Kraków

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kraków
Royal Capital City of Kraków
Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków
Main Market Square, Wawel Castle, Barbican, St. Mary's Basilica, St. Peter and Paul Church, Collegium Maius

Flag

Coat of arms
Kraków
Coordinates: 50°3′41″N 19°56′18″E / 50.06139°N 19.93833°E / 50.06139; 19.93833
Country  Poland
Voivodeship Lesser Poland
County Kraków County
City rights 5 June 1257
Government
  Mayor Jacek Majchrowski (I)
  Deputy Mayor Tadeusz Trzmiel (I)
Area
  City 327 km2 (126 sq mi)
Elevation 219 m (719 ft)
Population (31 December 2012)
  City 758 334
  Metro 1,725,894
Demonym Cracovian
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
  Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 30-024 to 31–962
Area code(s) +48 12
Website www.krakow.pl

Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( )) also Cracow, or Krakow (US English /ˈkræk/, British English /ˈkrækɒv/) is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century.[1] Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596;[2] Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965.[1] With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 kilometres (62 miles) radius of its main square.[3]

After the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II, Kraków became the capital of Germany's General Government. Poles and Jews were classified as subhumans by the occupiers and were targeted for eventual extermination. The Jewish population of the city was moved into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto, from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz and the concentration camps like Płaszów.

In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II – the first Slavic pope ever, and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.[4] Also that year, UNESCO approved the first ever sites for its new World Heritage List, including the entire Old Town in inscribing Cracow's Historic Centre.[5][6] Kraków is classified as a global city by GaWC, with the ranking of High sufficiency.[7] Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities,[8] its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture includes the Wawel Cathedral and the Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula river, the St. Mary's Basilica and the largest medieval market square in Europe, the Rynek Główny. Kraków is home to Jagellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning.

In the year 2000, Kraków was named European Capital of Culture. The city would also host the next World Youth Day in 2016.[9] Kraków has been also approved as a UNESCO's City of Literature.

Etymology

The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of Lechitians. In Polish, Kraków is an archaic possessive form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)". Krakus's name may derive from "krakula", a Proto-Slavic word[10] meaning a judge's staff, or a Proto-Slavic word "krak" meaning an oak, once a sacred tree most often associated with the concept of genealogy. The first mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the 7th century, inhabited by the tribe of Wiślanie.[1]

The city's full official name is Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków, or "Royal Capital City of Kraków".[11] In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian (Polish: krakowianin).

History

Almost one-thousand-year-old St. Adalbert from the early Middle Ages (Rynek)

Early history

Kraków's prehistory begins with evidence of a Stone Age settlement on the present site of the Wawel Hill.[12] A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a dragon, Smok Wawelski.[13] The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke Boleslaus I in 955.[14] The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, Mieszko I, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty towards the end of his reign.[15]

In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.[1] By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading centre of trade.[16] Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal Wawel Castle with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, Romanesque churches such as St. Adalbert's, a cathedral, and a basilica.[17] The city was almost entirely destroyed during the Mongol invasion of 1241. It was rebuilt practically identical,[18] based on new location act and incorporated in 1257 by the king Bolesław V the Chaste who following the example of Wrocław, introduced city rights modelled on the Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.[19] In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols. A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the new built fortifications.[20] In 1335, King Casimir III of Poland (Kazimierz in Polish) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, Kazimierz (Casimiria in Latin). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the Augustinian order next to Skałka.[21]

Tomb of king Casimir III of Poland in the Wawel Cathedral, 14th century

The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the University of Kraków,[22] the second oldest university in central Europe after the Charles University in Prague. King Casimir also began work on a campus for the Academy in Kazimierz, but he died in 1370 and the campus was never completed. The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty. As the capital of the Kingdom of Poland and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen, businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish.[23]

Poland's 'Golden Age'

King Sigismund I observes the hanging of the Wawel's Sigismund Bell in 1521; painting by Jan Matejko

The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek or Golden Age.[24] Many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created,[25][26] including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter of Kazimierz, such as the Old Synagogue.[27] During the reign of Casimir IV, various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and Johann Haller established a printing press in the city[28] after Kasper Straube had printed the Calendarium Cracoviense, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.[29][30]

In 1520, the most famous church bell in Poland, named Zygmunt after Sigismund I of Poland, was cast by Hans Behem.[31] At that time, Hans Dürer, a younger brother of artist and thinker Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter.[32] Hans von Kulmbach made altarpieces for several churches.[33] In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish Qahal a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia.[34] In 1572, King Sigismund II, the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to Henry III of France and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance that was worsened by pillaging during the Swedish invasion and by an outbreak of bubonic plague that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead. In 1596, Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa moved the administrative capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Kraków to Warsaw.[2]

18th to early 20th centuries

Kraków's growth since the late 18th century

Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been twice partitioned by its neighbors: Russia, the Habsburg empire, and Prussia.[35] In 1791, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues, maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as a Jewish district long after the concept ceased to have any administrative meaning. In 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated an unsuccessful insurrection in the town's Main Square which, in spite of his victorious Battle of Racławice against a numerically superior Russian army, resulted in the third and final partition of Poland.[36] In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the Duchy of Warsaw. Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 Congress of Vienna restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent Free City of Kraków.[37] A insurrection in 1846 failed;[38] resulted in the city being annexed by Austria under the name the Grand Duchy of Cracow (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie).[39]

In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the Austro-Prussian War.[40] Politically freer Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny) or "Polish Mecca".[41] Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,[42] among them the seminal painter Jan Matejko,[43] laid to rest at Rakowicki Cemetery, and the founder of modern Polish drama, Stanisław Wyspiański.[44] Fin de siècle Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; running water and electric streetcars were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków).[45][46]

At the outbreak of World War I on 3 August 1914, Józef Piłsudski formed a small cadre military unit, the First Cadre Company—the predecessor of the Polish Legions—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.[47] The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.[48] Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the Polish Liquidation Committee assumed power.[49][50]

1918 to the present

Poland's Minister of Defense unveiling the monument to Marshal Józef Piłsudski buried at Wawel in 1935; Old Town Kraków, 2008

With the emergence of the Second Polish Republic, Kraków restored its role as a major academic and cultural centre with the establishment of new universities such as the AGH University of Science and Technology and the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, including a number of new and essential vocational schools. It became an important cultural centre for the Polish Jews with a Zionist youth movement relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.[51] Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance from Orthodox, to Chasidic and Reform flourishing side by side.

