Los Angeles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the U.S. city. For the county, see Los Angeles County, California. For other uses, see Los Angeles (disambiguation).
Los Angeles
City
City of Los Angeles
From top: Downtown Los Angeles, Venice Beach, Griffith Observatory, Hollywood Sign

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): "L.A.", "City of Angels",[1] "Angeltown",[2] "Lalaland", "Tinseltown"[3]
Location in Los Angeles County in the state of California
Los Angeles
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°W / 34.050; -118.250Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°W / 34.050; -118.250
Country  United States of America
State  California
County Los Angeles
Settled September 4, 1781
Incorporated April 4, 1850
Government
 • Type Mayor-Council
 • Body Los Angeles City Council
 • Mayor Eric Garcetti (D)
 • City Attorney Mike Feuer
 • City Controller Ron Galperin
Area[4]
 • City 503 sq mi (1,302 km2)
 • Land 469 sq mi (1,214 km2)
 • Water 34 sq mi (88 km2)  6.7%
Elevation 233 (city hall) ft (71 m)
Population (2012)
 • City 3,857,799
 • Rank 2nd U.S., 48th World
 • Density 8,225/sq mi (3,176/km2)
 • Urban 15,067,000[5]
 • Metro 16,400,000[6]
 • CSA 17,786,419
Demonym Angeleno
Time zone PST (UTC-8)
 • Summer (DST) PDT (UTC−7)
ZIP code 90001–90068, 90070–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91601–91609
Area code(s) 213, 310/424, 323, 661, 747/818
FIPS code 06-44000
GNIS feature ID 1662328
Website lacity.org

Los Angeles (i/lɔːs ˈændʒələs/, /lɔːs ˈæŋɡələs/ or i/lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/, Spanish: Los Ángeles [los ˈaŋxeles] meaning The Angels), officially the City of Los Angeles, often known by its initials L.A., is the most populous city in the U.S. state of California and the second-most populous in the United States, after New York City, with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621.[7] It has a land area of 469 square miles (1,215 km2), and is located in Southern California.

The city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 13 million[8] and over 18 million people in Combined statistical area respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world[9] and the second-largest in the United States.[10] Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties[11] in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities.[12] The city's inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos.[13]

Los Angeles was founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve.[14] It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence.[15] In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States.[16] Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.[17]

Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research and has been ranked sixth in the Global Cities Index and 9th Global Economic Power Index. The city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas.[18] Los Angeles includes Hollywood and leads the world in the creation of television productions, video games, and recorded music; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture production.[19] Additionally, Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984.

History

Historical affiliations

Spanish Empire 1781–1821
First Mexican Empire 1821–1823
Mexico United Mexican States 1823–1848
California Republic 1846
 United States 1848–present

Main article: History of Los Angeles
Los Angeles City Hall, shown here in 1931, was built in 1928 and was the tallest structure in the city until 1964, when height restrictions were removed.

The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago. A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".[20][21]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer, claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542.[22] Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.[23]

In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area.[24] On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores" founded the pueblo called "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula"; in English it is "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of the Porciúncula River". The Queen of Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary.[25] Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.[26] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.[27] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.[28]

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital. Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.[29]

Railroads arrived with the completion of the Southern Pacific line to Los Angeles in 1876.[30] Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.[31]

By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,[32] putting pressure on the city's water supply.[33] The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.[34]

In 1910, not only had the city of Los Angeles annexed Hollywood, but there were already at least 10 movie companies operating in the city. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.[35] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic pain suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.[36] By 1930, the population surpassed one million.[37] In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

The Los Angeles Coliseum hosted the Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984.

Following the end of World War II, Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley.[38] In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.[39]

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,[40] and the second Olympics to turn a profit until then – the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.[41]

Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of the police officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.[42] In 1994, the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[43] The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.[44]

In 2002, voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.[45]

Geography

See also: Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley, Greater Los Angeles Area, and Los Angeles County, California

Topography

The Los Angeles Basin

Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km2), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water.[4] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).

Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city is 5,074 ft (1,547 m) Mount Lukens,[46][47] located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.

The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.[48] The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey.

The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub,[49] which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Coast Live Oak, and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)[50] and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).[51] Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native.

Geology

Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California.[52] One of the major faults is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake.[53] Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt.[52] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.[54] Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.[55]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Los Angeles Basin
MacArthur Park

Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb on the coast, Csa inland), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid either Köppen's BSh or BSk (semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[56]

The average annual temperature in downtown is 66 °F (19 °C): 75 °F (24 °C) during the day and 57 °F (14 °C) at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature typically ranges from 59 to 73 °F (15 to 23 °C) during the day and 45 to 55 °F (7 to 13 °C) at night. In the warmest month – August – the temperature typically ranges from 79 to 90 °F (26 to 32 °C) during the day and around 64 °F (18 °C) at night.

Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.[56] Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 Fahrenheit (16 Celsius) degrees.[57] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[58] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.[59]

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For instance, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 75 °F (24 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park.[60] The city, like much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom." This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon.[61]

Downtown Los Angeles averages 15.14 inches (384.6 mm) of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during the winter and spring (November through April), generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but often as heavy rainfall and thunderstorms during winter storms. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the mountains get slightly more. However the San Fernando Valley Region of Los Angeles can get between 16 and 20 inches (410 and 510 mm) of rain per year. Years of average rainfall are rare; the usual pattern is bimodal, with a short string of dry years (perhaps 7–8 inches or 180–200 millimetres) followed by one or two wet years that make up the average. Snowfall is extremely rare in the city basin, but the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches (5 cm) in 1932.[62] The highest recorded temperature in downtown Los Angeles is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010[63] and the lowest recorded temperature is 24 °F (−4 °C) on December 22, 1944.


Climate data for Los Angeles (Downtown), 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 91
(33)		 95
(35)		 98
(37)		 106
(41)		 101
(38)		 112
(44)		 107
(42)		 105
(41)		 113
(45)		 108
(42)		 99
(37)		 88
(31)		 113
(45)
Average high °F (°C) 68.2
(20.1)		 68.6
(20.3)		 70.2
(21.2)		 72.7
(22.6)		 74.5
(23.6)		 78.1
(25.6)		 83.1
(28.4)		 84.4
(29.1)		 83.1
(28.4)		 78.5
(25.8)		 72.8
(22.7)		 67.7
(19.8)		 75.2
(24)
Daily mean °F (°C) 58.0
(14.4)		 58.9
(14.9)		 60.6
(15.9)		 63.1
(17.3)		 65.8
(18.8)		 69.2
(20.7)		 73.3
(22.9)		 74.3
(23.5)		 73.1
(22.8)		 68.6
(20.3)		 62.4
(16.9)		 57.6
(14.2)		 65.4
(18.6)
Average low °F (°C) 47.8
(8.8)		 49.3
(9.6)		 51.0
(10.6)		 53.5
(11.9)		 57.1
(13.9)		 60.3
(15.7)		 63.6
(17.6)		 64.1
(17.8)		 63.1
(17.3)		 58.7
(14.8)		 52.0
(11.1)		 47.5
(8.6)		 55.7
(13.2)
Record low °F (°C) 35
(2)		 34
(1)		 39
(4)		 40
(4)		 50
(10)		 49
(9)		 57
(14)		 58
(14)		 54
(12)		 48
(9)		 39
(4)		 33
(1)		 33
(1)
Rainfall inches (mm) 3.12
(79.2)		 3.80
(96.5)		 2.43
(61.7)		 0.91
(23.1)		 0.26
(6.6)		 0.09
(2.3)		 0.01
(0.3)		 0.04
(1)		 0.24
(6.1)		 0.66
(16.8)		 1.04
(26.4)		 2.33
(59.2)		 14.93
(379.2)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.1 6.4 5.5 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 2.5 3.3 5.2 35.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 225.3 222.5 267.0 303.5 276.2 275.8 364.1 349.5 278.5 255.1 217.3 219.4 3,254.2
Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1977)[64][65]

Cityscape

Main article: List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed from Mulholland Drive. Left to right: Santa Ana Mountains, downtown, Hollywood (foreground), Wilshire Boulevard, Port of Los Angeles, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Santa Catalina Island, and Los Angeles International Airport.
Hollywood, a well-known district of Los Angeles, is often mistaken for an independent city (as West Hollywood is).

The city is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods,[67] many of which were incorporated places or communities that were annexed by the city.[68] Greater Los Angeles includes a number of enclaves and nearby communities. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, East Los Angeles and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles, the Harbor Area, Greater Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside, and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys.

Some well-known communities within Los Angeles include West Adams, Watts, Leimert Park, Baldwin Hills, Venice, the Downtown Financial District, Silver Lake, Hollywood, Koreatown, Westwood and the more affluent areas of Bel Air, Benedict Canyon, Hollywood Hills, Los Feliz, Hancock Park, Pacific Palisades, Century City, and Brentwood.

Landmarks

See also: Category:Landmarks in Los Angeles, California, List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area, and National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Walt Disney Concert Hall, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Angels Flight, the Kodak Theatre, the Griffith Observatory, the Getty Center, the Getty Villa, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the Hollywood Sign, the Bradbury Building, Hollywood Boulevard, the Capitol Records Building, Los Angeles City Hall, the Hollywood Bowl, the Theme Building, the Watts Towers, the Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street and the Children's Hospital Los Angeles Sunset Bridge.

