Louis Jolyon West

Louis Jolyon ("Jolly") West (October 6, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York - January 2, 1999, in Los Angeles) was an American psychiatrist who served on the advisory board of the Cult Awareness Network as an advisor on what the organization considered to be "cults".

Louis "Jolly" West was born in Brooklyn to a Ukrainian immigrant father, Albert Jerome West, and a piano teacher from Brooklyn, Anna Rosenberg, and grew up in Madison, Wisconsin. His family was poor, but he was determined to get a good education^{[citation needed]}. Shortly after he had entered University of Wisconsin–Madison, he enlisted in the U.S. Army. In the Army Specialized Training Program he studied at the University of Iowa and the University of Minnesota School of Medicine, from which he graduated in 1948^{[citation needed]}.

Career

While West was on his internship at the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, he discussed with J.A. Winter the recently published book Dianetics and concluded that the "auditing" described in Hubbard's book used hypnosis. Winter introduced West to Hubbard on one occasion but West said: "I guess I didn't find the man very memorable. I was more interested in the book which described the auditing technique in which they had preclears—or prereleases if just beginners—count backwards from seven to zero repeatedly until they went into a trance, although Hubbard denied it was hypnosis." West followed the activities of Scientology from that time on and has openly said and written that he thought the organization dangerous.

He transferred to the U.S. Air Force Medical Corps, and five years later he was appointed Chief of Psychiatry Service at the Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. In this position he studied U.S. pilots and veterans after they had experienced torture and brainwashing and been forced to give false confessions as prisoners in the Korean War. He was ever since interested in the subject of brainwashing. He served as an expert witness in the case of Patricia Hearst.

LSD Related Death of an Elephant

One of the more unusual incidents of West's career came in August 1962, when he and two co-workers attempted to investigate the phenomenon of musth by dosing Tusko, a bull elephant at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Oklahoma City, with LSD. They expected that the drug would trigger a state similar to musth; instead, the animal began to have seizures 5 minutes after LSD administration. Beginning twenty minutes after the LSD, West and his colleagues decided to administer the antipsychotic promazine hydrochloride and a total of 2800 mg was injected over 11 minutes. This large promazine dose was not effective and may even have contributed to the animal's death, which occurred an hour and 40 minutes after the LSD was given.^[1] Later, many had theories about why Tusko had died. One prominent theory was that West and his colleagues had made the mistake of scaling up the dose in proportion to the animal's body weight, rather than its brain weight, and without considering other factors, such as its metabolic rate.^[2][3] Another theory was that while the LSD had caused Tusko distress, it was the drugs administered in an attempt to revive him that actually caused death. Attempting to prove that the LSD alone had not been the cause of death, Ronald K. Siegel of UCLA repeated a variant of West's experiment on two elephants; he administered to two elephants equivalent doses (in milligrams per kilogram) to that which had been given to Tusko, mixing the LSD in their drinking water rather than directly injecting it as had been done with Tusko. Neither elephant expired or exhibited any great distress, although both behaved strangely for a number of hours.^[4]

At the age of 29 he was appointed professor and Head of the Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, the youngest man to have held a chairmanship in psychiatry in the United States so far.

1969 he was appointed as head of department and director of the Neuropsychiatry Institute at UCLA. His research covered many fields: alcoholism, hallucinary drugs, sleep deprivation, violent behavior, the hippie culture and cults.

MKULTRA

Jolyon did his pychiatry residency at Cornell, an MKULTRA institution and site of the Human Ecology Foundation. He later became a subcontractor for MKULTRA subproject 43, a $20,800 grant by the CIA while he was chairman of the department of Psychiatry at the University of Oklahoma. The proposal submitted by West was titled "Psychophysiological Studies of Hypnosis and Suggestability” with an accompanying document titled “Studies of Dissociative States".^[5]

Social Control

In Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience, and Theory, West and Ronald K. Siegel explain how drug prohibition can be used for selective social control:

Conflict with Scientologists

According to West, the problems started after he published a textbook in 1980, in which he called Scientology a cult.^[7]

On one American Psychiatric Association panel on cults, where every speaker had received a long letter threatening a lawsuit if Scientology were mentioned, no one mentioned Scientology except West, who was the last speaker: "I read parts of the letter to the 1,000-plus psychiatrists and then told any Scientologists in the crowd to pay attention. I said I would like to advise my colleagues that I consider Scientology a cult and L. Ron Hubbard a quack and a fake. I wasn't about to let them intimidate me." (Psychiatric Times, 1991)

Scientology's Freedom Magazine interpreted anti-apartheid trips to South Africa as pro-apartheid (Psychiatric Times, 1991).

Death

Aged 74, Dr. West died at his home in West Los Angeles. Dr. West was suffering from an incurable tumor, and his son, John West, helped him to commit suicide using prescription medication. John later wrote a book on the experience, "The Last Goodnights: Assisting My Parents With Their Suicides."^[8]

Works

• Alcohol and Related Problems: Issues for the American Public, The American Assembly, Columbia University, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984
• "Cult Phenomenon - Mental Health, Legal and Religious Implications" Several lectures by Jolly West in audio
• West, L.J. (July 1990). "Psychiatry and Scientology". The Southern California Psychiatrist. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
• West, L.J. (May 1991). "Scientology II: CCHR and Narconon". The Southern California Psychiatrist. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
• West, L.J. (October 1991). "Scientology III". The Southern California Psychiatrist. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
• Pseudo-Identity and the Treatment of Personality Change in Victims of Captivity and Cults, From Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives. 1994
• Drug Testing : Issues and Options, 1991
• Farber I.E., Harlow H. F. & West L.J., Brainwashing, Conditioning and DDD (Debility, Dependency, and Dread), Sociometry, Vol. 20, No. 4 (December 1957).
• West. L.J. & Singer. M.T. (1980). Cults, quacks and nonprofessional psychotherapies. In H.I. Kaphm A. M. Freedman, & B.J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry III. Baltimore: Williams & Willtens.
• In Memory of Louis J. West, Presentation held in Bonn, 1981
• West, L.J., Pierce, C.M., & Thomas, W.D. Lysergic acid diethylamide: Its effects on male Asiatic elephant. Science, 138, 1100–1103, 1962
• Ronald K. Siegel; Louis Jolyon West (1975). Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience, and Theory. ISBN 978-1-135-16726-4.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

References

Notes

Additional sources

See also

• MKULTRA
• Cults
• List of cult researchers
• John Gordon Clark
• Robert Jay Lifton