian August died in 1869. He produced several children:
- Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, born in 1829 in Augustenborg. He was nephew of Caroline Amalie, the incumbent queen consort of Denmark, and "nephew-in-law" of the king himself, as well as a great-nephew of Frederick VI. He had a claim in 1863 to succeed King Frederick VII of Denmark as Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. He became father of one surviving son and a number of daughters and died in 1880.
- Christian (1831–1917), who later (1866) married Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, a daughter of Queen Victoria. He settled in England.
- Louise Auguste (1823–1872)
- Caroline Amelie (1826–1901)
- Caroline Christiane Auguste Emilie Henriette Elisabeth (1833–1917)
2. Friedrich Emil August, born in 1800 in Kiel. In 1829 he married Countess Henriette Danneskjold-Samsøe (1806–1858), a Danish noblewoman and relative of Kings of Denmark who belonged to a bastard branch of House of Oldenburg. Later, he was created Prinz von Noer (1864) and died 1865. He had two children:
- Friedrich Christian Karl August (Gottorp 1830–Noer 1881)
- Luise Karoline Henriette Auguste Gräfin von Noer (Schleswig 1836–1866)
3. Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, born in 1796 in Copenhagen. She married King Christian VIII of Denmark in 1815, the monarch, who died in 1848. She died childless in 1881 as the Queen Dowager of Denmark.
Glucksborg
The Glucksburg family was a younger agnatic branch of Schleswig-Holstein and of the Royal House of Oldenburg. They were children of Louise Caroline of Hesse, a granddaughter of Frederick V of Denmark:
1. (Karl, Carl) Charles, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, born in Gottorp in 1813. In 1838 he married Princess Wilhelmine of Denmark (see above). He died childless in 1878 in Luisenlund.
2. Frederick (Friedrich), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (Schleswig 1814–Schleswig 1885), who married Princess Adelheid of Schaumburg-Lippe. The current Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein descend from him.
3. William (Wilhelm) (1816–1893)
4. Christian (1818–1906), who in the 1840s became Hereditary Prince of Denmark (though his brothers did not become such) and in 1863 became King Christian IX of Denmark. He married Louise of Hesse-Kassel in 1842.
5. Julius (1824–1903)
6. Johann (Hans) (1825–1911)
7. Nikolaus (1828–1849)
8. Louise Marie Frederikke (1810–1869), married a Mr von Lasperg in 1837.
9. Frederikke Caroline Juliane (1811–1902), married the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg in 1834.
10. Luise (1820–1894)
Hesse
They were the issue of Charlotte of Denmark, sister of Christian VIII, siblings of Louise herself:
1. An only son Frederik (Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Adolf, Landgrave of Hesse) who was born in 1820 in Kassel. In 1851, he renounced his rights to Denmark in favor of Louise. He later married twice, and with his second wife Anna of Prussia produced several children, beginning in the 1850s. He died in 1884. His one son was Frederick Charles, Elected King of Finland
2. Marie Louise Charlotte, born in 1814 in Copenhagen. In 1832 she married a Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. She died in 1895 leaving children and grandchildren. She is said to have renounced her rights to Denmark to Louise in 1851 at the latest.
3. Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie, i.e. Louise herself.
4. Auguste Sophie Frederikke Marie Caroline Julie, who was born in 1823 in Copenhagen. She later married a Scandinavian nobleman, Baron Blixen-Finecke. She died 1873.
Louise's brother Frederik of Hesse renounced his rights to the Danish succession in 1851 in favor of Louise, as put by Danish historians: "after lengthy negotiations where their father William took active part". Frederik succeeded in 1875 as the head of House of Hesse, when the senior branch of Hesse-Kassel went extinct with the death of the former monarch Frederick William, Elector of Hesse – they assumed the historical name "of Hesse and Brabant". Landgrave Frederik's third son Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was in 1918 elected as King of Finland.
Converging the succession rights
Denmark's crown was hereditary, according to the Lex Regia, among the descendants of Frederick III of Denmark (who was the first hereditary monarch of Denmark – before him the kingdom was officially elective). The agnatic descendants of Frederick III became extinct when Frederick VII died, and at that point, the succession law promulgated by Frederick III provided for succession by male-preference primogeniture. Different camps, within and without Denmark, supported different candidates for the throne. The question was solved by an election and a separate law to confirm the new successor.
Some rights belonged also to the line of Glucksburg, a cadet branch of the royal Oldenburg dynasty. They were also heirs of Frederick III through an ancestress who was a daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Moreover they were eligible to succeed to the Duchy of Holstein, which meant the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. Prince Christian was of this lineage, but not the eldest son, nor did the claim of this branch to either Denmark or Holstein place them first in line for any throne.