Culture

The Dolby Theatre; venue for the Academy Awards
Walt Disney Concert Hall
Main article: Arts and culture of Los Angeles

Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World," due to the fact that one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry.[69] According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any time in the history of civilization."[70]

Los Angeles is home to Hollywood, globally recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A testament to its preeminence in film, the city plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the oldest and one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. Finally, Los Angeles is home to the USC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldest film school in the United States.[71]

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles' cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."[70] The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation," with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.[72] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.

Museums and galleries

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County.[73] In fact, Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world.[73] Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States[74]), the Getty Center (part of the larger J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution[75]), and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are located on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.[76]

The Fox Plaza in Century City, headquarters for 20th Century Fox

Media

Main article: Media in Los Angeles
See also: List of television shows set in Los Angeles and List of films set in Los Angeles

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times. La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper, The Korea Times is the city's major daily Korean language paper, and The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American daily paper, boasting the largest Black readership in the Western United States. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey.

Los Angeles Times Headquarters

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter and Variety (entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.[77]

The city has major broadcast channels as well as three PBS stations. World TV operates on two channels and the area has several Spanish-language television networks. KTBN 40 is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations also operate in the area.

Sports

Dodger Stadium is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers
See also: Sports in Los Angeles and History of the National Football League in Los Angeles

The city of Los Angeles is the home of several major league professional sports teams. These Los Angeles teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League.

The Los Angeles metro area include additional major league teams. The Los Angeles Galaxy and Club Deportivo Chivas USA of Major League Soccer are based in Carson. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League are in the Los Angeles media market and are based in Anaheim in Orange County. The Angels began as an expansion franchise team in Los Angeles in 1961 before moving to Anaheim in 1966.[78] The Ducks, who have played in Anaheim since their inception as an expansion team in 1993, were originally owned by Disney. The team adopted its current name in 2006, a year after Disney sold the franchise.[79]

Other notable sports teams include the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. Los Angeles is also home to the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific-12 Conference.

Los Angeles is the second-largest television market in the United States but has no NFL team. At one time Los Angeles area had two NFL teams, the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders heading back to their original home of Oakland. Prior to 1995, the Rams called Memorial Coliseum home (1946–1979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.

Staples Center is home to the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, and Los Angeles Kings

Since the franchises' departures, the NFL and individual NFL owners have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Following the 1995 NFL season, the Seattle Seahawks planned to play in the Rose Bowl under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season, but the State of Washington filed a lawsuit to prevent the move.[80] Despite the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, Los Angeles is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation.[citation needed] On August 9, 2011, the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field, which may become home to an NFL team in the future.[81]

Los Angeles has twice played host to the Summer Olympic Games, in 1932 and in 1984. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as multiple FIFA World Cup games in 1994 including the final. Los Angeles will host the Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.[82]

Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Coliseum, The Forum, the StubHub Center, and the Staples Center. Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL. It was also home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the original AFL, a team that did not participate in that league's ongoing revival.

Religion

Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels is the mother cathedral for the Los Angeles archdiocese
See also: Hinduism in Los Angeles

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country.[83] Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September, 2002 in downtown Los Angeles.[84] Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the city's Catholic, heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout Los Angeles.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the second largest population of Jews in the United States.[85] Many of Los Angeles' Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights and Northwest Los Angeles once had large Jewish populations. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.[86] (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.)[87] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.[88]

Built in 1956, the Los Angeles California Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the second largest Mormon temple in the world

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first Mormon temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[89]

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.

Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world.

Economy

Companies such as US Bancorp, Ernst & Young, Aon, Manulife Financial, City National Bank, Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Deloitte, KPMG and the Union Bank of California have offices in the Downtown Financial District.

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Los Angeles is also the largest manufacturing center in the western United States.[90] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.[90] Other significant industries include media production, finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation.

The Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area (MSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $735.7 billion (as of 2010),[91] making it the third largest economic center in the world, after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York-Newark-Bridgeport CSA.[18] If counted as a country, the surrounding CSA has the 15th largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP.[92] Los Angeles has been classified an "Alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a research group at Loughborough University in England.[93]

The city is home to six Fortune 500 companies. They are energy company Occidental Petroleum, healthcare provider Health Net, metals distributor Reliance Steel & Aluminum, engineering firm AECOM, real estate group CBRE Group and builder Tutor Perini.

Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles include California Pizza Kitchen, Capital Group, Capstone Turbine, The Cheesecake Factory, Cathay Bank, City National Bank, The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, DeviantArt, Far East National Bank, Farmers Insurance Group, Fox Entertainment Group, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Guess?, Hanmi Bank, Herbalife, J2 Global Communications, The Jim Henson Company, KB Home, Korn/Ferry, Latham & Watkins, Mercury Insurance Group, Oaktree Capital Management, O’Melveny & Myers, Pabst Brewing Company, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Premier America, Premiere Radio Networks, Rentech, Sunkist, The TCW Group, Tokyopop, Triton Media Group, United Online, and VCA Antech.

