Lachesis (genus)
| Lachesis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| South American bushmaster, L. muta | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Subfamily: | Crotalinae |
| Genus: | Lachesis Daudin, 1803 |
| Synonyms | |
| |
- Lachesis should not be confused with the 158th Infantry Regiment (United States), also known as the Bushmasters.
- Common names: bushmasters.[2]
Lachesis is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in forested areas of Central and South America. The generic name refers to one of the Three Fates in Greek mythology who determined the length of the thread of life.[2] Three species are currently recognized.[3]
Description
Adults vary in length from 2 to 2.5 m (6.5 to 8.25 ft), although some may grow to as much as 3 m (10 ft). The largest known specimen was just under 3.65 m (12 ft), making it the longest venomous snake in the Western Hemisphere. This is also the longest viper in the world. Although they are not the heaviest vipers, being surpassed in mass by the gaboon viper and the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, large adults still commonly weigh up to 3 to 5 kg (6.6 to 11.0 lb).[4] The bushmaster's tail ends with a horny spine which it sometimes vibrates when disturbed in a similar manner to rattlesnakes. This led to some calling it 'the mute rattlesnake'.[citation needed]
After accidentally disturbing a bushmaster, one Embera Indian from northwestern Colombia said the snake chased him along a rocky riverbank for some distance.[citation needed]
Geographic range
Found in Central and South America, including the island of Trinidad. [1] [5]
Reproduction
Bushmasters lay eggs: about a dozen in an average clutch. The female reportedly remains with her eggs during incubation and may aggressively defend the nest if approached. The hatchlings average 30 cm (12 in) in length and are more colorful than the adults. Lachesis is thought to be unique among New World pit vipers by laying eggs rather than giving birth to live young, although some evidence suggests that the species Bothrocophias colombianus found in Colombia may do the same.[2]
Venom
This snake is capable of multiple-bite strikes and the injection of large amounts of venom. Even the bite of a juvenile specimen can be fatal. However, this snake is rarely encountered so snakebite incidents are not common.
Species
| Species[3] | Taxon author[3] | Subsp.*[3] | Common name[2] | Geographic range[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| L. melanocephala | Solórzano & Cerdas, 1986 | 0 | Black-headed bushmaster | Costa Rica: Pacific versant of southeastern Puntarenas province from near sea level to about 1500 m. |
| L. mutaT | (Linnaeus, 1766) | 1 | South American bushmaster | South America in the equatorial forests east of the Andes: Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Peru, northern Bolivia, eastern and southern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana and much of northern Brazil. It also occurs on the island of Trinidad.[5] |
| L. stenophrys | Cope, 1875 | 0 | Central American bushmaster | Central America in the Atlantic lowlands of southern Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, as well as the Pacific lowlands of central and eastern Panama. In South America it occurs in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, the Caribbean coast of northwestern Colombia and inland along the Magdalena and Cauca river valleys. |
*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species.
Taxonomy
Campbell and Lamar (2004) also recognize a fourth species, L. acrochorda (García, 1896), referring to it as the Chochoan bushmaster. It is found in western Panama and northwestern Colombia and Ecuador.[2] Its evolutionary relationships are not certain, but Lachesis acrochorda is thought to be closer to the South American bushmaster L. muta than to the two Central American species L. stenophrys and L. melanocephala. The snake is known to be one of the deadliest snakes in the world.
Cultural depictions
The bushmaster snake is the antagonist in the tenth show of the old time radio show Escape. The show's title was "A Shipment of Mute Fate", and starred William Conrad and Raymond Lawrence. It was broadcast on 15 October 1947. The story was also adapted for Suspense starring Jack Kelly, broadcast on January 6, 1957. Jack killed a bushmaster in the film Romancing the Stone when seeking shelter in a crashed plane.
The following weapons and military vehicles are named after this viper:
- M242 Bushmaster, a chain gun manufactured by Alliant Techsystems;
- Bushmaster IMV, an Australian infantry mobility vehicle;
- A variant of the amphibious Landing Vehicle Tracked introduced in 1944, the LVT-3 Bushmaster.
See also
- List of crotaline species and subspecies
- Crotalinae by common name
- Crotalinae by taxonomic synonyms
- Snakebite
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Lachesis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
- ↑
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 List of Snakes of Trinidad and Tobago at Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Biodiversity Clearing House. Accessed 25 October 2006.
Further reading
- Mehrtens, J.M. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 1987. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- O'Shea, Mark. Venomous Snakes of the World. Princeton University Press. 2005. 160 pp. ISBN 0-691-12436-1.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
- Lachesis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 24 August 2007.