List of Burmese monarchs

History of Burma
Prehistory 11,000–200 BCE Pyu city-states 200 BCE–1050 CE (Sri Ksetra Kingdom) Mon kingdoms 825?–1057 Arakanese kingdoms 788?–1406
Pagan Dynasty 849–1297 Warring states period Upper Burma 1297–1555 Myinsaing and Pinya 1297–1364 Sagaing 1315–1364 Ava 1364–1555 Prome 1482–1542 Ramanya 1287–1539, 1550–1552 Shan states 1215–1563 Arakan 1429–1785 Taungoo Dynasty 1510–1752 Toungoo Empire 1530–1599 Nyaungyan period 1599–1752 Restored Hanthawaddy 1740–1757 Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1885
British colonial period 1824–1948 Anglo-Burmese wars 1824–1885 Nationalist movement 1900–1948 Japanese occupation 1942–1945
Modern era 1948–present Union of Burma 1948–1962 Socialist Republic 1962–1988 Union of Myanmar 1988–2010 Political reforms 2011–2012
Timeline List of capitals List of leaders Royal chronicles Military history
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This is a list of the monarchs of Burma (Myanmar), covering the monarchs of all the major kingdoms that existed in the present day Burma (Myanmar). Although Burmese chronicle tradition maintains that various monarchies of Burma (Mon, Burman, Arakanese), began in the 9th century BCE, historically verified data date back only to 1044 CE at the accession of Anawrahta of Pagan. The farther away the data are from 1044, the less verifiable they are. For example, the founding of the city of Pagan (Bagan) in the 9th century is verifiable–although the accuracy of the actual date, given in the Chronicles as 849, remains in question–but the founding of early Pagan dynasty, given as the 2nd century, is not.^[1] For early kingdoms, see List of early and legendary monarchs of Burma.

The names of monarchs and their English spellings generally follow those given by G.E. Harvey and Htin Aung. The reign dates follow the latest available dates as discussed in each section.

Early kingdoms

• See List of early and legendary monarchs of Burma.

Pagan (849–1297)

Early Pagan (to 1044)

Below is a partial list of early Pagan kings as reported by Hmannan Yazawin (the Glass Palace Chronicle), shown in comparison with Hmannan dates adjusted to inscriptionally verified Anawrahta's accession date of 1044 and the list of Zatadawbon Yazawin (the Royal Horoscopes Chronicle).^[2][3] Prior to Anawrahta, inscriptional evidence exists thus far only for Nyaung-u Sawrahan and Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu. The list starts from Pyinbya, the fortifier of Pagan (Bagan) according to Hmannan.

Name	Image	Reign per Hmannan Yazawin / Hmannan adjusted to 1044	Reign per Zatadawbon Yazawin	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Pyinbya		846–878 / 874–906	846–886
Tannet		878–906 / 906–934	886–904	Son
Sale Ngahkwe		906–915 / 934–943	904–934	Usurper
Theinhko		915–931 / 943–959	934–956	Son
Nyaung-u Sawrahan		931–964 / 959–992	956–1001	Usurper
Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu		964–986 / 992–1014	1001–1021	Son of Tannet
Kyiso		986–992 / 1014–1020	1021–1038	Son of Nyaung-u Sawrahan
Sokkate		992–1017 / 1020–1044	1038–1044	Brother

Pagan Empire

The list generally follows the chronicle reported order and reign dates except for Kyansittha and from Kyaswa to Narathihapate for whom Luce's revised reign dates are used. Luce does not recognize Naratheinkha, and proposes an interregnum of nine years between 1165 and 1174. But Luce's gap has been rigorously questioned.^[4]

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Anawrahta		16 December 1044	23 March 1078	Son of Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
Sawlu		23 March 1078	c. April 1084	Son
Kyansittha		c. April 1084	1112 or 1113	Half-brother
Sithu I		1112 or 1113	c. January 1168	Grandson
Narathu		c. January 1168	c. February 1171	Son
Naratheinkha		c. February 1171	May 1174	Son
Sithu II		May 1174	18 August 1211	Brother
Htilominlo		18 August 1211	19 July 1235	Son
Kyaswa		19 July 1235	c. May 1251	Son
Uzana		c. May 1251	May 1256	Son
Narathihapate		May 1256	December 1287	Son
Interregnum (1287–1289)
Kyawswa		30 May 1289	17 December 1297[5]	Son

Small kingdoms

Myinsaing (1297–1310)

According to the chronicles, Yazathingyan died after five years of reign c. 1302/03.^[6] But a contemporary commemorative inscription of King Athinhkaya's death states that Yazathingyan was still alive when Athinhkaya died on 13 April 1310, and that the two remaining brothers continued to rule the country. Historian Than Tun believes the Hmannan narratives that Yazathingyan was already dead in 1310, and that Athinhkaya was poisoned by Thihathu are both incorrect.^[7] However, no other inscriptional evidence of Yazathingyan's existence beyond 1310 has been discovered. (The chronicles indeed do not mention Yazathingyan beyond 1302/03 since he was already dead according to them.)