The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's largest private sector employer and contributes $4 billion annually to the local economy.[94]

According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten employers in the city as of 2009 were, in descending order, the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente, Fox Entertainment Group, Farmers Insurance Group, TeamOne,and Northrop Grumman.[95]

Education

Colleges and universities

Second branch of the California State Normal School in downtown Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882.

There are three public universities located within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Private colleges in the city include the American Film Institute Conservatory, Alliant International University, Syracuse University (Los Angeles Campus), American InterContinental University, American Jewish University, The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus, Antioch University's Los Angeles campus, Biola University, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM), Los Angeles Film School, Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles), Marymount College, Mount St. Mary's College, National University of California, Occidental College ("Oxy"), Otis College of Art and Design (Otis), Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Southwestern Law School, and University of Southern California (USC).

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC), Los Angeles City College (LACC), Los Angeles Harbor College, Los Angeles Mission College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Trade-Technical College and West Los Angeles College.

Schools and libraries

The Los Angeles Central Library located in downtown Los Angeles.
See also: Los Angeles County, California#Colleges and universities and List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California

Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.[96] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools. Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.[97] Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Los Angeles

Freeways

Main article: Southern California freeways

The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler.[98] The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, (each with 60 hours of delay).[99] Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.[100]

Among the major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canadian border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

Transit systems

Main article: Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Current Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metro Transitway map showing existing lines.

The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September, 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system,[101] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.[101] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.[102]

The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's second busiest.[103] The rail system includes the Red and Purple subway lines, as well as the Gold, Blue, Expo, and Green light rail lines. The Metro Orange and Silver lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.

Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.

Airports

The Theme Building at LAX

The main Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX). The sixth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States, LAX handled over 61 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2006. LAX is a hub for United Airlines[104]

Other major nearby commercial airports include:

One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).[105]

Seaports

A view of the Vincent Thomas Bridge reaching Terminal Island

The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[106][107][108] Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.[109] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles' World Cruise Center served about 800,000 passengers in 2009.[110]

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles' coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Los Angeles
Map of Los Angeles County showing percentage of population self-identified as Mexican in ancestry or national origin by census tracts. Heaviest concentrations are in East L.A, Echo Lake/Silver Lake, South Central, San Fernando and San Pedro/Wilmington.
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18501,610
—
18604,385172.4%
18705,72830.6%
188011,18395.2%
189050,395350.6%
1900102,479103.4%
1910319,198211.5%
1920576,67380.7%
19301,238,048114.7%
19401,504,27721.5%
19501,970,35831.0%
19602,479,01525.8%
19702,816,06113.6%
19802,966,8505.4%
19903,485,39817.5%
20003,694,8206.0%
20103,792,6212.6%
Est. 20123,857,7991.7%
source:[111][112]

The 2010 United States Census[113] reported that Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.[114] The population density was 7,544.6 people per square mile (2,913.0/km²). The Census reported that 3,708,020 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 58,186 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 26,415 (0.7%) were institutionalized.

The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.[114] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.[114]

There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009[114]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km²), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Race and ethnicity

Racial composition 2010[114] 1990[115] 1970[115] 1940[115]
White 49.8% 52.8% 77.2% 93.5%
—Non-Hispanic 28.7% 37.3% 61.1%[116] 86.3%
Black or African American 9.6% 14.0% 17.9% 4.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 48.5% 39.9% 17.1%[116] 7.1%[117]
Asian 11.3% 9.8% 3.6% 2.2%

Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.[118] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.

According to the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races.[114] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%).

Non-Hispanic whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,[114] compared to 86.3% in 1940.[115] Mexicans make up the largest ethnic group of Latinos at 31.9% of Los Angeles' population, followed by Salvadorans (6.0%) and Guatemalans (3.6%). The Latino population is spread throughout the city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area but it is most heavily concentrated in the East Los Angeles region, which has a long established Mexican American and Central American community.

The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves−Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown. Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles' population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown. Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles' population, respectively. Japanese comprise 0.9% of L.A.'s population, and have an established Little Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is located in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles' population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population.

The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are home to a large Middle Eastern population, including Armenians and Iranians, partially residing in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.

African Americans have the largest establishment in South Los Angeles, including the industrial neighborhoods of Crenshaw and Watts.[119] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 17.9% black, 61.1% non-Hispanic white and 17.1% Hispanic.[115] However, since the 1980s, there has been a large influx of immigration from Mexico and Central America which have outnumbered the blacks in South Los Angeles. South Los Angeles, as well as neighboring communities such as the city of Compton that were home to predominant African American populations are now transforming into Hispanic communities.[120]

Pacific Islanders make up 0.1% of Los Angeles' population, and are concentrated in southwestern Los Angeles County, namely in Long Beach and Carson, which are home to thousands of Samoan Americans.[121]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Los Angeles

As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles.

