List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
The list of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes encompasses 35 tropical cyclones that reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale within the Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator), Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes of such intensity are somewhat infrequent in the Atlantic basin, occurring only once every three years on average. Landfalls by such storms are rare due to the generally northeastward path of tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere's mid-latitudes. The Westerlies, winds blowing from west to east, tend to recurve strong hurricanes toward colder waters in the higher latitudes. However, large-scale easterly surface winds in the tropics may steer strong hurricanes into the Caribbean Sea toward land areas.
Only six times—in the 1932, 1933, 1960, 1961, 2005, and 2007 hurricane seasons—has more than one Category 5 hurricane formed. Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 hurricanes formed, and only in 2007 has more than one made landfall at Category 5 strength.[1]
Statistics
| Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
A Category 5 hurricane has sustained winds greater than 136 knots (157 mph; 252 km/h). "Sustained winds" refers to the average wind speed observed over one minute at 10 metres (32 ft 9.7 in) above ground, which is the standard height windspeed is measured at to avoid interference by obstacles and obstructions. Brief gusts in hurricanes are typically up to 50 percent higher than sustained winds.[2] Because a hurricane is (usually) a moving system, the wind field is asymmetric, with the strongest winds on the right side (in the Northern Hemisphere), relative to the direction of motion. The highest winds given in advisories are those from the right side.[3]
Between 1924 and 2007, 35 hurricanes were recorded at Category 5 strength. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. The anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846. However, during major hurricane strikes the instruments as a whole were often blown away, leaving the hurricane′s peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[4]
A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5.[5] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[6] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a “giant hurricane” significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[7]
Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 (before naming began) and again between 1960 and 1969. (Ethel, Donna, Carla, Hattie, Beulah, and Camille).[1]
Six Atlantic hurricanes—Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean and Felix—have reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. However, no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times, as Allen, Isabel and Ivan each reached that intensity on three separate occasions. Andrew, Dean and Felix are the only other storms to have reached Category 5 on multiple occasions, each doing it twice. The November 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for most time spent as a Category 5 (although it took place before satellite or reconnaissance so the record may be somewhat suspect).[1][8]
The minimum pressure of the more recent systems was measured by recon aircraft using dropsondes, or by determining it from satellite imagery using the Dvorak technique. For older storms, pressures are often incomplete. The only readings came from ship reports, land observations, or aircraft reconnaissance. None of these methods can provide constant pressure measurements. Thus, sometimes the only measurement can be from when the hurricane was not a Category 5. Consequently, the lowest measurement is sometimes unrealistically high for a Category 5 hurricane.
These pressure values do not match up with the wind readings. This happens because the wind speed of a hurricane depends on both its size and how rapidly the pressure drops as the hurricane's center approaches. Thus, a hurricane in an environment of high ambient pressure will have stronger winds than a hurricane in an environment of low ambient pressure, even if they have identical central pressures.[9]
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
| Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 5 | Time as a Category 5 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure (hPa & inHg) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Cuba" | October 19, 1924 1924 | October 19 | 12 hours | 165 mph (270 km/h) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | |
| San Felipe II-"Okeechobee" | September 13, 1928 1928 | September 13–14 | 12 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | |
| "Bahamas" | September 5, 1932 1932 | September 5–6 | 24 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) | |
| "Cuba" | November 5, 1932 1932 | November 5–8 | 78 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | |
| "Cuba–Brownsville" | August 30, 1933 1933 | August 30 | 12 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | |
| "Tampico" | September 21, 1933 1933 | September 21 | 12 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | |
| "Labor Day" | September 3, 1935 1935 | September 3 | 18 hours | 185 mph (295 km/h) | 892 hPa (26.34 inHg) | |
| "New England" | September 19, 1938 1938 | September 19–20 | 18 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | |
| "Fort Lauderdale" | September 16, 1947 1947 | September 16–17 | 30 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) | |
| Dog | September 5, 1950 1950 | September 5–7 | 60 hours | 185 mph (295 km/h) | 948 hPa (27.99 inHg) | |
| Easy | September 7, 1951 1951 | September 7–8 | 18 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) | |
| Janet | September 27, 1955 1955 | September 27–28 | 18 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 914 hPa (27.0 inHg) | |
| Cleo | August 16, 1958 1958 | August 16 | 6 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 948 hPa (27.99 inHg) | |
| Donna | September 4, 1960 1960 | September 4 | 12 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | |
| Ethel | September 15, 1960 1960 | September 15 | 6 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | |
| Carla | September 11, 1961 1961 | September 11 | 18 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) | |
| Hattie | October 30, 1961 1961 | October 30–31 | 18 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | |
| Beulah | September 20, 1967 1967 | September 20 | 18 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 923 hPa (27.26 inHg) | |
| Camille | August 17, 1969 1969 | August 17–18 | 18 hours | 190 mph (305 km/h) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | |
| Edith | September 9, 1971 1971 | September 9 | 6 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) | |