Following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939 the city became part of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich, and from 4 November 1939 its capital. The General Government was headed by Hans Frank who was based in the city's Wawel Castle. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków in completely German city after removing all Jews and Poles, renamed locations and streets into German and sponsored propaganda attempting to portray it as historically German city[52] In an operation called "Sonderaktion Krakau", more than 180 university professors and academics were arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.[53][54] The Jewish population was first confined to a ghetto in which many died of illness or starvation. Those in the Ghetto were later murdered or sent to concentration camps, including Płaszów and Auschwitz.[55] Roman Polanski, the film director, is a survivor of the Ghetto, while Oskar Schindler selected employees from the Ghetto to work in his enamelware plant, Deutsche Emailwaren Fabrik (Emalia for short) saving them from the camps.[56][57] Although looted by occupational authorities, Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,[58] sparing most of the city's historical and architectural legacy. Soviet forces entered the city on 18 January 1945 and started arresting Poles loyal to the Polish government-in-exile or those who had served in the Home Army.[59]

Main Market Square, autochrome from Kraków 1912
Kraków Ghetto, 1942. German checkpoint during anti-Jewish Operation Aktion Krakau

After the war, under the People's Republic of Poland, the intellectual and academic community of Kraków was put under total political control. The universities were soon deprived of printing rights and autonomy.[60] The Communist government ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the newly created suburb of Nowa Huta.[61] The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now Sendzimir Steelworks owned by Mittal) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city to an industrial centre.[62] The new working class, drawn by the industrialisation of Krakow, contributed to rapid population growth.

In an effort that spanned two decades, Karol Wojtyła, cardinal archbishop of Kraków, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the new industrial suburbs.[62][63] In 1978, Wojtyła was elevated to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. In the same year, UNESCO placed Kraków Old Town on the first-ever list of World Heritage Sites.

Geography

Vistula River and Dębnicki Bridge

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the Vistula River (Polish name: Wisła), in a valley at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, 219 m (719 ft) above sea level; half way between the Jurassic Rock Upland (Polish: Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska) to the north, and the Tatra Mountains 100 km (62 mi) to the south, constituting the natural border with Slovakia and the Czech Republic; 230 km (143 mi) west from the border with Ukraine. There are five nature reserves in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. 48.6 hectares (120 acres). Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic Bielany-Tyniec refuge. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's geomorphological features and landscape.[64] Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.[65] The city centre is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river.

Climate

Kraków has an oceanic climate according to the Köppen climate classification system, one of the easternmost localities in Europe to do so. A mere 100 km (62 mi) north-east of Kraków (east of Tarnów, and north of Kielce), the January mean dips below −3 °C (27 °F) and thus becomes continental (Dfb) in nature. Average temperatures in summer range from 18 °C (64 °F) to 19.6 °C (67 °F) and in winter from −2.1 °C (28 °F) to 0 °C (32 °F). The average annual temperature is 8.9 °C (48 °F). In summer temperatures often exceed 25 °C (77 °F), and even 30 °C (86 °F), while winter drops to −5 °C (23 °F) at night and about 0 °C (32 °F) at day; during very cold nights the temperature can drop to −15 °C (5 °F). In view of the fact that Kraków lies near the Tatra Mountains, there are often occurrences of halny blowing – a foehn wind, when the temperature rises rapidly, and even in winter reaches 20 °C (68 °F).

Climate data for Kraków (Balice Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3)
21.0
(69.8)
25.2
(77.4)
29.6
(85.3)
33.3
(91.9)
35.5
(95.9)
36.1
(97)
37.2
(99)
33.1
(91.6)
27.7
(81.9)
21.2
(70.2)
18.9
(66)
37.2
(99)
Average high °C (°F) 1.1
(34)
1.5
(34.7)
7.9
(46.2)
13.7
(56.7)
19.8
(67.6)
22.1
(71.8)
24.2
(75.6)
23.9
(75)
19.2
(66.6)
13.6
(56.5)
5.0
(41)
2.9
(37.2)
12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2)
−1.8
(28.8)
3.8
(38.8)
9.6
(49.3)
14.1
(57.4)
18.0
(64.4)
19.6
(67.3)
19.3
(66.7)
14.7
(58.5)
9.2
(48.6)
2.6
(36.7)
0.0
(32)
8.9
(48)
Average low °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5)
−5.1
(22.8)
−0.5
(31.1)
5.5
(41.9)
9.0
(48.2)
13.8
(56.8)
15.0
(59)
14.7
(58.5)
10.2
(50.4)
4.8
(40.6)
0.2
(32.4)
−2.9
(26.8)
5.0
(41)
Record low °C (°F) −29.9
(−21.8)
−29.4
(−20.9)
−22.9
(−9.2)
−9.4
(15.1)
−2.7
(27.1)
0.6
(33.1)
4.3
(39.7)
2.0
(35.6)
−4.1
(24.6)
−7.9
(17.8)
−17.7
(0.1)
−25.5
(−13.9)
−29.9
(−21.8)
Precipitation mm (inches) 34
(1.34)
34
(1.34)
35
(1.38)
42
(1.65)
56
(2.2)
84
(3.31)
90
(3.54)
82
(3.23)
55
(2.17)
44
(1.73)
41
(1.61)
34
(1.34)
631
(24.84)
Avg. precipitation days 15 12 13 9 11 12 13 13 11 12 14 12 147
% humidity 82 82 77 68 63 69 71 74 75 79 83 86 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 43 54 102 144 189 204 208 183 153 105 51 33 1,469
Source: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[66]

Cityscape

A panorama of central Kraków, as seen from the Krakus Mound to the east of the city's centre
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Cracow's Historic Centre
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type Cultural
Criteria IV
Reference 29
UNESCO region Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1978 (2nd Session)
Renaissance Cloth Hall (Sukiennice) in Main Market Square

Developed over many centuries, Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic styles of architecture. As the city expanded, so too did the architectural achievements of its builders. It is for this reason that the variations in style and urban planning are so easily recognisable. Built from its nucleus (the city centre) outwards, and having escaped much of the destruction endured by Poland during 20th-century wars, Kraków's many architectural monuments can typically be seen in historical order by simply walking from the city centre out towards its later districts.