Pinya (1310–1364)

Thihathu reigned at Pinle from 13 April 1310 to 11 February 1313 when he moved his capital to Pinya. The dates below are by Than Tun and Gordon Luce who had checked the chronicle reported dates with inscriptions. Myinsaing Sithu does not appear in any of the chronicles.^[8]

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Thihathu		13 April 1310	c. February 1325	Brother of Athinhkaya and Yazathingyan
Uzana I		c. February 1325	1 September 1340	Adopted son of Thihathu; Son of Kyawswa of Pagan
Myinsaing Sithu		1 September 1340	29 March 1344	Maternal uncle?
Kyawswa I (Thihathu II)		29 March 1344	12 December 1350	Nephew and son-in-law
Kyawswa II		12 December 1350	19 March 1359	Son
Narathu of Pinya (Thihathu III)		19 March 1359	June 1364	Brother
Uzana II		June 1364	September 1364	Brother

Sagaing (1315–1364)

Most of the dates are by Than Tun and Gordon Luce who had checked the dates provided in the chronicles against the inscriptions.^[8] Sawyun's start of reign date and Minbyauk's end of reign date are per Hmannan.

Ava (1364–1555)

Different Burmese chronicles give similar but not identical dates for the regnal dates of the Ava period.^[9] The following table largely follows the dates given in Hmannan Yazawin and the table of regnal dates given in (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 352–355). The regnal dates by G.E. Harvey (Harvey 1925: 366) follow Zatadawbon Yazawin, whose dates for the most part are off by a year (a year later) than other chronicle and inscriptionally-verified dates.

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Thadominbya		April 1364	5 September 1367	Grandson of Sawyun
Swasawke		5 September 1367	May 1400	Grandson of Kyawswa of Pagan and grandnephew of Thihathu
Tarabya		May 1400	25 November 1400	Son
Minkhaung I		25 November 1400	c. February 1422	Half-brother
Thihathu		c. February 1422	August 1425	Son
Minhlange		August 1425	November 1425	Son
Kale Kyetaungnyo		November 1425	20 May 1426	Uncle
Mohnyin Thado		20 May 1426	May 1439	Descended from Kyawswa I of Pinya
Minyekyawswa		May 1439	January 1442	Son
Narapati I		25 April 1442	24 July 1468	Brother
Thihathura I		24 July 1468	c. August 1480	Son
Minkhaung II		c. August 1480	7 April 1501	Son
Thihathura II		1485	4 March 1501	Son Joint-king during Minkhaung II's reign
Narapati II		7 April 1501	25 March 1527	Son of Minkhaung II
Thohanbwa		25 March 1527	May 1542	Son of Sawlon of Mohnyin
Hkonmaing		June 1542	c. September 1545	Saopha of Thibaw
Narapati III		c. September 1545	c. November 1551	Son
Narapati IV		c. November 1551	22 January 1555	Saopha of Salin and governor of Sagaing

Prome (1482–1542)

See List of rulers of Prome for governors of Prome between the late Pagan and early Restored Toungoo periods.

Hanthawaddy (1287–1539, 1550–1552)

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Wareru		4 April 1287	January 1307	Founder
Hkun Law		January 1307	March 1311	Brother
Saw O		10 April 1311	September 1323	Nephew
Saw Zein		September 1323	April 1330	Brother
Zein Pun		April 1330	April 1330	Usurper
Saw E		April 1330	May 1330	Nephew of Saw Zein
Binnya E Law		May 1330	1348	Uncle; Son of Hkun Law
Binnya U		1348	23 January 1384	Nephew; Son of Saw Zein
Razadarit		23 January 1384	c. February 1421	Son
Binnya Dhammaraza		c. February 1421	1424	Son
Binnya Ran I		1424	1446	Brother
Binnya Waru		1446	30 May 1451	Nephew
Binnya Kyan		30 May 1451	c. June 1453	Cousin; Son of Binnya Dhamaraza
Leik Munhtaw		c. June 1453	c. January 1454	Cousin; Son of Binnya Ran
Shin Sawbu		c. January 1454	1471	Aunt; Daughter of Razadarit
Dhammazedi		1471	1492	Son in law
Binnya Ran II		1492	1526	Son
Takayutpi		1526	c. January 1539	Son
Toungoo rule (1539–1550)
Smim Sawhtut		June 1550	August 1550	Claimant to throne
Smim Htaw		August 1550	12 March 1552	Brother of Takayutpi

