Leslie Comrie

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Leslie Comrie
Born (1893-08-15)15 August 1893
Pukekohe, New Zealand
Died 11 December 1950(1950-12-11) (aged 57)
Nationality New Zealand
Fields Astronomy
Alma mater Auckland University College
Known for Ephemeris calculation automation
Influences Ernest William Brown
Influenced Wallace J. Eckert
Notable awards Fellow of the Royal Society[1]

Leslie John Comrie FRS[1] (15 August 1893 – 11 December 1950) was an astronomer and a pioneer in mechanical computation.

Life

Leslie John Comrie was born in Pukekohe (south of Auckland), New Zealand, on 15 August 1893. He attended Auckland University College (part of the University of New Zealand) from 1912 to 1916, graduating with BA and MA degrees with Honours in Chemistry.[2] During World War I, despite severe deafness, he saw action in France with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and lost his left leg in February 1918 to a British shell.[3] While convalescing he started using a mechanical calculator and went on to modify commercial calculators for specific projects.

Having joined while in school in New Zealand,[4] Comrie was eventually the first director (1920–1922) of the Computing Section of the British Astronomical Association. In 1923 he received a PhD from St John's College of the University of Cambridge. He traveled to the USA to teach at Swarthmore College and then Northwestern University in 1924 where he pioneered the teaching of numerical analysis. He returned to England to join HM Nautical Almanac Office at the Royal Greenwich Observatory where he became deputy superintendent in 1926.[5]

In April 1928 his article On the Construction of Tables by Interpolation described the use of punched card equipment for interpolating tables of data, comparing this with the less efficient and more error-prone methods using mechanical devices such as the pinwheel calculators under the Brunsviga brand name. Also in 1928, he was the first to use punched card equipment for scientific calculations, using Fourier synthesis to compute the principal terms in the motion of the Moon for 1935 to 2000 improving the predictions of Ernest William Brown. Wallace J. Eckert, an American student of Brown at Columbia University would in turn use the vast resources of IBM corporation to improve on the predictions even further.[6]

He was promoted to Superintendent of the Nautical Almanac Office in 1930. However, his unconventional use of machines for calculation caused tensions with his superiors, and he was suspended in August 1936.[7]

Comrie founded the world's first private company for scientific computing, incorporated as Scientific Computing Service, Limited in 1937.[8][9] During World War II he headed a team of 30 scientists to computerise war work, such as the creation of bombing tables for the Allies of World War II. Later he computerised British football pools.

After the war Comrie visited the USA and New Zealand in 1948.[10] Comrie was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in March 1950.[1]

He is also remembered for his work in astronomy, publishing both scientific and poplar articles on subjects from predicting eclipses to the green flash. He died aged 57 on 11 December 1950 after a series of strokes. A lunar crater (23.3N 112.7W) and an asteroid, 3521 Comrie, bear his name, as does the computer lab at his alma mater, the University of Auckland, named on the 50th anniversary of his death.[2]

Publications

  • with A. E. Levin; Levin (1921). "Eclipse of Rhea by the shadow of Titan". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 51: 486–487. Bibcode:1921MNRAS..81..486C. 
  • Comrie, L. J. (1928). "On the construction of, by interpolation tables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 88: 506–523. Bibcode:1928MNRAS..88..506C. 
  • "1928 March 9 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory 81: 105–106. 1928. Bibcode:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928Obs....51..105. 1928Obs....51..105.] 
  • Comrie, L. J. (1932). "The application of the Hollerith tabulating machine to Brown's tables of the moon". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 92: 694–707. Bibcode:1932MNRAS..92..694C. 
  • Comrie, L. J. (1933). "The computation of total solar eclipses". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 93: 175–181. Bibcode:1933MNRAS..93..175C. 
  • Comrie, L. J. (1933). "The total solar eclipse of 1940 October 1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 93: 181–184. Bibcode:1933MNRAS..93..181C. 
  • Comrie, L. J. (1937). "The application of the Brunsviga twin 13Z calculating machine to the Hartmann formula for the reduction of prismatic spectrograms". The Observatory 60: 70–73. Bibcode:1937Obs....60...70C. 
  • Comrie, L. J. (December 1942). "Errors in Mathematical Tables". Nature 150 (3816): 738. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..738C. doi:10.1038/150738b0. 
  • Comrie, L. J.; Burrough, S. M. (December 1941). "Line of Planets". Popular Astronomy 49: 397–398. Bibcode:1941PA.....49..397C. 
  • Comrie, L. J. (December 1949). "The Green (?) Flash (?)". Popular Astronomy 57: 42–43. Bibcode:1949PA.....57...42C. 

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Massey, H. S. W. (1952). "Leslie John Comrie. 1893-1950". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 (21): 96–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1952.0006. JSTOR 768801. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Garry Tee. "Comrie Lecture 2000". Department of Mathematics at the University of Auckland. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  3. ↑ Martin Campbell-Kelly, Mary Croarken, Raymond Flood (2003). The History of Mathematical Tables. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-850841-0. Retrieved 2009-01-07. 
  4. ↑ Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012. 
  5. ↑ "Obituary: Leslie John Comrie". The Observatory 71. 1951. pp. 24–26. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  6. ↑ Frank da Cruz. "Professor Wallace J. Eckert". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site. Columbia University. Retrieved June 5, 2010.  (includes photographs, references and bibliography)
  7. ↑ "Papers of Leslie John Comrie". Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  8. ↑ "NAHC/SCS Scientific Computing Service Ltd". UK National Archive for the History of Computing. University of Manchester Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. p. 106. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 
  9. ↑ Croarken, Mary (1999). "Case 5,656: L.J. Comrie and the origins of the Scientific Computing Service Ltd.". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 21 (4): 70–71. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1999.801536. 
  10. ↑ Ivan Leslie Thomsen (1966). "Comrie, Leslie John, F.R.S. (1893–1950)". In A. H. McLintock. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 

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