Kraków's historic centre, which includes the Old Town, Kazimierz and the Wawel Castle, was included as the first of its kind on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1978.[67] The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is the most prominent example of an old town in the country.[68] For many centuries Kraków was the royal capital of Poland, until Sigismund III Vasa relocated the court to Warsaw in 1596. The whole district is bisected by the Royal Road, the coronation route traversed by the Kings of Poland. The Route begins at St. Florian's Church outside the northern flank of the old city-walls in the medieval suburb of Kleparz; passes the Barbican of Kraków (Barbakan) built in 1499, and enters Stare Miasto through the Florian Gate. It leads down Floriańska Street through the Main Square, and up Grodzka to Wawel, the former seat of Polish royalty, overlooking the Vistula river. Old Town attracts visitors from all over the World. Kraków historic centre is one of the 13 places in Poland that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The architectural design of the Old Town had survived all cataclysms of the past and retained its original form coming from the medieval times. The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.[69] Its rich variety of historic architecture includes Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.

Kanonicza Street, which leads to the Wawel, is home to a number of 16th- and 17th-century architectural masterpieces

In addition to the old town, the city's former Jewish district of Kazimierz is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (Pons Regalis) across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.[21][70]

Basztowa Street, one of Kraków's wide, representative radial boulevards

By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze.[71] This in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.

Palace of Art at Szczepański Square (view from Planty), prime example of Art Nouveau architecture in central Kraków [1]

As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of Kraków Główny railway station and the city's Academy of Economics. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in Vienna. Some major projects of the era include the development of the Jagiellonian University's new premises and the building of the Collegium Novum just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as the Palace of Art by Franciszek Mączyński and the 'House under the Globe'. Secession style architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from Vienna, became popular towards the end of the Partitions.[72]

The Municipal Savings Bank, a monument of Polish modernism in the interwar period

With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.[73] Important buildings constructed in the style of Polish modernism include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the Main Square and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.[74]

After the Second World War, new government turned toward Soviet influence and the Stalinist monumentalism. The doctrine of Socialist realism in Poland, as in other countries of the People's Republics, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The main lines of this new trend were precisely indicated in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists. It was intended to help form a socialist reality by influencing citizens' consciousness and their outlook on life.[75] During this period, the crucial ideological role fell to the architect perceived as an "engineer of the human soul". The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing communist ideas and to arouse a feeling of persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta, full of huge apartment buildings constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.[76]

The Pawilon Wyspiański 2000 is a rare piece of modern architecture present in the Old Town [2]

Since the style of the Renaissance was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's socialist national format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced. One of these was to more closely reflect Soviet architecture, which resulted in the majority of works blending into one another; and finally the general acceptance of the neo-classicist form. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of stalinism.[77] Currently the soc-realist centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large Panel System apartment blocks, most of which were built outside of the city's historic centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some monuments of the new style such as the recently listed Hotel Cracovia,[78] were built during the later half of the 20th century in Kraków.

After the Revolutions of 1989 and the birth of the Third Republic, a number of new architectural trends came to Kraków. In the later half of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st, a number of major projects, including the construction of a number of large business parks and commercial facilities have been carried out, such as the Galeria Krakowska, and infrastructure investments like the Kraków Fast Tram, giving the city a great deal of quality modern designs which, in many cases, blends seamlessly with the city's centuries old architectural heritage. A good example of this would be the 2007-built Pawilon Wyspiański 2000.[79] which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space.

Parks and gardens

Fountain, Planty Park

There are about 40 parks in Kraków including dozens of gardens and forests.[80] Several, like the Planty Park, Botanical Garden, Park Krakowski, Jordan Park and Błonia Park are located in the centre of the city; with Zakrzówek, Lasek Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Park Lotników (among others) in the surrounding districts.[80] Parks cover about 318.5 hectares (2002) of the city.

The Planty Park is the best-known park in Kraków. It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a green belt around the Old Town. It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.[81]

The Jordan Park founded in 1889 by Dr Henryk Jordan, was the first public park of its kind in Europe.[82] The park built on the banks of the Rudawa river was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, the swimming pool, amphitheatre, pavilions, and a pond for boat rowing and water bicycles. It is located on the grounds of a larger Kraków’s Błonia Park.[83] The less prominent Park Krakowski was founded in 1885 by Stanisław Rehman but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development. It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century.[84]

Environment

There are five nature reserves in Kraków with a total area of 48.6 ha.[85] Smaller green zones constitute parts of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), Tenczynek Landscape Park (Park Tenczyński) and Kraków Valleys Landscape Park (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds. All natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the CORINE biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape. The western part of Kraków constitute the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula river. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of thermophilous vegetation, grasslands and scrubs.

The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the Vistula River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary Wilga, and left: Rudawa, Białucha, Dłubnia and Sanka. The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.

Governance

President of Kraków, Jacek Majchrowski

The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members,[86] one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local head of government,[87] which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The current President of Kraków, re-elected for his third term in 2010, is Jacek Majchrowski.[88] Several members of the Polish national Parliament (Sejm) are elected from the Kraków constituency.[89] The city's official symbols include a coat of arms, a flag, a seal, and a banner.[90]

The Wielopolski Palace, seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council.

The responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and natural disasters.[87] The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the city government was reorganised to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.[91]

In the year 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, Public Safety, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences went down by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.[92] The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.

Districts

Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.[93] Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków – the towns of Podgórze, Nowa Huta, and Krowodrza which were absorbed by Kraków as it expanded, and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.[93]

Matejko Square at Kleparz is one of the city's more important public spaces

The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. They include the Old Town (Stare Miasto), once contained within the city defensive walls and now encircled by the Planty park; the Wawel District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and Kazimierz, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;[94] as well as the ancient town of Kleparz.

Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include Podgórze, which until 1915 was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and Nowa Huta, east of the city centre, built after World War II.

The socialist-realist born Nowa Huta district is now, Kraków's largest

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to Wawel Castle and Wawel Cathedral, where many Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its Main Market Square (200 metres (660 ft) square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.[95]

The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.[69] Its rich variety of historic architecture includes Renaissance, Baroque and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.