| Anita | September 2, 1977 1977 | September 2 | 12 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 926 hPa (27.34 inHg) | |
| David | August 30, 1979 1979 | August 30–31 | 42 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) | |
| Allen | August 5, 1980 1980 | August 5–9† | 72 hours | 190 mph (305 km/h) | 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) | |
| Gilbert | September 13, 1988 1988 | September 13–14 | 24 hours | 185 mph (295 km/h) | 888 hPa (26.22 inHg) | |
| Hugo | September 15, 1989 1989 | September 15 | 6 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) | |
| Andrew | August 23, 1992 1992 | August 23–24† | 16 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) | |
| Mitch | October 26, 1998 1998 | October 26–28 | 42 hours | 180 mph (285 km/h) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | |
| Isabel | September 11, 2003 2003 | September 11–14† | 42 hours | 165 mph (270 km/h) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | |
| Ivan | September 9, 2004 2004 | September 9–14† | 60 hours | 165 mph (270 km/h) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | |
| Emily | July 16, 2005 2005 | July 16 | 6 hours | 160 mph (260 km/h) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | |
| Katrina | September 28, 2005 2005 | August 28–29 | 18 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) | |
| Rita | September 21, 2005 2005 | September 21–22 | 24 hours | 180 mph (285 km/h) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) | |
| Wilma | October 19, 2005 2005 | October 19 | 18 hours | 185 mph (295 km/h) | 882 hPa (26.05 inHg) | |
| Dean | August 18, 2007 2007 | August 18–21† | 24 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | |
| Felix | September 3, 2007 2007 | September 3–4† | 24 hours | 175 mph (280 km/h) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | |
| Reference=[1] †= Attained Category 5 status more than once | ||||||
Climatology
Thirty-five Category 5s have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851, when records began. Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July, eight in August, twenty in September, four in October, and one in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[1]
The July and August Category 5s reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[1][10]
September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[11] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[10] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde-type storms, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[12]
All five Category 5s in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[10] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters. Originally, there were only three Category 5s discovered in October, but reanalysis found out that a Hurricane in 1924 also reached that intensity during the month, so four Category 5s developed in October.[1]
Landfalls
All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes except Dog, Easy, and Cleo (1958) have made landfall at some location at some strength. Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[13] Thirteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity;[1] 2007 is the only year in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[1]
Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, or cooler waters near shore.[14] In southern Florida, the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years.[15]
The hurricanes are listed in chronological order with their landfalls indicated. Because they never made landfall, Hurricanes Dog, Easy, and Cleo (1958) are not included. Hurricane Dog is the only Category 5 hurricane that did not make landfall but still caused deaths and damage.
The following table is based on the intensity at landfall, separated by category on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.
See also
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (June 18, 2013). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. "Tropical Cyclone FAQ Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-03-16.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. "Tropical Cyclone FAQ Subject: D6) Why are the strongest winds in a hurricane typically on the right side of the storm?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-03-16.
- ↑ Hudgins, James E. (2000). "Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586". National Weather Service Office Blacksburg, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ↑ Staff writer (2010-06-08). "Re-analysis Project". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Project. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ↑ Donnelly, J. P. (2005). "Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments: A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA". Journal of Coastal Research SI42: 201–210. ISSN 0749-0208. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
- ↑ Mccloskey, T; G Keller (2009). "5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize". Quaternary International 195 (1-2): 53–68. Bibcode:2009QuInt.195...53M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003. ISSN 1040-6182. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ↑ Rappaport, Edward N. "Addendum Hurricane Andrew". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. "Tropical Cyclone FAQ Subject: D9) What causes each hurricane to have a different maximum wind speed for a given minimum sea-level pressure?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-03-16.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Staff writer (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ↑ Dorst, Neal (2010-06-10). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G1) When is hurricane season ?". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. (2010-06-08). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ A2) What is a "Cape Verde" hurricane?". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W (2010-06-08). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G8) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S., but never the West coast?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ↑ Knabb, Richard D.; Rhome, Jamie R. Brown, Daniel P. (2005-12-20). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Katrina". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 4. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ↑ Landsea, Christopher W.; Franklin, James L. McAdie, Colin J. Beven, John L. Gross, James M. Jarvinen, Brian R. Pasch, Richard J. Rappaport, Edward N. Dunion, Jason P. Dodge Peter P. (2004). "A Reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85 (11): 1699. Bibcode:2004BAMS...85.1699L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1699. ISSN 0003-0007. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
External links
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