Lars Levi Laestadius

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Lars Levi Laestadius

Laestadius in 1839
(Note the Medal of Honor worn on his left lapel).
Born 10 January 1800 (1800-01-10)
JĂ€ckvik, Arjeplog, Sweden
Died 21 February 1861 (1861-02-22)
Pajala
Ethnicity Swedish and Sami[1][2]
Occupation

Lutheran church minister

founder of revival movement

botanist, incl. expedition member

Sami mythology chronicler

Lars Levi Laestadius (10 January 1800 – 21 February 1861) was a Swedish Sami pastor and administrator of the Swedish state Lutheran church in Lapland who founded the Laestadian pietist revival movement to help his largely Sami congregations, who were being ravaged by alcoholism. Laestadius was also a noted botanist and an author. Laestadius himself became a teetotaller (except for his ongoing use of wine in holy Communion)[3] in the 1840s, when he began successfully awakening his Sami parishioners to the misery and destruction alcohol was causing them.

Early life

Birth and education

Laestadius was born in Swedish Lapland at JĂ€ckvik[4] near Arjeplog in the western mountainous parts of Norrbotten County, the northernmost county in Sweden, to Carl Laestadius (1746-1832)—a Swedish hunter, fisherman, tar-maker, and one-time silver mine bailiff, who lost his job due to alcoholism—and Anna Magdalena (nĂ©e Johanson) (1759-1824), a Southern Sami who was the elder Laestadius's second wife.[5][6] The family lived in poverty due to Carl Laestadius's alcoholism and extended absences. However, with help from Lars Levi's older half-brother Carl Erik Laestadius (1775-1817), a pastor at Kvikkjokk, with whom Lars Levi and his younger brother Petrus (1802-1841) lived part of their childhood, the boys were able to pursue educations, first at HĂ€rnösand and starting in 1820, at Uppsala University. Due to their benefactor half-brother's death in 1817, the boys were constantly short of funds from the outset of their university studies.[2][6] Nevertheless, Lars Levi proved to be a brilliant student. Because of his interest in botany, he was made assistant in the botany department while pursuing studies in theology. Lars Levi Laestadius was ordained a Lutheran minister in 1825 by the bishop of HĂ€rnösand, Erik Abraham Almquist (sv).

Marriage and family

In 1827 Laestadius married Brita Katarina Alstadius, a local Sami woman who was a childhood friend of his;[2][7] and together they had twelve children, at least two of whom died in childhood.[6]

Awards

Medal of honor of the Legion of Honor of France after 1841.

Laestadius's Lutheran ministry and revival movement

Parishes where he served

Laestadius's first parish was at Arjeplog in Lapland, where he became the regional missionary for the Pite district. From 1826 to 1849 he was the vicar in Karesuando parish in Lapland. Near the end of his tenure in Karesuando, Laestadius applied for the positions of dean in Pajala parish in Norbotten and inspector of the Lapland parishes; and after he complemented his exams in HÀrnösand as required, he took over these offices in 1849 and held them until his death in 1861.

Revival movement

At the time of Laestadius's 1826 arrival in Karesuando, the people of Lapland parish suffered from widespread misery and alcoholism.

Laestadius met a Sami woman named Milla Clementsdotter of Föllinge (also known as Lapp Mary by the Laestadian Lutheran Church) in the municipality of Krokom in JĂ€mtland during an 1844 inspection tour of Åsele in Lapland. She belonged to a revival movement marked by pietistic and Moravian influences and led by pastor Pehr Brandell of the parish of Nora in the municipality of Kramfors in Ångermanland. She told Laestadius about her experiences on her journey to living faith. This was an important meeting for Laestadius because after it, he said he first understood the secret of living faith. He had a religious experience, and he wrote later that he at last saw the path that leads to eternal life. His sermons acquired, in his own words, "a new kind of colour" to which people began to respond. The movement spread quickly from Sweden to Finland and Norway. Laestadius based his sermons on the Bible.[citation needed]

According to an account from the Sami cultural perspective,

"[T]he Sami began to notice that...Laestadius had changed. His sermons were filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Sami that they could understand. He preached about a God who cared about the lives of the people. He attacked priests and traders who lined their pockets at the expense of others... After twenty years, something new had begun to happen between the pastor and his parishioners. Young and old alike wanted to learn to read. There was also a bustle and energy in the church, with people confessing their sins, crying and praying for forgiveness (within [Finnish] Laestadianism this was known as liikutuksia, a kind of ecstasy). Not everybody liked it, of course... Those who had previously earned a lot of money through the sale of liquor saw their incomes disappear and derided the new morals... Drunkenness and the theft of reindeer diminished, which had a positive influence on the Sami's relationships, finances and family life."[2]

The resistance to Laestadius's radical Christian ethics and morals and to his way of confronting the parishioners about their sins was greater in Pajala where Laestadius moved in 1849; and the bishop decided in 1853 that two separate church services should be held, one for the Laestadians and one for the others. It could be said that Laestadianism, the religious revival named after him, became a movement in its own right at this time, although it remained within and never separated from the Church of Sweden. When Laestadius died in 1861, he was succeeded by Johan Raattamaa (sv) as the leader of the Laestadian movement.[citation needed]

