Lotus Ware
Lotus Ware is a type of porcelain produced from approximately 1892 to 1896 at the Knowles, Taylor & Knowles (KT&K) pottery of East Liverpool, Ohio, United States. The name originated from a comment made by the owner, Isaac Knowles, asserting that the glaze of the pieces resembled the glowing sheen of lotus blossom petals.
Knowles, Taylor & Knowles
Isaac Knowles was an East Liverpool potter whose pottery produced Rockingham pottery, yellow Queen's ware and ceramic canning jars. East Liverpool was a major pottery center in the United States; by the late 19th century, factories in the city produced nearly half of all American domestic and hotel ware.
By 1880, KT&K was the largest pottery in East Liverpool. The KT&K management was forward-thinking in establishing an in-house design-and-decoration shop instead of using outside designers.
KT&K had, by 1888, purchased another pottery and constructed another plant with eight kilns. The company also constructed a plant dedicated exclusively to the production of bone china. In the United States, bone china had previously only been made in Trenton, New Jersey. Before KT&K's efforts, another East Liverpool potter, John Burgess, and his son-in-law, Willis Cunning, had briefly attempted to produce bone china. Their operation was short-lived. shuttered by East Liverpool City Council, which declared that the odor of calcination of bones to be a health hazard.
The porcelain plant was KT&K's entry into serious competition with European manufacturers. After just a year and a half of operation, KT&K's porcelain plant burned down in November 1889. The plant was soon rebuilt and Lotus Ware appeared on the market again from 1892.
Lotus Ware
The responsibility for Lotus Ware was mainly shared by two men. An Englishman named Joshua Poole had arrived in East Liverpool after having worked for the Belleek pottery in western Ireland. Isaac Knowles was interested in making beautiful art porcelain. Joshua Poole's training as a ceramic engineer was a considerable aid to Knowles' search for the ideal blend of beauty and strength. Poole was therefore was in charge of formulating the clay bodies.
The other man responsible for Lotus Ware was a German immigrant named Heinrich Schmidt. Schmidt was a decorator, or "fancy worker" in late 19th-century pottery slang. He had previously worked at the famous Meissen factory in Germany. At KT&K he was responsible for preparing the Lotus Ware slip. By committing the "recipe" to memory and refusing to keep a written version, Schmidt kept its formulation secret. It was Schmidt who demanded that KT&K sell no imperfect Lotus Ware.
Lotus Ware was first exhibited at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, where it swept the competition.
Stylistic Influences
The idealized depiction of the natural world common to the then fashionable Art Nouveau style was a signifciant influence: the twining tendrils, leaves, blossoms, shells and coral branches were formed and applied mainly by hand, but occasionally the difficult pâté-sur-pâté ("paste upon paste") technique was employed.
Moorish and Persian influences were also evident, including ornate arched shapes, stylized swirls, and an excess of minute detail such as netting, fish-scale patterning, and tiny enamel-like dots which appear like inset jewels on the ware's surface.
Technique
Schmidt used a technique called tube-lining. In this a thick slip is applied via a pastry bag. He then constructed plaster of Paris molds on which the designs were worked out and allowed to dry. These were then gently removed from the molds, attached to the main body of the ware with fresh slip before further painted decoration, glazing and firing took place.
Lotus Ware was produced in just three colors: pure white, celadon and a deep shade of olive green. In addition to the three-dimensional hand-applied decoration, many pieces were hand-painted. All Lotus Ware pieces bore classical names such as Syrian, Thebian and Grecian. This appears to have been an attempt to promote an image of classic, high-quality ware.
Financial Losses and the End of Lotus Ware
The production losses of Lotus Ware were very high, estimated as high as 90%. Despite the heavy financial losses incurred by its high manufacturing losses, KT&K continued to produce Lotus Ware until 1896.
It is estimated that only about 5,000 pieces of Lotus Ware survive. East Liverpool's Museum of Ceramics has the largest public display of Lotus Ware in the world.