Linden, Guyana
| Linden | |
|---|---|
  Linden | |
| Coordinates: 6°0′0″N 58°18′0″W / 6.00000°N 58.30000°WCoordinates: 6°0′0″N 58°18′0″W / 6.00000°N 58.30000°W | |
| Country |
 Guyana |
| Admin. division | Upper Demerara-Berbice |
| Elevation | 157 ft (48 m) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 29,298 |
Linden is the second largest town in Guyana after Georgetown, and capital of the Upper Demerara-Berbice region,[1] located at 6°0′0″N 58°18′0″W / 6.00000°N 58.30000°W, altitude 48 metres (160 feet). It was declared a town in 1970, and includes the communities of MacKenzie and Wismar. It lies on the Demerara River and has a population of roughly 29,298 (Bureau of Statistics, Population and Housing Census - 2002, GUYANA). It is primarily a bauxite mining town, containing many mines 60–90 metres deep, with many other pits now in disuse.
Points of interest
Upper Demerara-Berbice (Region 10) is a region of Guyana, bordering the regions of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Demerara-Mahaica and Mahaica-Berbice to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, and the regions of Potaro-Siparuni and Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the west. It contains Guyana's second largest city, Linden, with other towns including Ituni, Kalkuni, Kwakwani, Kurupakari, Rockstone, and Takama.
The Bauxite Company
Commercial bauxite mining started in Linden, eighty years ago. In 1916 the Demerara Bauxite Company Limited, known as DEMBA, a subsidiary of the Aluminum Company of Canada Limited, was established with the objective of mining, processing and selling bauxite.[2] The site chosen for this preliminary venture was on the Demerara River, 105 kilometres (65 mi) south of the capital city Georgetown. At that time there was no settlement in the area, except for the wards of Wismar, Guyana Wismar and Christianburg. Mackenzie, the center of the company's operations, takes its name from an American geologist of Scottish descent, George Bain Mackenzie, who first visited and explored the area for bauxite in 1913. He returned in 1914, bought lands for mining, and built several 45-ton wooden barges for use at the riverside near Three Friends Mine, which was the first mine to be worked.
Initially, bauxite was mined with shovels and pick axes and mule carts removing overburden. The bauxite was shipped in a crude form by loading it onto barges, which were towed down the river to ships moored midstream off the Georgetown harbor.
Over the years DEMBA established not only the machinery for crushing, sorting, washing, drying, storing and loading the ore that was mined, but also housing facilities for their permanent local and foreign work force. In addition, a complex of ancillary services, including a machine shop, carpentry shop, and an electrical shop a power generation and distribution system, potable water supply and a hospital was developed. The end product of this industrial, social and physical infrastructure was a compact township named Mackenzie, which depended on sources external to the bauxite community for its supply of food and spare parts. In keeping with its policy of controlling the important sectors of the country's economy, the Government of Guyana nationalized the assets of DEMBA on 15 July 1971, and replaced it with the Guyana Bauxite Company Limited (GUYBAU). The Bauxite Industry Development Company (BIDCO) was established in 1976, in Georgetown, as the holding Company of the bauxite industry.
A similar act of nationalization, on 1 January 1975, saw the sister company in Berbice — Reynolds Metal Company — becoming the Berbice Mining Enterprise Limited (BERMINE). With the Government of Guyana as a major shareholder, the move of nationalizing both bauxite entities set the stage for a close-knit unit. It was also more economical to coordinate the functions of GUYBAU and BERMINE under one holding. It further allowed for an arrangement in which financial, material and human resources could be optimally allocated within the bauxite mining and processing activities. As a result, the two entities were merged in October 1977, under the name of Guyana Mining Enterprise Limited (GUYMINE). The entities were subdivided into Berbice Operations and Linden Operations.
The Linden Mining Enterprise came into being in June 1992 when the Government signed an order under the Public Corporation Act to dissolve GUYMINE and convert the Berbice Operations and Linden operations into separate entities. Berbice Operations was reverted to the original name of Berbice Mining Enterprise Limited (BERMINE), and the Linden Operations was renamed Linden Mining Enterprise (LINMINE). LINMINE was placed under the management of an Australian firm - Mining and Processing Engineers - known as (MINPROC) for three
The three villages that made up Linden were previously known as Wismar-MacKenzie-Christianburg, but was renamed/unified in 1970 as a township under the name Linden by then President Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, also known as Forbes Burnham, after himself.[3]
Linden Museum
The "Linden Museum of Socio-Cultural Heritage" is located in the centre of Linden the museum is short distance away from the Demerara river. The museum displays artifacts and pictures of the rich culture and heritage of the Linden community; newspapers and journals since the 18th century. It is a real treat for historians and other visitors interested in the history of Linden. It shows the hard work and commitment of the people to develop and sustain the community.[4]
Christiansburg Water Wheel
In 1895 a Scottish engineer Mr. John Dagleish Patterson installed this very large iron wheel as prime mover for his sawmilling equipment. Patterson’s hydro-powered sawmill is the only one of its kind. The sawmill was dismantled but the water wheel remains as an example of how the timber industry was mechanized to exploit the rich natural resources of the area
Rockstone
Rockstone is just 14 miles (22 km) away from Linden. You follow the road to Brazil for about 11 km before branching off Rockstone; it has different species of birds, animals and forests. And home to some of the largest sweet water fishes.