Lutheranism
Luther's Rose
 Lutheranism portal

Botanist

Laestadius undertook his first botanic trip as a student. Later the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences paid him to travel to SkÄne and Lapland in order to study and make drawings of the plants, to be used in Swedish botany scientific work. He was as an internationally recognized botanist and a member of the Edinburgh Botanical Society as well as the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala.[8]

A number of plant species have been named for Laestadius, e.g.:

  • Salix laestadiana Hartm.
  • Carex laestadii Holmb.
  • Papaver laestadianum Nordh.[8]

Laestadius named many plant species: List of plants named by Laestadius in IPNI

La Recherche Expedition (1838-1840) - Botanist and Chronicler of Sami Mythology

While attending to his pastoral duties, Laestadius continued his interest in botany and authored a number of articles on plant life in Lapland. Because of the wide recognition for his knowledge of botany and the Sami, the French Admiralty invited Laestadius to participate in the La Recherche Expedition to Samiland of 1838-40. As an expedition member, Laestadius served as field guide for the islands and the interior of Northern Norway and Sweden, studying both plant life and the culture of the Sami inhabitants.

During the expedition, Laestadius at the request of the organizers began his manuscript. Eventually published for the first time more than 150 years later Fragments of Lappish Mythology provides a snapshot of Sami traditional religious beliefs that by the 1830s were passing into history due to the Church of Sweden's Christianization mandate in full swing at that time.[10] However, Laestadius did not finish the manuscript until long afterward. Then the completed work was lost for many years.[11] Due to these and other reasons, the manuscript was not published until 1997, over 150 years after the expedition.

For his participation in the La Recherche Expedition, Laestadius was awarded the Medal of Honor of the Legion of Honor of France after 1841. He was the first Scandinavian to receive this honor.[12]

Languages spoken

Laestadius's mother tongues were Southern Sami from his mother and Swedish, the language of his childhood home, from his father.[1] Laestadius also spoke Pite Sami. After a year in Karesuando, Laestadius spoke Finnish and Northern Sami as well. He usually held his services in Finnish since it was the most widespread language in the area, but on occasion also preached in the Northern Sami and Swedish languages.

Family deaths and personal illnesses

After the death of his older half-brother and financial support, Carl Erik, when Lars Levi was only a teenager, Laestadius mourned the deaths of his mother in 1824, his dad in 1832, and his younger brother Petrus in 1841. At least two of Laestadius's own sons predeceased him as well (d.1839, 1861).[2][6]

Around 1833 Laestadius suffered from an ailment which the doctors first thought was pneumonia. He recovered. In the 1840s, Laestadius suffered from severe typhoid fever and later tuberculosis.[2] Towards the end of his life, Laestadius experienced "impending blindness" and contracted a cholera-like illness.[13]

Books authored

Literature

  • Gustaf DahlbĂ€ck, Den gamla och nya mĂ€nniskan i Lars Levi LĂŠstadius teologi, 1949
  • Lilly Anne Østtveit Elgvin, Lars Levi LĂŠstadius' spiritualitet (Summary: The spirituality of L L LĂŠstadius), 2010.
  • Olle FranzĂ©n, Naturalhistorikern Lars Levi LĂŠstadius,1973
  • Seppo Lohi, SydĂ€men kristillisyys Lars Levi LĂŠstadius ja lĂŠstadiolainen herĂ€tyksen alkuvaiheet, 2000.
  • Hannu Juntunen, Lars Levi LĂŠstadiuksen kĂ€sitys kirkosta, 1982
  • Kristina Nilsson, Den himmelske förĂ€ldern. En studie av kvinnans betydelse för Lars Levi LĂŠstadius teologi och förkunnelse, 1988.
  • Henning Thulin, Lars Levi LĂŠstadius och hans förkunnelse, 1949
  • Gunnar Wikmark, Lars Levi LĂŠstadius’ vĂ€g till den nya födelsen, 1980

See also

  • La Recherche Expedition (1838–1840)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (introduction by Juha PentikĂ€inen).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Lars Levi Laestadius and the Sami". August 6, 2006. Retrieved January 20, 2013. 
  3. ↑ L. L. Laestadius, The Voice of One Crying in the Wilderness , Trans. The Old Apostolic Lutheran Church of America (August 26, 1988), p.35
  4. ↑ L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.19 (introduction by Juha PentikĂ€inen).
  5. ↑ L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (from introduction by Laestadius scholar Professor Juha PentikĂ€inen) .
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "sukupuu.org genealogy database, Lauri Kiviniemi, Helsinki". October 11, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2013. 
  7. ↑ L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (introduction by Juha PentikĂ€inen) .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 FranzĂ©n, Olle: Naturalhistorikern Lars Levi Laestadius. LuleĂ„, Tornedalica 1973, nr 15.
  9. ↑ [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Laest. "Author Query for 'Laest.'"]. International Plant Names Index. 
  10. ↑ Lars Levi Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology, Juha PentikĂ€inen ed. Aspasia Books (December 1, 2002), p.36-44 ISBN 0-9685881-9-0
  11. ↑ L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p49.
  12. ↑ L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p45. (Citation on the page also describes "Bibl. Nat. 3303)
  13. ↑ L. Laestadius, Fragments of Lappish Mythology , Trans. Börje VĂ€hĂ€mĂ€ki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p20 (introduction by editor Juha PentikĂ€inen).

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