Mrauk-U (1429–1785)

The reign dates are per the Arakanese chronicle Rakhine Razawin Thit (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1931), converted into Western dates using (Eade 1989). The converted dates after 1582 are on the Gregorian calendar. (Some Arakanese chronicles state the foundation of the kingdom a year later, 1430. Moreover, the end of the kingdom is given per Burmese records, 2 January 1785. Arakanese records give a day earlier, 1 January 1785.)

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Saw Mon		18 April 1429	9 May 1433	Founder
Khayi		9 May 1433	c. January 1459	Brother
Ba Saw Phyu		c. January 1459	5 August 1482	Son
Dawlya		5 August 1482	c. February 1492	Son
Ba Saw Nyo		c. February 1492	c. January 1494	Uncle, son of Khayi
Ran Aung		c. January 1494	c. July 1494	Nephew, son of Dawlya
Salingathu		c. July 1494	February 1502	Maternal uncle
Raza		February 1502	c. November 1513	Son
Gazapati		c. November 1513	January 1515	Son
Saw O		January 1515	July 1515	Granduncle; brother of Salingathu
Thazata		July 1515	c. April 1521	Son of Dawlya
Minkhaung		c. April 1521	27 May 1531	Brother
Min Bin		27 May 1531	11 January 1554	Son of Min Raza
Dikkha		11 January 1554	6 March 1556	Son
Saw Hla		6 March 1556	24 July 1564	Son
Sekkya		24 July 1564	7 February 1572	Brother
Phalaung		7 February 1572	4 July 1593	Son of Min Bin
Razagri		4 July 1593	4 July 1612	Son
Khamaung		4 July 1612	14 May 1622	Son
Thiri Thudhamma		14 May 1622	29 May 1638	Son
Sanay		29 May 1638	17 June 1638	Son
Narapati		17 June 1638	13 December 1645	Great grandson of Min Bin
Thado		13 December 1645	c. May 1652	Son
Sanda Thudhamma		c. May 1652	11 June 1674	Son
Thiri Thudhamma		11 June 1674	16 April 1685	Son
Wara Dhammaraza		16 April 1685	20 June 1692	Brother
Muni Thudhammaraza		20 June 1692	20 December 1694	Elder brother
Sanda Thuriya I		20 December 1694	4 August 1696	Brother
Nawrahta		4 August 1696	18 August 1696	Son
Mayuppiya		18 August 1696	13 May 1697	Usurper
Kalamandat		16 May 1697	5 June 1698	Usurper
Naradipati I		5 June 1698	17 June 1700	Son of Sanda Thuriya
Sanda Wimala I		18 June 1700	30 March 1707	Grandson of Thado
Sanda Thuriya II		3 April 1707	September 1710	Grandson of Sanda Thudhamma
Interregnum ~2 months
Sanda Wizaya I		November 1710	April 1731	Usurper
Sanda Thuriya III		April 1731	1734	Son-in-law
Naradipati II		1734	1735	Son
Narapawara		1735	September 1737	Usurper
Sanda Wizaya II		September 1737	25 March 1738	Cousin
Madarit		28 March 1738	6 February 1743	Brother
Nara Apaya		6 February 1743	28 October 1761	Uncle
Thirithu		28 October 1761	3 February 1762	Son
Sanda Parama		3 February 1762	1 May 1764	Brother
Apaya		1 May 1764	17 January 1774	Brother-in-law
Sanda Thumana		17 January 1774	5 May 1777	Brother-in-law
Sanda Wimala II		6 May 1777	5 June 1777	Usurper
Sanda Thaditha		5 June 1777	1 December 1782	Usurper
Maha Thammada		2 December 1782	2 January 1785	Usurper

Toungoo (1510–1752)

See List of rulers of Toungoo for the viceroys and governors of Toungoo between 1279 and 1612.

The following are based on the reign dates in the Burmese calendar given in Maha Yazawin and Hmannan Yazawin chronicles. (The converted dates after 1582 are on the Gregorian calendar. Some books, e.g., Than Tun's Royal Orders of Burma (1983–1990), use old-style Julian dates for the entire Toungoo period.)