In the Market Square stands the Gothic St. Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki). It was re-built in the 14th century and features the famous wooden altar (Ołtarz Wita Stwosza), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the World,[96] carved by Veit Stoss. From the church's main tower a trumpet call (hejnał mariacki), is sounded every hour. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city-gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century Tatar invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. He was shot by a Tatar archer while playing, the bugle-call breaking off at the moment he died.[97] The story was recounted in a book published in the late 1920s called The Trumpeter of Krakow, by Eric P. Kelly, which won a Newbery Award.[98]

District Population Area (2009)[99]
Stare Miasto (I) 41,121 559.29 ha (5.5929 km2)
Grzegórzki (II) 30,441 586.18 ha (5.8618 km2)
Prądnik Czerwony (III) 46,621 638.82 ha (6.3882 km2)
Prądnik Biały (IV) 66,649 2,370.55 ha (23.7055 km2)
Łobzów (V) 34,467 538.32 ha (5.3832 km2)
Bronowice (VI) 22,467 957.98 ha (9.5798 km2)
Zwierzyniec (VII) 20,243 2,866.9 ha (28.669 km2)
Dębniki (VIII) 56,258 4,671.11 ha (46.7111 km2)
Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX) 15,014 573.9 ha (5.739 km2)
Swoszowice (X) 20,641 2,416.73 ha (24.1673 km2)
Podgórze Duchackie (XI) 52,522 1,065.24 ha (10.6524 km2)
Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII) 63,270 1,846.93 ha (18.4693 km2)
Podgórze (XIII) 32,050 2,516.07 ha (25.1607 km2)
Czyżyny (XIV) 26,169 1,229.44 ha (12.2944 km2)
Mistrzejowice (XV) 54,276 547.82 ha (5.4782 km2)
Bieńczyce (XVI) 44,237 369.43 ha (3.6943 km2)
Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII) 20,234 2,375.82 ha (23.7582 km2)
Nowa Huta (XVIII) 58,320 6,552.52 ha (65.5252 km2)
Total 705,00027,953.89 ha (279.5389 km2)

The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. Districts were assigned Roman numerals as well as the current name:[100] Stare Miasto (I), Grzegórzki (II), Prądnik Czerwony (III), Prądnik Biały (IV), Łobzów (V), Bronowice (VI), Zwierzyniec (VII), Dębniki (VIII), Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX), Swoszowice (X), Podgórze Duchackie (XI), Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII), Podgórze (XIII), Czyżyny (XIV), Mistrzejowice (XV), Bieńczyce (XVI), Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII), and Nowa Huta (XVIII).

Map of districts of the City of Kraków

IV
VI
VII
V
I
II
IX
III
XVII
X
VIII
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XVIII
XV
XVI
Vistula (Wisła)

Interactive map. For more information, click on district number.

Economy

Cracovia Business Centre

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region.[101][102] Following the collapse of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large multinational companies in the city, including Google, IBM, Motorola, Delphi, MAN SE, General Electric, Aon Hewitt, Hitachi, Philip Morris, Capgemini,[103] and Sabre Holdings,[104] along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.[101][105] The city is also the global headquarters for Comarch, a Polish enterprise software house. In 2005, Foreign direct investment in Kraków has reached approximately 3.5 billion USD. Kraków has been trying to position itself as Europe's Silicon Valley,[106] based on the large number of local and foreign hi tech companies.[101] The unemployment rate in Kraków was 4.8 percent in May 2007, well below the national average of 13 percent.[102][107] Kraków is the second city in Poland (after Warsaw) most often visited by foreigners.[101][102] According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emerging city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.[108]

Kraków Rondo Business Park

In 2011, the city budget, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on 15 November each year, has a projected revenue of 3.5 billion złoty.[109] The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of amenities, 30% in transfers from the national budget, and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3.52 billion złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. City of Kraków development costs included 41% toward road building, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.[110] The city has a high bond credit rating, and some 60% of its population is below the age of 45.[102]

Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT

Krakow is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[111]

InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy.[112]

Transport

Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus lines operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. Local trains connect some of the suburbs.

The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a pedestrian zone with rickshaws and horse buggies; however, the tramlines run within a three-block radius.[113] The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the Museum of Municipal Engineering in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and busses.

Rail connections are available to most Polish cities. Trains to Warsaw depart every hour. International destinations include Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Hamburg, Lvov, Kiev, and Odessa (June–September).[114] The main railway station is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.

Kraków's airport, (John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice, Polish: Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy im. Jana Pawła II Kraków-Balice,(IATA: KRK)) is 11 km (7 mi) west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between Kraków Główny train station and the airport in 15 minutes. The annual capacity of the airport is estimated at 1.3 million passengers (second largest airport in Poland); however, in 2007 more than 3.042 million people used the airport, giving Kraków Airport 15 percent of all air passenger traffic in Poland. Currently, the airport offers 59 connections and is operated by 2 terminals (international T1 and national T2). The Katowice International Airport is located about 75 minutes from Kraków.[115]

Main Railway Station 
Underground tram station 

Demographics

Kraków had a recorded population of 754,854 in 2009.[116] According to the 2006 data,[117] the population of Kraków comprised about 2% of the population of Poland and 23% of the population of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger metropolitan area of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.[118]

 Demographic indicators[117]   Years   Kraków 
Population
in thousands
1970
1978
1988
1995
2002
588,0
693,6
746,6
732,9
758,5
Population density
person/km2
1970
1978
1988
1995
2002
2,556
2,156
2,285
2,243
2,320
Number of women
per 100 men
1970
1978
1988
1995
2002
110
110
110
112
113
Population growth
per 1000
1998
1999
2000
2001
−1.3
−1.7
−1.5
−1.5

Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.[119] It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it went down to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.[120][121] By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.[122]

In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.[123] The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ethnic minorities living in Kraków. The official and unofficial numbers differ, as in the case of Romani people. Hence, according to the 2002 census,[118] among those who have declared their national identity (irrespective of language and religion) in Kraków Voivodeship, 1,572 were Slovaks, followed by Ukrainians (472), Jews (50) and Armenians (22). Romani people, officially numbered at 1,678, are estimated at over 5,000. Statistics collected by the Ministry of Education reveal that, even though only 1% of adults (as per above) officially claim minority status, as many as 3% of students participate in programmes designed for ethnic minorities.[124]

Population growth in Kraków since 1791

Religion

Wawel Cathedral, home to royal coronations and resting place of many national heroes; considered to be Poland's national sanctuary
Divine Mercy Sanctuary, a famous Catholic pilgrimage site

The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.[125] Denominations include Roman Catholicism (48 Churches), Jehovah's Witnesses (10 Kingdom Hall), Protestantism (8 Churches), Buddhism (5), Polish Orthodox Church (1 Church), Polish Catholic Church (1 Church) and Mariavite Church.