Government

Main article: Government of Los Angeles
See also: Government of Los Angeles County

Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the Mayor of Los Angeles which operate under a mayor-council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The current mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 city council districts.

The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).

The Charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are currently about 90 neighborhood councils.

Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts. They also elect the 45th, 46th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, 54th, 59th, 64th, and 70th district State Assemblymen, the 18th, 27th, 30th, and 35th district State Senators, and the 28th, 29th, 30th, 33rd, 37th, and 44th district U.S. Representatives.

Environmental issues

A view of Los Angeles covered in smog

A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as "poison oak place".[20][21] Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke."[122][123] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.[124]

The smog season lasts from May to October.[125] Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years due to aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.

The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.[126] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[127] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.[128]

The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short term and year round pollution amounts.[129]

Crime

See also: Crime in Los Angeles and List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles
The LAPD on May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

Like most American cities, Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[130][131] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1993, when the all-time high homicide rate of over 21.1 per 100,000 was reported for the year.[132] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[133] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate that the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[134]

The Los Angeles crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era[135] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s as part of the American Mafia but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs.[136]

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.[137] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in South Los Angeles. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. The 18th Street has a predominately Latino membership but is multiethnic. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[138]

Twin towns – Sister cities

A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles

Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,[139] listed chronologically by year joined:

In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":[147][148]