Rockstone Fish Festival
The annual Rockstone Fish Festival began in September 2006; this even attracts approximately 1200 visitors both local and foreign and it runs within a 2 kilometers length of the Essequibo River with the centre attraction being Rockstone.
Registration for the competition usually starts at 05:00hrs, boats are available to take fishermen/women out to their favorite fishing spot; within the assigned jurisdictions and return for them at the conclusion of the competition at 15:00hrs, where all the participants will bring in their days catch and present them to representatives of the organizing committee which will be placed in the various categories to be judged. While the fish catching competition is taking place other activities are ongoing on land like fish cooking contest, fish de-boning competition, viewing of the winning entries from the Drawing and Essay competition that was held throughout schools in Region 10, display and sales of aquarium fishes and exhibition of fishing gears, supplies and equipments.
Gluck Island
Gluck Island is an uninhabited island off Rockstone in the Essequibo River. It is situated at a distance of some 70 km from the Essequibo mouth. Its an eco-tourist destination site it has several species of birds, animals and flora. The Victoria Regia Water Lily can be seen there blossoming with its more than 1 diameter giant leaves floating on lakes in a lush green environment. It is the nearest spot from Georgetown where you can observe this “natural phenomenon” in its original habitat. Scientist from Australia and Europe come to this part of world to study that plant.[5]
Big caimans can be spotted in the night when you approach them on a small boat equipped with a battery and a spotlight. The caimans' eyes sparkle over a long distance so that you can surely identify them. Early in the morning it’s the best time to see the Giant Otters playing on the various sandbanks of the Essequibo River or at the shores of Gluck Island.
About 200 species of birds have been identified so far after only two short expert missions. Macaws, various species of parrots, herons and other rare species await you once you benefit from very earlier morning or later afternoon hours when the mobility of the birds is high.
Linden unrest
In 1964, Wismar was the site of the Wismar Massacre, where rioting targeted at the Indian minority also led to the widespread destruction of property. The disturbances started on 20 May, escalating to murder on 25 May before the arrival of British troops on 26 May. During this period more than two hundred properties were destroyed by fire and more than fifty people reported physical assaults, including at least seven rapes. The riots also claimed five lives, R. Khan and P. Mirgin, Indian residents of Wismar were killed on 25 May, along with G. English, an alleged looter. B. Wharton died in a fire on 27 May, while I. Bridgewater was killed on the 28th.[6] The Wismar Massacre decreased the Indian population in Wismar, before the riots it was estimated at 3000. This fell to about 300 by the following July, as more than 3000 Indians were evacuated after the riots. The Wismar Massacre was triggered by the general climate of political and ethnic strife within Guyana in 1964. The murder of an African couple in Buxton on 21 May was the most recent violent event, in an extended period of unrest and is considered the trigger for the Wismar Massacre.[6]
On 6 July 1964 an explosion blew apart the Sun Chapman launch as it sailed up the Demerara river from Georgetown to Mackenzie. Forty-three people of mostly African descent died either due to the explosion or drowned when the launch sank.[7] Most of the thirty-three survivors,[7] including the entire crew, were those fortunate to be on the deck or bow [8] when the boat exploded. The Sun Chapman exploded shortly after leaving Horadia[7] about sixteen miles from Mackenzie. By 8 July, thirty-two bodies were recovered from the river and taken to the Mackenzie Hospital morgue to be buried.[9] Some badly decomposed bodies were also buried at Horadia.[7]
With forty-three fatalities, the sinking of the Sun Chapman is the single largest loss of Guyanese life. Most victims were Lindeners traveling home from Georgetown along the Demerara river. The river was commonly used for this journey before the Linden-Soesdyke highway was constructed in 1966. The explosion was caused by a bomb, but the persons responsible and the type of explosives used remains unknown, this has led to numerous theories about the bombing.
References
- ↑ http://www.lindentourism.com/content/blogcategory/1/50/
- ↑ http://guyanathenandnow.wordpress.com/history-of-the-bauxite-industry-2/
- ↑ http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/History/wismar/wismar%20page.htm
- ↑ http://www.lindentourism.com/
- ↑ http://www.lindentourism.com/downloads/tourist_facilities_gluckisland.pdf
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "REPORT OF THE WISMAR, CHRISTIANBURG AND MACKENZIE COMMISSION" The Wismar Commission Report, Georgetown, 29 January 1965.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Remembering Son Chapman four decades later" Kaieteur News, Georgetown, 5 July 2009.
- ↑ "Son Chapman’ victims remembered at touching ceremony" Kaieteur News, Georgetown, 7 July 2010.
- ↑ "MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. DAVIES-WEBB WITH REFERENCE TO THE SINKING OF THE SUN CHAPMAN" The Wismar Commission Report, Georgetown, 22 July 1964.
Linden websites
- Guymine.com - Linden's premier news website, published by US based Lindener Whiddon Sibdhannie Jr.
- Linden Fund - Charitable non-profit organisation focusing on Linden