Saint Mary's Basilica
(Polish: Kościół Mariacki)

Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish sacred architecture unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from Orthodox to Chasidic and Reform flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the Nazi German invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.[126]

Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the Nazis who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-Holocaust Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of 1940s. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.[127] By contrast, Stalin forcibly kept Soviet Jews in the USSR, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference.[128] In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.[129]

Education

Kraków University of Economics

Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.[130] Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second-best university in the country,[131][132] was founded in 1364 as the Cracow University and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the Jagiellonian dynasty of Polish-Lithuanian kings.[133] Its principal academic asset is the Jagiellonian Library, with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts[134] like Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and the Balthasar Behem Codex. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the University include Saint John Cantius, Jan Długosz, Nicolaus Copernicus, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Jan Kochanowski, King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II and Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska.[135]

Collegium Maius, Jagiellonian University's oldest building in Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest technical university in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.[136] It was ranked by the Polish edition of Newsweek as the best technical university in the country for the year 2004.[137] During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of Doctor of Science, and about 900 obtained the qualification of Habilitated Doctor.[138]

Other institutions of higher learning include Academy of Music in Kraków first conceived as conservatory in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue;[139] Cracow University of Economics, established in 1925;[140] Pedagogical University, in operation since 1946;[141] Agricultural University of Cracow, offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of Jagiellonian University);[142] Academy of Fine Arts, the oldest Fine Arts Academy in Poland, founded by the Polish painter Jan Matejko; Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts;[143] The Pontifical Academy of Theology;[144] and Cracow University of Technology, which has more than 37,000 graduates.

Culture

Kraków, the unofficial cultural capital of Poland,[145][146][147] was named the official European Capital of Culture for the year 2000 by the European Union.[148] It is a major attraction for both local and international tourists, attracting seven million visitors a year.[149] Major landmarks include the Main Market Square with St. Mary's Basilica and the Sukiennice Cloth Hall, the Wawel Castle, the National Art Museum, the Zygmunt Bell at the Wawel Cathedral, and the medieval St Florian's Gate with the Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route.[150] Kraków has 28 museums and public art galleries. Among them are the main branch of Poland's National Museum and the Czartoryski Museum, the latter featuring works by Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt.

Museums and national art galleries

The Czartoryski Museum is one of Poland's finest galleries of European art.

Kraków's 28 museums are separated into the national and municipal museums; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries. The National Museum established in 1879, which is the main branch of Poland's National Museum with permanent collections around the country, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill are all accessible to the general public and well patroned. Meanwhile the Czartoryski Museum features works by Leonardo and Rembrandt.

The National Art Collection is located at the Wawel, the former residence of three dynasties of Polish monarchs. Royal Chambers feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and an unsurpassed display of the 16th-century monumental Flemish tapestries. Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th to 18th century arms. The Wawel Eastern Collection features Turkish tents and military accessories. The National Museum is the richest museum in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept in big part in the Main Building at Ul. 3 Maja, however there are actually nine separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being The Gallery of the 19th Century Polish Art in Sukiennice, with the collection of some of the best known paintings and sculptures of the Young Poland movement.

Kraków's renowned Juliusz Słowacki Theatre.

Other major museums of special interest in Kraków include the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),[151] Stanisław Wyspiański Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),[152] Jan Matejko Manor in Krzesławice,[43] – a museum devoted to the master painter and his life, Emeryk Hutten Czapski Museum,[153] and Józef Mehoffer Manor.[154]

Performing arts

The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the National Old Theatre),[155] the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, the Bagatela Theatre, the Ludowy Theatre, and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the Opera Krakowska and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra is the Kraków Philharmonic (Filharmonia Krakowska) built in 1931.[156]

Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,[157] some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Cracow Screen Festival (popular music), the Festival of Polish Music (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the Kraków Film Festival (one of Europe's oldest short films events),[158] Biennial of Graphic Arts, and the Jewish Culture Festival. Kraków was the residence of two Polish Nobel laureates in literature, Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz; a third Nobel laureate, the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andric, lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned Polish film directors Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski.

Music

The main hall of Kraków Philharmonic

Opera Krakowska[159] one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta.

Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of early music presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: Opera Rara[160] and Misteria Paschalia.[161] Meanwhile, Capella Cracoviensis runs the Music in Old Cracow International Festival.

Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known world-wide as the alma mater of the contemporary Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki, and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the International Chopin Competition in Warsaw among its alumni. The Academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.[162]

Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,[92] Sinfonietta Cracovia (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, Organum Academic Choir, the Mixed Mariański Choir (Mieszany Chór Mariański), Kraków Academic Choir of the Jagiellonian University, the Kraków Chamber Choir, Amar Corde String Quartet, Consortium Iagellonicum Baroque Orchestra of the Jagiellonian University, Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and Camerata Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków.

Tourism

According to statistics, in 2009 Kraków was visited by 7.3 million tourists including 2.1 million foreign travelers (over 30% of their grand total).[163][164] The visitors spent over 2.5 billion złoty in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodations). Most foreign tourists came from Great Britain (over 25%), with German, French, Italian and American visitors closely following. The Kraków tour-guide from Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid by cash, especially from Eastern Europe.[163]

The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (in the third place), religion (focused on Wawel) and business (next). There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.[165] The average stay last for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would personally recommend visiting it.[163] Notable points of interest outside the city include the Wieliczka salt mine, the Tatra Mountains 100 km (62 mi) to the south, the historic city of Częstochowa (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, and Ojcowski National Park,[166] which includes Renaissance Pieskowa Skała Castle.[167]

Popular points of interest in and around Kraków
Auschwitz ("Block 11") 

Sports

Kraków is the host city of the 2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship. It has also been selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.[168]

Football is one of the most popular sports in the city.[169] The two teams with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion Wisła Kraków,[170] and five-time champion Cracovia,[171] both founded in 1906 as the oldest in Poland.[172] They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the Holy War (Święta Wojna).[173] Other football clubs include Hutnik Kraków, Wawel Kraków, and one-time Polish champion Garbarnia Kraków. There is also the first-league rugby club Juvenia Kraków. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including nine-time Polish ice hockey champion Cracovia Kraków and the twenty-time women's basketball champion Wisła Kraków.

The Cracovia Marathon, with over a thousand participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.[174] Poland's first F1 racing driver Robert Kubica was born and brought up in Kraków, as was Top 10 ranked women's tennis player Agnieszka Radwańska.

The construction of the new Kraków Arena has started in May 2011; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, futsal, etc. The Arena will be ready in 2013; cost is estimated at 363 million Polish złoty. It will accommodate up to 15 thousand viewers. In the case of a concert, when the stage is set on the lower arena, the facility will be able to seat up to 18 thousand people.

