Llewellyn Formation
| Llewellyn Formation Stratigraphic range: Late Pennsylvanian, ~300Ma | |
|---|---|
 A hand sample of the bottom of the Llewellyn from St. Clair, Pennsylvania | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | none |
| Sub-units | none (most economic coal beds are named) |
| Thickness | up to 1,500 feet (460 m)[1] |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | Shale, Conglomerate, Coal |
| Location | |
| Region |
Appalachian Basin of eastern North America |
| Extent | Anthracite fields of Pennsylvania |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Llewellyn, Pennsylvania |
| Named by | G. Wood, 1964 |
The Llewellyn Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in eastern Pennsylvania. It was previously known as the "coal measures" and the post-Pottsville rocks. The formation is named for the community of Llewellyn in Schuylkill County.[1]
Description
The Llewellyn is defined as a gray, fine to coarse grained sandstone, siltstone, shale, conglomerate, and anthracite coal in repetitive sequences. Although gray (light to dark) is the dominant color, other colors described include: buff, dark to light brown, and black.[2]
Depositional Environment
The Llewellyn was deposited upon a broad flat plain with sediment-choked rivers delivering detritus from the eroding uplands that were located to the southeast. Fluctuations in sea-level, coupled with the shifting nature of the rivers and highlands allowed dense forests to grow on the broad plain. As a result, a large amount of organic matter was buried and eventually turned to coal. The repetitive nature of these sediments have been well documented and are often called cyclothems.[3]
Fossils
Nearly 100 fossils have been identified in the Llewellyn; almost all of them have been plants. The major divisions of flora that have been recognized include: Lycopodiophyta, Arthrophyta, Pteridophyta, and Pteridospermatophyta.[4] Fossils have been recovered from evey rock type in the Llewellyn but are predominantly found in the siltstone, shale, and coal layers.
Notable Exposures
- Bear Valley Strip Mine, located west of Shamokin in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
Age
Relative and fossil age dating of the Llewellyn places it in the late-Middle to Late Pennsylvanian, being deposited between 308 to 300 (±1) million years ago. It was thought that the uppermost beds of the Llewellyn were of Permian in age, but no fossils have been found from that era. The bottom of the formation is placed either at the bottom of Buck Mountain (no. 5) coal bed or at the bottom of the underclay or shale bed below this coal measure. Since this is the last bed deposited in the Appalachian Basin in eastern Pennsylvania that still exists, only recent alluvial and colluvial deposits rest on top.[3][5]
Economic Uses
The economic gains of this formation have been exploited to their greatest potential in years past. The peak year of anthracite production was in 1917 when nearly 100 million tons were mined. Anthracite production has declined every year since then. Recently, the old spoils of the mining operations (culm) have been refined to extract more coal for power production.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wood, G.H., Trexler, J.P., Kehn, T.M., (1964). Geology of the West-Central Part of the Southern Anthracite Field and Adjoining Areas, Pennsylvania. United States Geological Survey, C-46.
- ↑ Berg, T.M., Edmunds, W.E., Geyer, A.R. and others, compilers, (1980). Geologic Map of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Map 1, scale 1:250,000.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Edmunds, W.E., (2002), Coal in Pennsylvania (2nd ed.): Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Educational Series 7.
- ↑ Oleksyshyn, J. (1982). Fossil Plants from the Anthracite Coal Fields of Eastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, G72.
- ↑ Berg, T.M., et al., (1983). Stratagraphic Correlation Chart of Pennsylvania: G75, Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.