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Mingyinyo		16 October 1510	24 November 1530	Founder
Tabinshwehti		24 November 1530	30 April 1550	Son
Bayinnaung		30 April 1550	10 November 1581	Brother-in-law
Nanda		10 November 1581	19 December 1599	Son; nephew of Tabinshwehti
Nyaungyan		19 December 1599	3 March 1606	Half-brother
Anaukpetlun		3 March 1606	9 July 1628	Son
Minyedeippa		9 July 1628	19 August 1629	Son
Thalun		19 August 1629	27 August 1648	Uncle
Pindale		27 August 1648	3 June 1661	Son
Pye		3 June 1661	14 April 1672	Brother
Narawara		14 April 1672	27 February 1673	Son
Minyekyawdin		27 February 1673	4 May 1698	Nephew
Sanay		4 May 1698	12 September 1714	Son
Taninganway		12 September 1714	12 December 1733	Son
Mahadhammaraza Dipadi		12 December 1733	23 March 1752	Son

Restored Hanthawaddy (1740–1757)

Konbaung (1752–1885)

Name	Image	Reign From	Reign Until	Relationship with predecessor(s)
Alaungpaya		29 February 1752	11 May 1760	Founder
Naungdawgyi		11 May 1760	28 November 1763	Son
Hsinbyushin		28 November 1763	10 June 1776	Brother
Singu		10 June 1776	6 February 1782	Son
Phaungka		6 February 1782	11 February 1782	Cousin; Son of Naungdawgyi
Bodawpaya		11 February 1782	5 June 1819	Uncle; Alaungpaya's fourth son
Bagyidaw		5 June 1819	15 April 1837	Grandson
Tharrawaddy		15 April 1837	17 November 1846	Brother
Pagan		17 November 1846	18 February 1853	Son
Mindon		18 February 1853	1 October 1878	Brother
Thibaw		1 October 1878	29 November 1885	Son

Pretenders to the Burmese throne since 1885

Konbaung dynasty

• King Thibaw (1885–1916)
• Princess Myat Paya Lat (1916–1956)
• Princess Myat Phaya (1956–1962)
• Prince Taw Phaya (1962–Present)

See also

• List of early and legendary monarchs of Burma
• List of heirs to the Burmese thrones
• List of Arakanese monarchs
• List of Shan States rulers
• List of rulers of Prome
• List of rulers of Toungoo

Notes

References

• Aung-Thwin, Michael (1985). Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-0960-2. 
• Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828868. 
• Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 
• Eade, J.C. (1989). Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000. Ithaca: Cornell University. ISBN 0-87727-704-4. 
• Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1. 
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 
• Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 
• Htin Aung, Maung (1970). Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles. Oxford: The Asoka Society. 
• Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin Gyi (in Burmese) 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. 
• Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. 
• Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. 
• Royal Historians of Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein), ed. Zatadawbon Yazawin (1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma. 
• Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese) 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar. 
• Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (in Burmese) 1–2 (1997 ed.). Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay. 
• Than Tun (December 1959). "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". Journal of Burma Research Society XLII (II). 
• Than Tun (1964). Studies in Burmese History (in Burmese) 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon. 

v t e Burmese monarchs Pagan Dynasty 849–1297 Pyinbya Tannet Sale Ngahkwe Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Sawlu Kyansittha Alaungsithu Narathu Naratheinkha Narapatisithu Htilominlo Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa1 Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364 Athinhkaya2, Yazathingyan2 and Thihathu2 Thihathu Uzana I Sithu Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364 Sawyun Tarabya I Shwetaungtet Kyaswa Nawrahta Minye Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate Ava Kingdom 1364–1555 Thadominbya Swasawke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Minhlange Kale Kyetaungnyo Mohnyin Thado Minyekyawswa Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II2 and Thihathura II2 Narapati II Thohanbwa3 Hkonmaing3 Narapati III3 Narapati IV3 Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552 Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut4 Smim Htaw4 Mrauk U Kingdom 1429–1785 Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada Prome Kingdom 1482–1542 Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati5 Minkhaung5 Toungoo Dynasty 1510–1752 Mingyinyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minyedeippa Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minyekyawdin Sanay Taninganway Mahadhammaraza Dipadi Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740–1757 Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1885 Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw 1Mongol vassal (1297) 2Co-Regents 3Confederation of Shan States (1527–1555) 4Brief revival (1550–1552) 5Vassal of Confederation of Shan States (1533–1542)