  • Israel Los Angeles also has an exchange partnership with Tel Aviv, Israel.[149]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stafford, Leon (January 7, 2010). "Atlanta works on its sales pitch: Convention bureau's chief sticks to basics in marketing the city". The Atlanta Journal – Constitution. p. 1. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  2. ↑ Smith, Jack (October 12, 1989). "A Teflon Metropolis Where No Nicknames Stick". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  3. ↑ "Tinseltown" is in reference to the glitz and glamour of the entertainment industry in Los Angeles. More specifically, "Tinseltown" refers to world-famous Hollywood.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Gazetteer". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  5. ↑ World Urban Areas - Demographia, March 2013
  6. ↑ R.L. Forstall, R.P. Greene, and J.B. Pick, Which are the largest? Why lists of major urban areas vary so greatly, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografieTable 4 and Table 5 (p.34) at the Wayback Machine (archived January 14, 2013)
  7. ↑ "U.S. Census Bureau Releases Data on Population Distribution and Change in the U.S. Based on Analysis of 2010 Census Results". U.S. Census Bureau. March 24, 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  8. ↑ Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (CBSA) - United States Census Bureau
  9. ↑ "City Populations – World City Population, Biggest Largest Cities in the World". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  10. ↑ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  11. ↑ Les Christie (August 9, 2007). "The most ethnically diverse counties in the United States". CNN. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  12. ↑ "The Top 10 Most Diverse Cities in America". cnbc.com. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  13. ↑ Banham, Reyner (1973). Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies. Pelican Books. ISBN 0140211780. 
  14. ↑ Barrows, H.D. (1899). "Felepe de Neve". Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly 4. p. 151ff. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  15. ↑ Estrada, William D. (April 15, 2008). The Los Angeles Plaza: sacred and contested space. University of Texas Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-292-71755-8. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  16. ↑ Spencer, Jesse Ames (1866). History of the United States: From the earliest period to the administration of James Buchanan. Johnson, Fry and company. p. 453. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  17. ↑ "Cities Within the County of Los Angeles". Los Angeles County. Retrieved 2011-09-28. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005". citymayors.com. March 11, 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-20. 
  19. ↑ "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer – UN". Copyright © United Nations 2012. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2012-09-04. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 William Bright (1998). Fifteen Hundred California Place Names. University of California Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780520212718. LCCN 97043147. "Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or more accurately iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'" 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ron Sullivan (December 7, 2002). "Roots of native names". "Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'" 
  22. ↑ Willard, Charles Dwight (1901). The Herald's History of Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner. pp. 21–24. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  23. ↑ "Father Crespi in Los Angeles". Los Angeles: Past, Present and Future. University of Southern California. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  24. ↑ Leffingwell, Randy; Worden, Alastair (November 4, 2005). California missions and presidios. Voyageur Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-89658-492-1. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  25. ↑ Sullivan, Noelle (December 8, 2009). It Happened in Southern California: Remarkable Events That Shaped History (2nd ed.). Globe Pequot. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-7627-5423-6. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  26. ↑ Mulroy, Kevin; Taylor, Quintard; Autry Museum of Western Heritage (March 2001). "The Early African Heritage in California (Forbes, Jack D.)". Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California. University of Washington Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-295-98082-9. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  27. ↑ Guinn, James Miller (1902). Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century. Chapman pub. co. p. 63. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  28. ↑ Estrada, William D. (2006). Los Angeles's Olvera Street. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3105-2. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  29. ↑ Guinn, James Miller (1902). Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century. Chapman pub. co. p. 50. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  30. ↑ Mulholland, Catherine (2002). William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-520-23466-6. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  31. ↑ Kipen, David (2011). Los Angeles in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the City of Angels. University of California Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-520-26883-8. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  32. ↑ "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900". U.S. Census. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  33. ↑ "The Los roches Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case)". American.edu. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  34. ↑ Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac desert: the American West and its disappearing water. Penguin. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  35. ↑ Buntin, John (April 6, 2010). L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-307-35208-8. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  36. ↑ Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K. (March 2007). The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33521-1. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  37. ↑ "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930". U.S. Census. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  38. ↑ Bruegmann, Robert (November 1, 2006). Sprawl: A Compact History. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-226-07691-1. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  39. ↑ Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (August 1, 1999). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon and Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-684-87216-2. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  40. ↑ Elaine Woo (June 30, 2004). "Rodney W. Rood, 88; Played Key Role in 1984 Olympics, Built Support for Metro Rail". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  41. ↑ Zarnowski, C. Frank (Summer 1992). "A Look at Olympic Costs". Citius, Altius, Fortius 1 (1): 16–32. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  42. ↑ Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N.; Hughey, Matthew W. (2007). "Los Angeles (California) Riots of 1992". Encyclopedia of American race riots. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 376–85. ISBN 978-0-313-33301-9. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  43. ↑ Reich, Kenneth (December 20, 1995). "Study Raises Northridge Quake Death Toll to 72". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  44. ↑ "Rampart Scandal Timeline". PBS. Retrieved 2011-10-01. 
  45. ↑ "City of Los Angeles Secession Votes – 2002". Laalmanac.com. Retrieved 2011-10-02. 
  46. ↑ "Elevations of the 50 Largest Cities (by population, 1980 Census) – USGS". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  47. ↑ "Mount Lukens – Sierra Club – Hundred Peak Section". Sierra Club Angeles Chapter. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  48. ↑ Gumprecht, Blake (March 2001). The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. JHU Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8018-6642-5. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  49. ↑ Miller, George Oxford (January 15, 2008). Landscaping with Native Plants of Southern California. Voyageur Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7603-2967-2. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  50. ↑ National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (1979). Tropical legumes: resources for the future : report of an ad hoc panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council. National Academies. p. 258. NAP:14318. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  51. ↑ "Flower". Los Angeles Magazine. Emmis Communications. April 2003. p. 62. ISSN 1522-9149. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Earthquake Facts". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  53. ↑ "San Andreas Fault Set for the Big One". Physorg.com. June 21, 2006. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  54. ↑ Shaw, John H.; Shearer, Peter M. (March 5, 1999). "An Elusive Blind-Thrust Fault Beneath Metropolitan Los Angeles". Science 283 (5407): 1516–1518. doi:10.1126/science.283.5407.1516. PMID 10066170. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  55. ↑ "May 22, 1960 South Central Chile Tsunami Damage along the Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California coasts". May 22, 1960 South Central Chile Tsunami Coverage. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Los Angeles, California, United States of America". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000) – Canoga Park Pierce Collg, CA" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  58. ↑ "Pacific Ocean Temperatures on California Coast". beachcalifornia.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  59. ↑ "Los Angeles Climate Guide". weather2travel.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  60. ↑ "Climate of California". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  61. ↑ Poole, Matthew R. (September 22, 2010). Frommer's Los Angeles 2011. John Wiley & Sons. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-470-62619-1. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  62. ↑ Burt, Christopher C.; Stroud, Mark (June 26, 2007). Extreme weather: a guide & record book. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-393-33015-1. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  63. ↑ Pool, Bob; Lin II, Rong-Gong (September 27, 2010). "L.A.'s hottest day ever". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  64. ↑ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 
  65. ↑ "LOS ANGELES/WBO CA Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 20, 2013. 
  66. ↑ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  67. ↑ Pool, Bob (February 19, 2009). "L.A. neighborhoods, you're on the map". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-02. 
