Louis Leon Thurstone

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Louis Leon Thurstone
Born (1887-05-29)May 29, 1887
Chicago, Illinois
Died September 30, 1955(1955-09-30) (aged 68)
Nationality American
Fields Psychometrics
Institutions University of Chicago
University of North Carolina
Alma mater University of Chicago
Cornell University
Doctoral advisor James Angell
Doctoral students Ledyard R Tucker
Known for Multiple Factor Analysis
Intelligence testing
Law of Comparative Judgment

Louis Leon Thurstone (29 May 1887 – 30 September 1955) was a U.S. pioneer in the fields of psychometrics and psychophysics. He conceived the approach to measurement known as the law of comparative judgment, and is well known for his contributions to factor analysis.[1][2]

Background and history

Louis Leon Thurstone was born in Chicago, Illinois to Swedish immigrant parents. Thurstone originally received a masters in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University in 1912. Thurstone was offered a brief assistantship in the laboratory of Thomas Edison. In 1914, after two years as an instructor of geometry and drafting at the University of Minnesota, he enrolled as a graduate student in psychology at the University of Chicago (PhD. 1917). He later returned to the University of Chicago (1924–1952) where he taught and conducted research. In 1952, he established the L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[3][4]

Factor analysis and work on intelligence

Thurstone was responsible for the standardized mean and standard deviation of IQ scores used today, as opposed to the Intelligence Test system originally used by Alfred Binet. He is also known for the development of the Thurstone scale.[5]

Thurstone's work in factor analysis led him to formulate a model of intelligence center around "Primary Mental Abilities" (PMAs), which were independent group factors of intelligence that different individuals possessed in varying degrees. He opposed the notion of a singular general intelligence that factored into the scores of all psychometric tests and was expressed as a mental age. In 1935 Thurstone, together with EL Thorndike and JP Guilford founded the journal Psychometrika and also the Psychometric Society, going on to become the society's first President in 1936. Thurstone's contributions to methods of factor analysis have proved invaluable in establishing and verifying later psychometric factor structures, and has influenced the hierarchical models of intelligence in use in intelligence tests such as WAIS and the modern Stanford-Binet IQ test.[6]

The seven primary mental abilities in Thurstone's model were verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning!.

Contributions to measurement

Despite his contributions to factor analysis, Thurstone (1959, p. 267) cautioned: "When a problem is so involved that no rational formulation is available, then some quantification is still possible by the coefficients of correlation of contingency and the like. But such statistical procedures constitute an acknowledgement of failure to rationalize the problem and to establish functions that underlie the data. We want to measure the separation between the two opinions on the attitude continuum and we want to test the validity of the assumed continuum by means of its internal consistency". Thurstone's approach to measurement was termed the law of comparative judgment. He applied the approach in psychophysics, and later to the measurement of psychological values. The so-called 'Law', which can be regarded as a measurement model, involves subjects making a comparison between each of a number of pairs of stimuli with respect to magnitude of a property, attribute, or attitude. Methods based on the approach to measurement can be used to estimate such scale values.[7]

Thurstone's Law of comparative judgment has important links to modern approaches to social and psychological measurement. In particular, the approach bears a close conceptual relation to the Rasch model (Andrich, 1978), although Thurstone typically employed the normal distribution in applications of the Law of comparative judgment whereas the Rasch model is a simple logistic function. Thurstone anticipated a key epistemological requirement of measurement later articulated by Rasch, which is that relative scale locations must 'transcend' the group measured; i.e. scale locations must be invariant to (or independent of) the particular group of persons instrumental to comparisons between the stimuli. Thurstone (1929) also articulated what he referred to as the additivity criterion for scale differences, a criterion which must be satisfied in order to obtain interval-level measurements.[8]

Awards and honors

Dr. Thurstone received numerous awards, including: Best Article, American Psychological Association (1949); Centennial Award, Northwestern University (1951); Honorary Doctorate, University of Göteborg (1954). Thurstone was President of American Psychological Association (1933) and first President of the American Psychometric Society (1936).[9]

Selected works

  • The Nature of Intelligence (London: Routledge. 1924)
  • The Vectors of the Mind. Address of the president before the American Psychological Association, Chicago meeting, September, 1933 ( Psychological Review, 41, 1-32. 1934)
  • Primary mental abilities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1938)
  • Multiple-Factor Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1947)

References

  1. ↑ L.L. Thurstone (Indiana University)
  2. ↑ A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. IV, pp. 295-321. (E. G. Boring, H. S. Langfeld, H. Werner, & R. M. Yerkes (Eds.)Worcester, MA: Clark University Press. 1952)
  3. ↑ Swedes In America (Benson, Adolph B.; Naboth Hedin. New York: Haskel House Publishers. 1969)
  4. ↑ L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory (University of North Carolina)
  5. ↑ Horst, P. (1955). "L. L. Thurstone and the Science of Human Behavior". Science 122 (3183): 1259–60. doi:10.1126/science.122.3183.1259. PMID 13274085. 
  6. ↑ Louis Leon Thurstone, 1887-1955 (Individual Differences Homepage)
  7. ↑ Louis Leon Thurstone 1887-1955 (J. P. Guilford O National Academy of Science. 1957)
  8. ↑ Louis Leon Thurstone Biography (LoveToKnow, Corp.)
  9. ↑ L.L. Thurstone (Human Intelligence)

Other sources

  • Martin, O (1997). "Psychological measurement from Binet to Thurstone, (1900-1930)". Revue de synthese (in French) (4): 457–93. PMID 11625304. 
  • Thurstone, LL (1987). "Psychophysical analysis. by L. L. Thurstone, 1927". The American journal of psychology 100 (3–4): 587–609. PMID 3322058. 
  • Gulliksen, H (1968). "Louis Leon Thurstone, experimental and mathematical psychologist". The American Psychologist 23 (11): 786–802. doi:10.1037/h0026696. PMID 4881041. 
  • Wolfle, D (1956). "Louis Leon Thurstone, 1887-1955". The American journal of psychology 69 (1): 131–4. PMID 13302517. 
  • Andrich, D. (1978). "Relationships Between the Thurstone and Rasch Approaches to Item Scaling". Applied Psychological Measurement 2 (3): 451. doi:10.1177/014662167800200319. 
  • Thurstone, L. L. (1927). "A law of comparative judgement". Psychological Review 34 (4): 278–286. doi:10.1037/h0070288. 
  • Gordon, Kate; Smith, Thomas Vernor, eds. (1929). Essays in Philosophy: by Seventeen Doctors of Philosophy of the University of Chicago. Chicago: Open Court. OCLC 257229209. 
  • Thurstone, L. L. (1974). The Measurement of Values. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-80114-8. OCLC 5723850. 

External links

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