Krakow is currently bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics with Jasná.

International relations

Contemporary foreign names for the city

Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. The city is known in Czech and Slovak as Krakov, in Hungarian as Krakkó, in Lithuanian as Krokuva, in Finnish as "Krakova", in German as Krakau, in Latin, Spanish and Italian as Cracovia, in French as Cracovie, in Portuguese as Cracóvia and in Russian as Краков. Ukrainian and Yiddish languages refer to it as Krakiv (Краків) and Kroke (קראָקע) respectively.[175] Names of Kraków in different languages are also available.

Twin towns and sister cities

Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations, with 34 cities around the world:[176][177][178]

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Municipality Of Kraków, Press Office (2008). "Our City. History of Kraków (archaeological findings)". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Jagiellonian University Centre for European Studies, "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: "1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw". Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  3. Kraków, at Cracow.welcome.com
  4. Kengor, Paul; Patricia Clark Doerner (October 2007). The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan's Top Hand. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-183-4. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  5. Properties inscribed on the World Heritage list, Poland. Cracow's Historic Centre. Date of Inscription: 1978. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992-2013. Last updated: 3 September 2010
  6. 2nd session of the Committee UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Washington, D.C. 5–8 September 1978.
  7. GaWC, The World According to GaWC 2010. Globalisation and World Cities Research Network.
  8. http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll
  9. http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day/
  10. (Polish) Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin. Historical forum, "Krak or Krakus?". Retrieved 10 June 2007. 
  11. UCHWAŁA NR LXXV/732/05 Rady Miasta Krakowa z dnia 13 kwietnia 2005 r. w sprawie przyjęcia oraz ogłoszenia tekstu jednolitego Statutu Miasta Krakowa
  12. "Wawel Kraków". Retrieved 12 September 2007.  Wawel Hill past and present
  13. Wawel Royal Castle, homepage. Maria Dębicka, "The Dragon’s Den". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  14. Magiczny Kraków (May 2012). "History of Kraków". Official website of the City of Kraków. Retrieved December 23, 2012. 
  15. Charles Cawley, Cawley, Charles (August 2012), Poland. Mieszko I, 966–992., Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved August 2012 , Medieval Lands Project, 2006. Cite #51: Dzięcioł, Witold (1963) The Origins of Poland (Veritas, London), p. 148. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  16. Krystyna and Frank Van Dongen. "The royal castle in Kraków". Retrieved 19 May 2011. 
  17. Stanisław Rosik and Przemysław Urbańczyk. "Poland – Ecclesiastical organisation". Retrieved 19 May 2011. 
  18. Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nauka w Polsce (June 2007), Rocznica lokacji Krakowa (750-year anniversary of the Kraków Location Act). See also: full text of Kraków Location Act in Polish, translated from Latin by Bożena Wyrozumska (article by Janusz Kędracki). Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  19. Marek Strzala, "Krakow’s oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  20. Edmund Kolodziejczyk. "Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 May 2011. "For the Overview of historic events see: Tartar raids" 
  21. 21.0 21.1 Stefan Świszczowski, Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem, Kraków 1981, s.52, ISBN 83-08-00624-8.
  22. Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." "The establishment of a university". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  23. Hanseatic towns: Kraków, Polonia Online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.
  24. Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground: A History of Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925339-0. Retrieved 21 January 2008. p.118. See vol.1, chapter 5.
  25. Michael J. Mikoś, Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89357-257-0 First chapters online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007
  26. Cracow's Historic centre, UNESCO report, retrieved on 4 October 2007
  27. Old Synagogue in Kraków, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.
  28. Harold B. Segel, Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543, Cornell University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-8014-2286-8, Google Print, p.252
  29. Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5. Google Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5. Retrieved 9 November 2010. 
  30. Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88)
  31. "The Warsaw Voice", 11 April 1999. "Bell Woman of Wawel Hill". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  32. T. Sturge Moore, "Albert Durer"; and Janusz Wałek, "Painting in Poland – A brief summary". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  33. Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies."Hans Süss von Kulmbach; J. Paul Getty Museum, "Artists: Hans von Kulmbach"; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, "Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage)". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  34. Kazimierz.com. "Kazimierz wczoraj. Introdution". Stowarzyszenie Twórców Kazimierz.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  35. Dorota Wasik, Cracow University of Economics, International Programs Office: "A short long history of Cracow", see: "The Polish struggle for freedom". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  36. (Polish) Grzegorz Reszka, based on: T. Cegielski, K. Zielińska: "Historia. Dzieje nowożytne", J. A. Gierowski: "Historia Polski 1764–1864", Lubicz-Pachoński: "Kościuszko na ziemi krakowskiej", A. Radziwiłł, W. Roszkowski: :Historia 1789–1871:, W. Malski: "Amerykańska wojna pułkownika Kościuszki". "Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798". Retrieved 26 July 2007. 
  37. "Republic of Cracow (historical state, Poland) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". britannica.com. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 
  38. Cresswell, Peterjon (12 May 2009). Frommer's Krakow Day by Day: 20 Smart Ways to See the City. John WIley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-69710-8. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 
  39. Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 4. W. and R. Chambers. 1862. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 
  40. Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" "(see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government)". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  41. (Polish) Bożena Szara, Przeglad Polski (6 April 2001): "Miedzy dwoma swiatami czyli powrot do przeszlosci.". Retrieved 18 May 2007. 
  42. Beata Moore (25 August 2006). Cracow: City of Treasures. Pgw. ISBN 978-0-7112-2571-8. Retrieved 9 November 2010. 
  43. 43.0 43.1 Jan Matejko Manor in Krzesławice
  44. Maria Prussak, Adam Mickiewicz Institute, April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: "Stanisław Wyspiański.". Retrieved 2 September 2007. 
  45. Wood, Nathaniel D. (2010). Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-87580-422-4. 
  46. (Polish) Artur Turyna, "Kraków – najważniejsze daty – Okres IV – od początku XX wieku do dziś". Retrieved 12 September 2007. 
  47. (Polish) Bohdan Urbankowski, Bohdan Urbankowski (1997). Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist). Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997. pp. 171–172. ISBN 83-7001-914-5. 
  48. (Polish) Paweł Stachnik, Dziennik Polski, 21 September 2004. "Okrzyk na cześć cesarza.". Retrieved 1 September 2007. 
  49. Frucht, Richard C. (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 
  50. Magocsi, Paul R.; Pop, Ivan (2002). Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and Culture. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3566-0. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 
  51. Eilat Gordin Levitan, "Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs". Retrieved 1 September 2007. 
  52. Cztery miasta w jednym – nowa historia wojennego Krakowa Niechciana „stolica” Agnieszka Sabor Tygodnik Powszechny Nr 4 (2794), 26 stycznia 2003
  53. Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), "16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.". Retrieved 22 November 2007. 