Still, Prince Christian had been a foster "grandson" of the sonless royal couple Frederick VI and his queen, Marie (Marie Sophie Frederikke of Hesse), thus he was known to the royal court and familiar with the traditions of recent monarchs. Christian was a great-nephew of Queen Marie and a descendant of a first cousin of Frederick VI. He was brought up as Danish, having lived in Danish-speaking lands of the royal dynasty, and was not attached to Germany. Although these factors meant nothing legally, they made Christian an attractive potential candidate for the throne from the Danish viewpoint.
Louise's father, Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, a non-reiging German prince, had chosen to become a Danish military officer. He had been one (and perhaps the foremost) of the candidates considered by Christian VIII of Denmark to succeed to the Danish throne if the latter's male line died out. Landgrave Frederick was of nearly Danish upbringing, having lived all his life in Denmark.
When Christian wed Louise, daughter of one of the closest female relatives of Frederick VII, the marriage combined two potential claims to Denmark's throne and strengthened both. As a niece of King Christian VIII, Louise was not the rightful heir to his crown, but had a stronger claim to it than either Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg or the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. As Louise and Christian had married, Louise's mother, brother, and elder sister, all princes and princesses of Hesse, renounced their Danish succession rights in favour of Louise and her husband. Prince Christian's wife thus became the closest female heiress of Christian VIII, and later of Frederick VII.
In 1847, Prince Christian was, with the approval of Europe's Great Powers, chosen as successor to the Danish throne by Christian VIII (who did not expect his only surviving son, the future Frederik VII, to father dynastic sons). This choice of heir was made more dynastically palatable by the fact that, thanks to the mass renunciations of the Hesses, Christian's wife Louise became the heiress eventual to the crown, meaning that the couple's children would be heirs to the throne both by right of international treaty and by compliance with the Lex Regia. This resolved the succession to the Danish crown, but not Denmark's claim on the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. German Holstein's historic law of succession was Salic and could not so easily be reconciled with Christian's claim so long as the Augustenborgs survived and Prussia offered itself as the international champion of German nationalism. The result of this conflict was the (Second War of Schleswig).
When Frederick died in 1863, Christian took the throne as Christian IX
Biography
Early life
Louise was a daughter of Prince William of Hesse and Charlotte of Denmark (1789–1864). She spent her first years in Cassel, but lived in Copenhagen in Denmark, were her father had a position, from the age of three: she did however had her confirmation in Hesse. Louise was educated by a governess and her Swiss chamberlain. She studied languages, art and music, drawing and painting: she was particularly talented within pianoforte, in which she was tutored by a Miss Tuxen. Occasionally, she accompanied her father on trips to Hesse.
Louise was very much pre-occupied with the succession of the Crown of Denmark from early childhood. In the political and dynastic conflicts that raged in Denmark during her lifetime she consistently found herself in opposition to German nationalism and protective of Danish interests mainly due to her upbringing and rank within the kingdom of Denmark. As a niece of King Christian VIII, who ruled Denmark between 1839 and 1848, Louise was very close to the succession after several individuals of the royal house of Denmark who were elderly and childless. As children, her brother Frederik Wilhelm, her sisters and she were the closest relatives of King Christian VIII who were likely to produce heirs. It was easy to see that the agnatic succession from King Frederick III of Denmark would probably become extinct within a generation. Louise was one of the females descended from Frederick III of Denmark, and she enjoyed the remainder provisions of the succession (according to the Semi-Salic Law) in the event that his male line became extinct. She and her siblings were not agnatic descendants of the House of Oldenburg and the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein, thus ineligible to inherit the twin duchies, since there existed a number of agnatic lines eligible to inherit those territories.
Marriage
In 1841 she was engaged to Prince Christian of Glücksburg. Louise was married at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842 to her second cousin Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg. The marriage greatly strengthen Christian's efforts to secure the Danish throne, since it joined two competing claimants whose children would have an enhanced connection to the ancient bloodlines of the Danish monarchy. When Christian wed Louise, daughter of one of the closest female relatives of Frederick VII, the marriage combined two potential claims to Denmark's throne and strengthened both. As a niece of King Christian VIII, Louise was not the rightful heir to his crown, but had a stronger claim to it than either Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg or the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.
Louise and Christian lived a quite family life. On 18 June 1851, the mother and brother of Louise renounced their rights to the Danish throne to her. Louise herself in turn renounced her rights to the throne to her spouse Christian. In 1852, this succession order was confirmed by the Nordic countries and foreign powers in London.