  68. ↑ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1999). New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities. U of Minnesota Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8166-3336-4. Retrieved 2011-10-02. 
  69. ↑ "Is Los Angeles really the creative capital of the world? Report says yes". SmartPlanet. November 19, 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Only In LA: Tapping L.A. Innovation". USC Stevens Institute. Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
  71. ↑ Waxman, Sharon (January 31, 2006). "At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
  72. ↑ "Explore the Center". Music Center of Los Angeles County. Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "The Los Angeles Region". Loyola Marymount University. May 5, 2008. Retrieved 2011-10-20. 
  74. ↑ "Overview". LACMA. Retrieved 2011-10-20. 
  75. ↑ Boehm, Mike (March 16, 2009). "Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-20. 
  76. ↑ Mather, Kate (August 5, 2011). "Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-20. 
  77. ↑ "Allocation". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 2011-10-20. 
  78. ↑ Leonard Pitt, Dale Pitt (1997). Los Angeles A to Z. University of California Press. pp. 560–561. ISBN 0-520-20530-8. 
  79. ↑ "Ducks History: The Ducks Look". National Hockey League. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
  80. ↑ "Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring announces move of NFL franchise". Business Wire. February 2, 1996. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
  81. ↑ "L.A. NFL stadium agreement approved by City Council on 12-0 vote – latimes.com". Los Angeles Times. August 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
  82. ↑ "Los Angeles To Host 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games". Special Olympics. September 14, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
  83. ↑ Pomfret, John (April 2, 2006). "Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights". Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
  84. ↑ Stammer, Larry B.; Becerra, Hector (September 4, 2002). "Pomp Past, Masses Flock to Cathedral". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
  85. ↑ "World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember.com. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
  86. ↑ "Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues". Jewish Heritage Report (1). March 1997. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
  87. ↑ "Los Angeles's Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians". Jewish Heritage Report II (1–2). Spring-Summer 1998. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
  88. ↑ Luscombe, Belinda (August 6, 2006). "Madonna Finds A Cause". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
  89. ↑ "LDS – Los Angeles California Temple". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "Los Angeles: Economy". City-data.com. Retrieved 2011-10-07. 
  91. ↑ "Gross Metropolitan Product". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved 2011-10-09. 
  92. ↑ "CIA World Factbook, 2009: GDP (official exchange rate)". October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-09. 
  93. ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2012". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. GaWC Loughborough University. Retrieved 2014-01-25. 
  94. ↑ George, Evan (December 11, 2006). "Trojan Dollars: Study Finds USC Worth $4 Billion Annually to L.A. County". Los Angeles Downtown News. Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. 
  95. ↑ "City of Los Angeles CAFR" (PDF). p. 332 (367). Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
  96. ↑ "US Census, District information". Census.gov. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  97. ↑ "LA Public Library". Lapl.org. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  98. ↑ Woolsey, Matt (April 25, 2008). "Best And Worst Cities For Commuters". Forbes. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  99. ↑ Woolsey, Matt. "In Depth: 10 Worst Cities For Commuters". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  100. ↑ "American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802". U.S. Census Bureau. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "Ridership Statistics". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  102. ↑ Christie, Les (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". Cable News Network. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  103. ↑ "Public Transit Ridership Report". American Public Transportation Association. First Quarter 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
  104. ↑ "United Airlines – Vacation Planning at United.com: Visit Los Angeles". United.com. Retrieved 2011-10-25. 
  105. ↑ "Van Nuys Airport General Description". Los Angeles World Airports. Retrieved 2011-10-25. 
  106. ↑ Facilities – The Port of Los Angeles site
  107. ↑ "Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-16. 
  108. ↑ "Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association". Harboremployers.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16. 
  109. ↑ "AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-16. 
  110. ↑ About the Port – The Port of Los Angeles site
  111. ↑ Moffatt, Riley (1996). Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow. p. 41. 
  112. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2012-08-09. 
  113. ↑ All data are derived from the United States Census Bureau reports from the 2010 United States Census, and are accessible on-line here. The data on unmarried partnerships and same-sex married couples are from the Census report DEC_10_SF1_PCT15. All other housing and population data are from Census report DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Both reports are viewable online or downloadable in a zip file containing a comma-delimited data file. The area data, from which densities are calculated, are available on-line here. Percentage totals may not add to 100% due to rounding. The Census Bureau defines families as a household containing one or more people related to the householder by birth, opposite-sex marriage, or adoption. People living in group quarters are tabulated by the Census Bureau as neither owners nor renters. For further details, see the text files accompanying the data files containing the Census reports mentioned above.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 114.5 114.6 "Los Angeles (city), California". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-12-16. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 115.4 "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. 
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 From 15% sample
  117. ↑ Hispanic origin based on the White population of Spanish mother tongue.
  118. ↑ "City basics". Lacity.org. April 12, 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  119. ↑ Ray, MaryEllen Bell; The City of Watts, California: 1907 to 1926, Los Angeles: Rising Publications, 1985. A definitive early history.
  120. ↑ "History of the City | About Compton". Comptoncity.org. 1933-03-10. Retrieved 2010-08-30. 
  121. ↑ Fuestch, Michelle (March 13, 1991). "Samoans Protest Killing of 2 Brothers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-04-04. 
  122. ↑ According to Gordon J. MacDonald, geophysicist and professor formerly with the University of California, San Diego, quoted in Bowman, Chris (July 8, 2008). "Smoke is Normal – for 1800". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  123. ↑ Gordon J. MacDonald. "Environment: Evolution of a Concept". p. 2. "The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into “the valley of smoke.”" 
  124. ↑ Stimson, Thomas E. (July 1955). What can we do about smog?. Popular Mechanics. p. 65. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  125. ↑ Smog Hangs Over Olympic Athletes. New Scientist. August 11, 1983. p. 393. ISSN 0262-4079. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
  126. ↑ "People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Short-Term Particle Pollution". American Lung Association. Archived from the original on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2011-10-07. 
  127. ↑ "Pittsburgh and Los Angeles the most polluted US cities". citymayors.com. May 4, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2011-10-07. 
  128. ↑ "Los Angeles meets 20 percent renewable energy goal". Bloomberg. January 14, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2011-10-07. 
  129. ↑ "John Buccigross « ESPN MediaZone". Espnmediazone.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15. 
  130. ↑ "Crime rate lowest in 50 years, LAPD says". Los Angeles Wave. Wire services. January 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-14.  Northeast Edition.
  131. ↑ "LAPD year-end crime statistics". Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  132. ↑ "LAPD Online Crime Rates" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  133. ↑ "Simmons, Randal". LAPD. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  134. ↑ "LAPD City Murder Rate Drops 16 Percent". Retrieved 2014-02-04. 
  135. ↑ "The Mafia Encyclopedia. mafia машины. three 6 mafia. тренер mafia". Mafia.z04.org.ua. November 12, 1926. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  136. ↑ DeVico, Peter (2007). The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra. Tate Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 1-60247-254-8. Retrieved 2012-09-06. 
  137. ↑ "Los Angeles Police Department Gang subsite". Lapdonline.org. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  138. ↑ "Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs". Reuters AlertNet. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. 
  139. ↑ "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". sistercities.lacity.org. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 
  140. ↑ "Bordeaux - Rayonnement européen et mondial". Mairie de Bordeaux (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29. 
  141. ↑ "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29. 
  142. ↑ "Berlin - City Partnerships". Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-09-17. 
  143. ↑ "Guangzhou Sister Cities[via WaybackMachine.com]". Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21. 
  144. ↑ "Vancouver Twinning Relationships" (PDF). City of Vancouver. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  145. ↑ "Gradovi prijatelji Splita" [Split Twin Towns]. Grad Split [Split Official City Website] (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2013-12-19. 
  146. ↑ "Yerevan - Twin Towns & Sister Cities". Yerevan Municipality Official Website. © 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am. Retrieved 2013-11-04. 
  147. ↑ "Twinning link with LA". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
  148. ↑ "Sister cities of Los Angeles, Inc". 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  149. ↑ "Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership". The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2008-08-07. 