  54. (Polish) Edward Burek, (editor). “Sonderaktion Krakau” in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000
  55. Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "Gazeta Wyborcza") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. "The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  56. Gressor, Megan; Cook, Kerry (2005). All for Love. Murdoch Books. ISBN 978-1-74045-596-1. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  57. Crowe, David (7 May 2007). Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00253-5. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  58. Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-85332-X, Google Print, p.66
  59. Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson P646
  60. "Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007". Retrieved 23 November 2007. 
  61. Jagiellonian University centre for European Studies, see: ""Worker's paradise" of concrete". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  62. 62.0 62.1 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland)". Retrieved 23 November 2007. 
  63. Jerzy Aleksander Karnasiewicz, Nowa Huta. Okruchy życia i meandry historii (Nowa Huta. Crumbs of Life and the Meanders of History), photo anthology; Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo Slowaków w Polsce, Kraków, 2003; ISBN 83-89186-67-5
  64. Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences "Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)". Retrieved 12 September 2007. 
  65. Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Jagiellonian University, "The forms of nature protection within the city limits". Retrieved 12 September 2007. 
  66. (English) "Institute of Meteorology and Water Management". imgw.pl. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 
  67. "Cracow's Historic centre – UNESCO World Heritage centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  68. Ingrid Gustafson, Let's Go: Eastern Europe Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008.
  69. 69.0 69.1 Jeffrey Zuehlke, Zuehlke, Jeffrey. Poland in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8225-2676-6. Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  70. "Uniwersytet Jagielloński". Wandaluzja. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  71. List of synagogues and Betei Midrash in Kraków between the wars. PDF 49 KB. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  72. Piotr Strasz. "Secesyjny Kraków". Muzeumsecesji.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  73. Beata Vogt, Farid Nassery, Aspekt geometryczny krakowskich budowli modernistycznych powstałych do II Wojny Światowej. Scribd.com document.
  74. "Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego". Osen.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  75. "Nowa Huta – Sightseeing in Kraków – In Your Pocket city guide – essential travel guides to cities in Poland". Inyourpocket.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  76. "Architecture of Nowa Huta". Nh.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  77. "SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)". Arts.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  78. "Hotel Cracovia na liście zabytków. Majchrowski chce chronić krakowski modernizm. Warto? [DYSKUTUJ] – Kraków – Naszemiasto.pl". Krakow.naszemiasto.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  79. "Sztuka Architektury". Sztuka-architektury.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  80. 80.0 80.1 Agnieszka Wiewióra (2008). "Kraków okiem ‘tischnerowskim’". Informacje ogólne (in Polish with English citations). Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera. Retrieved 4 October 2012. 
  81. Marek Strzala, "The green belt of Kraków Planty". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  82. Henryk Jordan's Park. Grodzka.net. "The park, which was initiated by Jordan, was the first of this type in Poland and in Europe. The initiator himself got so engaged in realising his idea that he largely financed its construction and personally brought the most modern sport facilities from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland." — Krakow4you.com, 2008.
  83. "History, philosophy and photographs". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  84. (Polish) Ryszard Burek (editor), Encyklopedia Krakowa, 2000, ISBN 83-01-13325-2.
  85. Dane przestrzenne z Centralnego Rejestru Form Ochrony Przyrody. Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Srodowiska, Poland. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  86. Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (Bulletin of Public Information), "Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term)". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  87. 87.0 87.1 Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (Bulletin of Public Information), "Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  88. "Municipality, Mayor, www.krakow.pl". krakow.pl. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  89. "Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency – VisWiki". viswiki.com. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  90. (Polish) 9 October 2002 Ordinance of the Kraków City Council no. CXXIII/1150/02 on the symbols of the Royal Capital City of Kraków
  91. Laura Brunell, Brunell, Laura (2005). Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-2956-0. Retrieved 5 September 2007.  University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, 2005, ISBN 0-7618-2956-3.
  92. 92.0 92.1 Kraków Philharmonic, homepage
  93. 93.0 93.1 "Boroughs of Kraków". krakow-info.com. Retrieved 24 July 2009. 
  94. Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered:." Published in Rick Steves' Eastern Europe, 2005 edition. "Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw". Retrieved 12 September 2007. 
  95. Global Portal of Diplomats at eDiplomat.com. Notes on Poland including recreation, entertainment, social and religious life, "Krakow". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  96. Kurtz, Michael J. (2006). America and the return of Nazi contraband. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. 
  97. O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. "Hejnal Mariacki – The Kraków Bugle Call". Retrieved 14 September 2007. 
  98. The oldest mention of Kraków hejnał dates back to 1392 (see: Katarzyna Górska. "Legenda o Hejnale Mariackim". Retrieved 2 June 2011. ) "... though there is probably no direct link (wrote Chris Hann) between this bugle call and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today" (see: Chris Hann. "Discovering Social Anthropology in Galicia". Retrieved 19 December 2007. ).
  99. MZBD – Miejski Zarzd Baz Danych – Kraków. "StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy". Msip2.um.krakow.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  100. Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on 27 March 1991; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for 19 April 1995. Source: "Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2007. 
  101. 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 Kraków Real Estate Market, 2005.  (Polish) / (English)
  102. 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Economics, Magiczny Kraków
  103. "Capgemini offices in Poland". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  104. "About Sabre Holdings". sabre-holdings.com. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  105. The Global Future of Outsourcing. PBS Wide Angle, WNET.ORG, 13 September 2005.
  106. "Krakow IT Companies / FrontPage". Krakowit.pbworks.com. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010. 
  107. (Polish) Level of unemployment in Poland by region, 31 May 2007. "Current statistics". Retrieved 14 September 2007. 
  108. UNCATD's World Investment Report 2011. Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, 26 July 2011.
  109. (Polish) Biuro Informacji Publicznej (Office of Public Information). "Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2011". 
  110. (Polish) Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (Office of Public Information, Kraków). "Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  111. "Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at". Europa (web portal). 3 June 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010. 
  112. KIC InnoEnergy. Designated Knowledge and Innovation Community, 16 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  113. Marek Strzala, "Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  114. (Polish) Magiczny Kraków, city's official website. "International railway connections from Kraków". Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  115. "Lotnisko w Pyrzowicach" on www.e-krakow.com (Polish)
