Leon of Modena
Leon Modena or Yehudah Aryeh Mi-modena (1571–1648) was a Jewish scholar born in Venice of a notable French family that had migrated to Italy after an expulsion of Jews from France.
Life
He was a precocious child and grew up to be a respected rabbi in Venice. However, his reputation within traditional Judaism suffered for a number of reasons, including an unyielding criticism of emerging sects within Judaism, an addiction to gambling, and lack of stable character. As Heinrich Graetz points out, this last factor prevented his gifts from maturing: "He pursued all sorts of occupations to support himself, viz. those of preacher, teacher of Jews and Christians, reader of prayers, interpreter, writer, proof-reader, bookseller, broker, merchant, rabbi, musician, matchmaker and manufacturer of amulets."
Though he failed to rise to real distinction, Leon of Modena earned a place in Jewish history in part by his criticism of the mystical approach to Judaism. One of his most effective works was his attack on the Kabbala (Ari Nohem, first published in 1840). In it, he attempted to demonstrate that the "Bible of the Kabbalists" (the Zohar) was a modern composition. He became best known, however, as the interpreter of Judaism to the Christian world.
He wrote an autobiography entitled "Chayye Yehuda," literally "the life of Judah". In this highly candid and sometimes emotional work, he admitted to being a compulsive gambler. He also mourned his children (two of whom died in his lifetime - one from natural causes and one killed by gangsters). Another son was a ne'er-do-well who traveled to Brazil and returned to Venice only after his father's death.
At the behest of an English nobleman, Leon prepared an account of Jewish customs and rituals, Historia de' riti hebraici (1637). This book was the first Jewish texts addressed to non-Jewish readers since the days of Josephus and Philo. It was widely read by Christians, rendered into various languages, and in 1650 was translated into English by Edmund Chilmead. At the time, the issue of whether Jews should be permitted to resettle in Britain was coming to the fore (See Resettlement of the Jews in England), and Leon of Modena's book did much to stimulate popular interest. He died in Venice.
Modena was certainly a musician and a friend of Salamone Rossi, it is not clear whether he was also a composer.[1]
Writings
Magen wa-hereb (Hebrew מגן וחרב "Shield and Sword") is his polemic masterpiece; an attack upon Christian dogmas. It was published in part together with the Magen wa-Zinnah ("Shield and Buckler") his defense of the Cabala against the attacks of Judah de Modena, by A. Geiger, Breslau, 1856. A new translation appeared in 2001. In Magen wa-hereb Leon Modena takes to task Christians their interpretations of Hebrew scriptures and refutes the claims of Jesus.[2]
Works
His written works include:
- She'elot u-Teshuvot Ziqnei Yehudah (Collected Responsa, Mossad ha-Rav Kook ed. Shelomo Simonson, 1956 )
- Beit Lechem Yehudah (Anthology of statements of Hazal organized by topic, Venice, 1625 and Prague, 1705
- Diwan (Collected Poems, JTS Publications, ed. Shimon Bernstein, 1932
- Ari Nohem (See above)
- Kitvei Y. A. Modena (Letters and musings, ed. Yehuda Blau, Budapest, 1906)
- Magen ve-Tzinah (Responsa, ed. A. Geiger, Breslau, 1857)
- Tzemach Tzadiq (Ethical Treatise: a recent translation into English of this work is now available on the Web)
- Lev ha-Aryeh (Monograph on Memory improvement and Mnemonics, in which he greatly extols the use of the method of loci )
- Sur me-Ra (A philosophical dialogue on gambling, written at the age of 13, Amsterdam 1692 , Vilna 1896
- Historia de' riti hebraici (See above, translated into Hebrew by Shelomo Rabin, Vienna, 1867 )
- Pi ha-Aryeh (Italian-Hebrew dictionary of all difficult words in Tanakh, Venice 1640
Appearances in popular culture
Leon of Modena is the basis of the character Judah Aryeh in the novel People of the Book by Geraldine Brooks.
References
- ↑ D. Harran, " 'Dum Recordaremur Sion': Music in the Life and Thought of the Venetian Rabbi Leon Modena (1571-1648),"
- ↑ A translation of the Magen wa-hereb by Leon Modena, 1571-1648 translated Allen Howard Podet - 2001 "Maimon and similar MSS: They have omitted the 'ayin from his name "Yeshu'a" and they called, and call him, "Yeshu". Since the Christians have dropped the 'ayin , they cannot now substitute the second letter hen of the Tetragrammaton for it.) 5. As initials, "Yeshu" signifies, "May his name be erased!" 6. Maimon and similar MSS: the letter 'ayin. and interpreted ysw [that is, to save] 7. Heb.: 'ayin be-'ayin, a double play on words 8. Maimon and similar MSS: And the completion of the initials and the Gematrias thereon [spell out] the known initials 9. Maimon and similar MSS: 4 1 0.Maimon and similar MSS: after that he said that he saw another beast "
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Leon of Modena". Encyclopædia Britannica 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 443
Bibliography
- H. Graetz, History of the Jews (Eng. trans.), vol. v. ch. iii
- Jewish Encyclopedia, viii. 6
- Geiger, Leon de Modena
- The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah. Trans. and ed. Mark R. Cohen. Princeton, 1988.
- Yaacob Dweck, The Scandal of Kabbalah: Leon Modena, Jewish Mysticism, Early Modern Venice. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2011.
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