On 3 July 1853, King Frederick VII confirmed this succession. By that act, Louise and Christian became Crown Princess and Crown Prince of Denmark. Louise had a tense relationship with King Frederick VII, who contradicted the succession of her spouse, and whose marriage to the non royal Louise Rasmussen she did not approve of. Therefore, the King and the Crown Prince couple did not see each other very often.
Queen of Denmark
On 15 November 1863, Louise and Christian became Queen and King of Denmark. The relationship between Louise and Christian seems to have been at least partially a marriage of love, and is described as happy: she supported him in his struggle to be acknowledged as heir to the throne of Denmark, and the couple became strongly attached to each other during the years of succession struggle. Her loyalty is said to have been of great importance to him, and Christian is described as dependent upon her intelligence, judgment and psychological strength, all of which were considered to be superior to his own. Their life style is described as simple and puritan, and as this suited the contemporary view of an exemplary family life, the royal family was regarded as a morally correct role model. Because of this, the illegitimate pregnancy of her daughter Thyra in 1870 became a burden; Louise took control of the situation and hid it from public knowledge by sending Thyra to give birth abroad, keeping the whole affair a family secret.
As Queen, Louise lived a life isolated from the people and did not seek a relationship with or recognition from the public. She took no part in state affairs; her political interests focused on the arranged dynastic marriages of her children and were affected by her anti-German views. The high status marriages she arranged for her children secured the newly established Danish dynasty international status, connecting Denmark to Great Britain, Russia, Sweden and Greece. Known as "The Mother-in-law of Europe," her annual family gatherings at Bernstorff and Fredensborg attracted more attention every year and made her a popular symbol of family life. Significant events in her life included her wedding anniversary on 26 May, 1867 (when she received great public praise), her birthday celebration of 1887, the wedding anniversary of 1892 and her 80th birthday in 1897.
Louise supported 26 different charity organizations. Among them were Vallø Kloster; Kronprinsesse Louises praktiske Tjenestepigeskole (The Servant Girl's School of Crown Princess Louise) and the Dronning Louises Børnehospital (Queen Louise's Children's Hospital). In 1857, she founded the Louisestiftelsen (Louise Foundation), an orphanage for girls with the purpose of raising them to a life of domestic servants, which illustrated her deeply conservative ideals. Her most known project, and one which she herself referred to as her most important, was the Diakonissestiftelsen (The Deaconess Foundation) in 1863, which introduced the Deaconess profession in Denmark. In 1891, she initiated the Foreningen til Oprettelse af Friskolebørneasyler i Kbh.s Arbejderkvarter (Foundation for the Establishment of Charter school's Asylums in the Labour Quarters of Copenhagen). She founded the Belønnings- og Forsørgelsesforeningen (The Reward- and Self-supporting Foundation) in 1881, supported domestic servants by providing financial aid to the ill, during unemployment and in retirement. Louise was deeply conservative, and her charitable work has been interpreted as a fear of socialism and the growing workers movement. She was interested in music and painting and acted as the patron of artists, such as Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann. Some of her own paintings were exhibited and given as gifts to members of other royal dynasties.
During her last years, she became deaf, and her needs were taken care of by two deaconesses from the Deaconess institution she founded. Louise was Queen Consort of Denmark for 35 years, longer than any other Danish queen consort before her.
Children and Louise becoming "Grandmother of Europe"
Louise had the following six children with Christian. Eventually, they had thirty-nine grandchildren.
The great dynastic success of Louise's six children was to a great extent a result of her own ambitions rather than the efforts of her husband, Christian IX. Some have compared her dynastic capabilities with the those of Queen Victoria.
On her death in 1898, she was interred in Roskilde Cathedral near Copenhagen.
Louise's nephew Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, married to a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and of German Emperor Wilhelm I, was elected King Charles of Finland in 1918. He never took up the position.
Ancestry
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References
- ↑ A Royal Family by Anna Lerche and Marcus Mandal
- http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1915/origin/170/ (in Danish)
- Dansk biografisk Lexikon / X. Bind. Laale - Løvenørn / (in Danish)
- Salmonsens konversationsleksikon / Anden Udgave / Bind XV: Kvadratrod—Ludmila / (in Danish)
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louise of Hesse-Kassel. |
| Louise of Hesse-Kassel House of Hesse-Kassel Cadet branch of the House of Hesse Born: 7 September 1817 Died: 29 September 1898 | ||
| Danish royalty | ||
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| Vacant Title last held by Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg |
Queen consort of Denmark 1863–1898 |
Vacant Title next held by Louise of Sweden |
| Duchess consort of Saxe-Lauenburg 1863–1864 |
Succeeded by Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | |
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