Little Canada
Little Canada (French: le petit Canada) is a name for any of the various communities where French Canadians congregated upon emigrating to the United States, in particular New England, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A variant of Canadian French known as New England French is still spoken in parts of New England.[1]
History
Approximately 900,000 French-Canadians emigrated to the United States in the period of 1840-1930 during the first wave of the Quebec diaspora. The vast majority of these francophones settled in the six New England states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont, as well as northern New York State.
Emigrants moved to states close to Quebec, particularly those bordering the province, because of their generally impoverished condition and lack of jobs as a result of a poor economy over-reliant on agriculture. Centers of the New England textile industry such as Lowell, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Lewiston, Maine; and Woonsocket, Rhode Island were major destinations for Quebec labor.
French Canadians from other provinces often moved elsewhere: those from Ontario typically emigrated to Illinois and Michigan, while those from Manitoba and other Western provinces usually emigrated to Minnesota and Wisconsin. Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota boasted a large French Canadian community in 1900.
One of the more famous "Little Canadas" was the West Side of Manchester, New Hampshire, a city with a large French-speaking population due to the recruitment of labor in Quebec to work in the textile mills in the 19th and 20th centuries. "La Caisse Populaire Ste. Marie," or "St. Mary's Bank," located in Manchester's Little Canada, was the first credit union chartered in the United States, specifically founded to serve the French Canadian population. The credit union, or "people's bank" ("la caisse populaire") was a financial institution pioneered in Quebec, by Quebecers who had difficulty obtaining credit from banks controlled by anglophone Canadians.
The most noted resident of Manchester's "petit Canada" was Grace Metalious, author of the best-selling novel Peyton Place. Interestingly, Metalious denied her French Canadian heritage and mostly lived in non-French Canadian neighborhoods in Manchester, due to her mother's desire to avoid prejudice. During World War II, Metalious eventually had to live in Little Canada after her husband went off to war due to a housing shortage.
Revlon founder Charles Revson, of Russian-Jewish extraction, grew up in a cold-water tenement in Manchester's Little Canada.
Other prominent Little Canadas were found in Lowell, Massachusetts, the home of novelist Jack Kerouac, and Lewiston, Maine.[2]
Today, New England French (essentially a variety of Canadian French) is spoken in parts of New England, in particular Maine.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=5ZkXdBzYjzcC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=little+canada+french+canadians&source=web&ots=2BtWpc33yU&sig=dA5Cy_SZiGLroId0sep1_hKk6n8
External links
- French Canadian Emigration to the United States, 1840-1930
- History of St. Mary's Bank
- Photo of the first credit union in the U.S.
- Excerpt from "Fire and Ice," Andrew Tobias' biography of Charles Revson
- Salem as "Little Canada": French-Canadian Connections and Franco-American Heritage in Salem, Massachusetts
- Report of the Town and County Historian on the Area Known as "Little Canada" in the Town of Indian Lake
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