Langton's ant

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Langton's ant is a two-dimensional Turing machine with a very simple set of rules but complicated emergent behavior. It was invented by Chris Langton in 1986 and runs on a square lattice of black and white cells.[1] The universality of Langton's ant was proven in 2000.[2] The idea has been generalized in several different ways, such as turmites which add more colors and more states.

Rules

Animation of first 200 steps of Langton's ant

Squares on a plane are colored variously either black or white. We arbitrarily identify one square as the "ant". The ant can travel in any of the four cardinal directions at each step it takes. The ant moves according to the rules below:

  • At a white square, turn 90° right, flip the color of the square, move forward one unit
  • At a black square, turn 90° left, flip the color of the square, move forward one unit

Langton's ant can also be described as a cellular automaton, where the grid is colored black or white, the "ant" square has one of eight different colors assigned to encode the combination of black/white state and the current direction of motion of the ant.[2]

Modes of behavior

These simple rules lead to complex behavior.

Everybody, mathematician or not, spots three modes of behavior,[3] starting on a completely white grid.

Simplicity

During the first few hundred moves it creates very simple patterns which are often symmetric.

Chaos

After a few hundred moves, a big, irregular pattern of black and white squares appears. The ant traces a pseudo-random path until around 10,000 steps.

Emergent order

Finally the ant starts building a recurrent "highway" pattern of 104 steps that repeat indefinitely. All finite initial configurations tested eventually converge to the same repetitive pattern, suggesting that the "highway" is an attractor of Langton's ant, but no one has been able to prove that this is true for all such initial configurations. It is only known that the ant's trajectory is always unbounded regardless of the initial configuration[4] – this is known as the Cohen-Kung theorem.[5][6]

Universality

In 2000, Gajardo et al. showed a construction that calculates any boolean circuit using the trajectory of a single instance of Langton's ant.[2] Thus, it would be possible to simulate a Turing machine using the ant's trajectory for computation. This means that the ant is capable of universal computation.

Extension to multiple colors

Greg Turk and Jim Propp considered a simple extension to Langton's ant where instead of just two colors, more colors are used.[7] The colors are modified in a cyclic fashion. A simple naming scheme is used: for each of the successive colors, a letter 'L' or 'R' is used to indicate whether a left or right turn should be taken. Langton's ant has the name 'RL' in this naming scheme.

Some of these extended Langton's ants produce patterns that become symmetric over and over again. One of the simplest examples is the ant 'RLLR'. One sufficient condition for this to happen is that the ant's name, seen as a cyclic list, consists of consecutive pairs of identical letters 'LL' or 'RR' (the term "cyclic list" indicates that the last letter may pair with the first one.) The proof involves Truchet tiles.

  • Some example patterns in the multiple-color extension of Langton's Ants:

  • RLR: grows chaotically. It is not known if this ant ever produces a highway.

  • LLRR: grows symmetrically.

  • LRRRRRLLR: fills space in a square around itself.

  • LLRRRLRLRLLR: creates a convoluted highway.

  • RRLLLRLLLRRR: creates a filled triangle shape that grows and moves.

Extension to multiple states

Main article: Turmite

A further extension of Langton's Ants is to consider multiple states of the Turing machine - as if the ant itself has a color that can change. These ants are called turmites, a contraction of "Turing machine termites". Common behaviours include the production of highways, chaotic growth and spiral growth.[8]

  • Some example turmites:

  • Spiral growth.

  • Semi-chaotic growth.

  • Production of a highway after a period of chaotic growth.

  • Chaotic growth with a distinctive texture.

  • Growth with a distinctive texture inside an expanding frame.

  • Constructing a Fibonacci spiral.

Extension to multiple ants

Multiple Langton's Ants can co-exist on the 2D plane, and their interactions give rise to complex, higher order automata that collectively build a wide variety of organized structures. There is no need for conflict-resolution as every ant sitting on the same square wants to make the same change to the tape. There is a YouTube video showing these multiple ant interactions.

Multiple turmites can co-exist on the 2D plane as long as there is a rule for what happens when they meet. Ed Pegg, Jr. considered turmites that can turn for example both left and right, splitting in two and annihilating each other when they meet.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Langton, Chris G. (1986). "Studying artificial life with cellular automata". Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 22 (1-3): 120–149. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(86)90237-X. hdl:2027.42/26022. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gajardo, A.; A. Moreira, E. Goles (15 March 2002). "Complexity of Langton's ant". Discrete Applied Mathematics 117 (1-3): 41–50. doi:10.1016/S0166-218X(00)00334-6. 
  3. ↑ Pratchett, Terry (1999). The Science Of Discworld. 
  4. ↑ Bunimovich, Leonid A.; Serge E. Troubetzkoy (1992). "Recurrence properties of Lorentz lattice gas cellular automata". Journal of Statistical Physics 67 (1-2): 289–302. doi:10.1007/BF01049035. 
  5. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W., "Cohen-Kung Theorem", MathWorld.
  6. ↑ Stewart, I. (1994). "The Ultimate in Anty-Particles". Sci. Amer. 271: 104–107. 
  7. ↑ Gale, D.; J. Propp, S. Sutherland, S.Troubetzkoy (1995). "Further Travels with My Ant". Mathematical Entertainments column, Mathematical Intelligencer 17: 48–56. 
  8. ↑ Pegg, Jr., Ed. Turmite. From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource, created by Eric W. Weisstein. Retrieved 15 October 2009 .
  9. ↑ Pegg, Jr., Ed. "Math Puzzle". Retrieved 15 October 2009 .

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