LE-5
The LE-5 liquid rocket engine and its derivative models were developed in Japan to meet the need for an upper stage propulsion system for the H-I and H-II series of launch vehicles. It is a bipropellant design, using LH2 and LOX. Primary design and production work was carried out by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. In terms of liquid rockets, it is a fairly small engine, both in size and thrust output, being in the 20,000 lbf (89,000 N) and the more recent models the 30,000 lbf (130 kN) thrust class. The motor is capable of multiple restarts, due to a spark ignition system as opposed to the single use pyrotechnic or hypergolic igniters commonly used on some contemporary engines. Though rated for up to 16 starts and 40+ minutes of firing time, on the H-II the engine is considered expendable, being used for one flight and jettisoned. It is sometimes started only once for a nine-minute burn, but in missions to GTO the engine is often fired a second time to inject the payload into the higher orbit after a temporary low Earth orbit has been established.
The original LE-5 was built as a third stage engine for the H-I launch vehicle. It used a fairly conventional gas generator cycle.
LE-5A
The LE-5A was a heavily redesigned version of the LE-5 intended for use on the new H-II launch vehicle’s second stage. The major difference is that the operation of the engine was switched from the gas generator to expander bleed cycle. The LE-5A was the first expander bleed cycle engine to be put into operational service. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen fuel for the cycle is drawn through tubes and passages in both the engine’s nozzle and combustion chamber where the hydrogen heats up incredibly while simultaneously cooling those components. The heating of the initially cold fuel causes it to become significantly pressurized and it is utilized to drive the turbine for the propellant pumps.
LE-5B
The LE-5B was a further modified version of the LE-5A. The changes focused on lowering the per-unit cost of the engine while continuing to increase reliability. The modifications veered towards simplification and cheaper production where possible at the cost of actually lowering the specific impulse to 447 seconds, the lowest of all three models. However, it produced the highest thrust of the three and was significantly cheaper. The primary change from the 5A model was that the 5B’s expander bleed system circulated fuel around only the combustion chamber as opposed to both the chamber and the nozzle in the 5A. Alterations to the combustion chamber cooling passages and constituent materials were made with special emphasis on effective heat transfer to allow this method to be successful.
LE-5B-2
After flight F5 of H-IIA in March 28th, 2003 has resulted in severe (although not damaging) vibration of the upper stage during LE-5B firing, the work was initiated on the upgraded version of the LE-5B. The upgraded engine, named LE-5B-2, was first flown on H-IIB in September 10th, 2009. The main fixes are added flow-laminarizing plates in expander manifold, new mixer of gaseous and liquid hydrogen in hydrogen feed line, and new injector plate with 306 smaller coaxial injectors (versus 180 in LE-5B). See LE-5B-2 development summary (Japanese). The upgrade resulted in reduction of vibration of the upper stage by half.
Specifications
| LE-5 Model | (units) | LE-5 | LE-5A | LE-5B | LE-5B-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operational Cycle | - | Gas Generator | Expander Bleed (Nozzle/Chamber) |
Expander Bleed (Chamber) |
Expander Bleed (Chamber) |
| Rated Thrust | kN (lbs) | 102.9 (23,100) | 121.5 (27,300) | 137.2 (30,800) | 144.9 (32,500) |
| Mixture Ratio | Oxidizer to Fuel | 5.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Expansion Ratio | - | 140 | 130 | 110 | 110 |
| Specific Impulse (Isp) | Seconds | 450 | 452 | 447 | 447 |
| Chamber Pressure | MPa (PSI) | 3.65 (529) | 3.98 (577) | 3.58 (519) | 3.78 (548) |
| LH2 Rotational Speed | rpm | 50,000 | 51,000 | 52,000 | 53,504 |
| LOX Rotational Speed | rpm | 16,000 | 17,000 | 18,000 | 18,560 |
| Length | m (ft) | 2.68 (8.84) | 2.69 (8.88) | 2.79 (9.21) | 2.79 (9.21) |
| Weight | kg (lbs) | 255 (562) | 248 (547) | 285 (628) | 290 (639) |
| Throttleable down to | no | no | 60% | 60% |
See also
References
- Japanese Wikipedia LE-5B (in Japanese)
- Encyclopedia Astronautica info page on the LE-5
- Encyclopedia Astronautica info page on the LE-5A
- Encyclopedia Astronautica info page on the LE-5B
- Studies on Expander Bleed Cycle Engines for Launchers, AIAA Paper
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