Further reading

General
  • Carey McWilliams (2009). Southern California: An Island on the Land (9th ed.). Peregrine Smith. ISBN 978-0-87905-007-8. 
  • Richard White (1991). It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2567-1. 
  • David Rieff (1992). Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-79210-7. 
  • Peter Theroux (1994). Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31394-9. 
  • Paul Glover (1995). Los Angeles: A History of the Future. Greenplanners. ISBN 978-0-9622911-0-4. 
  • Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt (2000). Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20530-7. 
  • Kevin Starr and David Ulin (2009). Jim Heimann, ed. Los Angeles: Portrait of a City. Taschen America. ISBN 978-3-8365-0291-7. 
Architecture and urban theory
  • Reyner Banham (2009). Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26015-3. 
  • Mike Davis (2006). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-568-5. 
  • Robert M. Fogelson (1993). The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08230-4. 
  • Norman M. Klein (1997). The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-242-4. 
  • Sam Hall Kaplan (2000). L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles. Hennessey and Ingalls. ISBN 978-0-940512-23-8. 
  • Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander (2013). Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940-1990. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-128-2. 
Race relations
  • Rodolfo Acuña (1996). Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-031-3. Retrieved 2011-09-30. 
  • Lynell George (1992). No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels. Verso. ISBN 978-0-86091-389-4. 
  • Josh Sides (2006). L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24830-4. 
  • Eduardo Obregón Pagán (2006). Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5494-5. 
  • R. J. Smith (2007). The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-521-4. 
LGBT
  • Lillian Faderman and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02288-X. 
  • Daniel Hurewitz (2007). Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24925-9. 
Environment
Art and literature
  • David L. Ulin, ed. (2002). Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology. Library of America. ISBN 978-1-931082-27-3. 
  • Cécile Whiting (2008). Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25634-7. 

External links

Find more about Los Angeles at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Los Angeles" article dated 2011-10-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.