  116. Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2009, "Population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division, as of June 30, 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 31 December 2009. 
  117. 117.0 117.1 "Microsoft Word - 13_DZIA. 05.doc" (PDF) (in (Polish)). Retrieved 9 November 2010. 
  118. 118.0 118.1 "GUS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r" (in (Polish)). Stat.gov.pl. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  119. Pawel Kras (2012). "Kraków. Introduction". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved December 2, 2012. 
  120. Derek Keene (2008). "England and Poland: Medieval Metropolises Compared". Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 by Richard Unger and Jakub Basista. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN 9004166238. Retrieved December 2, 2012. 
  121. Jean W. Sedlar (1994). "Towns and Townspeople". East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. p. 110, Volume 3. ISBN 0295972912. Retrieved December 2, 2012. 
  122. Door Jeannie Labno. "Commemorating the Polish Renaissance" (Google books). Shifting Boundaries and Conceptual Identities. Ashgate Publishing. p. 19. Retrieved December 2, 2012. 
  123. See "Ludność" "Population" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Kraków: PWN, 2000 (Polish)
  124. (Polish) "Raport z realizacji priorytetowego zadania Ministra Edukacji i Nauki, Kraków – marzec 2006". Retrieved 8 September 2007. 
  125. Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), Kościoły Krakowa (The churches of Kraków). Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved December 23, 2012. (Polish)
  126. Adam Dylewski, Where the Tailor Was a Poet... website created under the aegis of the Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Warsaw; chief editor: Dr. Piotr M. A. Cywinski. Editorial assistance: Dr. Anna Marta Szczepan-Wojnarska, and Kaja Wieczorek from Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw
  127. Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 - 325 pages. Page 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9
  128. Arieh J. Kochavi, Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948. Page 15. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2620-0 Accessed June 20, 2011.
  129. http://www.jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir – Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland – Casimir / Kazimierz
  130. "Study in Krakow, city of colours". krakow.pl. Retrieved 14 May 2013. 
  131. Times Higher Education Suplement (THES). "Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities" (PDF). Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2007.  Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006.
  132. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: The Times Higher Education Suplement. QS World University Rankings. "Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities". Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  133. Jagiellonian University (homepage), "Calendar"
  134. Jagiellonian University, "Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  135. The Nobel Foundation. "Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  136. AGH University of Science and Technology homepage, "AGH-UST staff and students, introduction". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  137. Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (Polish edition), 22 March 2004, "Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki". Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  138. Professor Antoni S. Kleczkowski, AGH University of Science and Technology. "History of AGH-UST". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2007. 
  139. "History of the Akademia Muzyczna". Retrieved 23 August 2010. 
  140. "Kraków University of Economics homepage". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  141. "Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  142. "Akademia Rolnicza, homepage". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  143. "Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline". Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  144. "Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  145. "A coffee break in Poland's culture capital". The Independent (London). 22 October 2000. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  146. Green, Peter S. (16 June 2000). "CITY GUIDE: Krakow: Poland's Fun City". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  147. "Great deals and holiday guides to Eastern Europe – Poland – Krakow". uknetguide.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  148. "European Capital of Culture in Poland again". opinia.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  149. "Basic info for foreigners in Krakow". krakow-info.com. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  150. "Krakow Landmarks | Historical monuments in Krakow". krakow-info.com. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  151. Manggha, Centre of Japanese Art and Technology
  152. Stanisław Wyspiański Museum
  153. Emeryk Hutten Czapski Museum
  154. Józef Mehoffer Manor
  155. "Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish". Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  156. "Krakow Philharmonic". Filharmonia Krakowska. 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2009. 
  157. Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, "Calendar of Annual Events, 2007". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  158. "Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy". krakowfilmfestival.pl. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  159. Opera Krakowska
  160. "Opera Rara – Kraków – December 8, 2011". Operarara.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  161. "History – Cracow Music Academy". Amuz.krakow.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2011. 
  162. 163.0 163.1 163.2 Ewa Łosińska (27 November 2009). "Turyści nie oszczędzali na Krakowie". Kraków » Podróże (in Polish). Rzeczpospolita OnLine. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 
  163. Urząd Miasta Krakowa (2012). "Badania Ruchu Turystycznego" (links to PDF data for the years 2003–2012). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej - BIP MK. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 
  164. Witold Bartoszewicz (2010). "Klasyfikacja obiektów noclegowych" (in Polish). Instytut Turystyki. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 
  165. "Krakow Day Trips". Retrieved 12 October 2007. 
  166. Starwood, "Explore Krakow". "Top 10 things to do in Kraków". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  167. Kraków as the European City of Sport at Krakow.pl.
  168. "Krakow Sport Information Guide". Cracow Life. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  169. (Polish) Wisła portal, 1998–2007, "General info, history and successes". Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
  170. (Polish) List of oldest Polish sports clubs featured in a newspaper retrospective. Zbigniew Chmielewski (2003). "Obok Czarnych znak Pogoni". Polityka 2414 (33). Retrieved 22 July 2009. 
  171. Editorial (September 2, 2012). "Wiślackie Kalendarium: pierwsze mistrzostwo, pierwszy puchar". Stowarzyszenie Kibiców Wisły Kraków. Retrieved November 11, 2012. 
  172. "Święta Wojna (The Holy War)". Wisla Kraków - Cracovia Kraków. Footballderbies.com. 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012. 
  173. Official website of the Cracovia Marathon Office, with list of winners, events, and registration form. "History of "Cracovia Marathon"". Urząd Miasta Krakowa. Retrieved 12 September 2007. 
  174. Andrzej Chwalba. Krakow w latach 1939–1945 (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.)
  175. 176.0 176.1 176.2 176.3 176.4 176.5 176.6 176.7 176.8 176.9 176.10 176.11 176.12 176.13 176.14 176.15 176.16 176.17 176.18 176.19 "Kraków - Miasta Partnerskie" [Kraków - Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-10. 
  176. 177.0 177.1 177.2 177.3 177.4 "Kraków - Miasta Bliźniacze" [Kraków - Twin Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-10. 
  177. 178.0 178.1 178.2 178.3 "Kraków - Honorowe Miasta Bliźniacze" [Kraków - Honorary Twin Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-10. 
  178. "Bratislava City – Twin Towns". 2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk. Retrieved 26 October 2008. 
  179. "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities," 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12. Also in: Richard Thompson, "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities'," Boston Globe, 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  180. "Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities)" (in Spanish). Municipalidad del Cusco. Retrieved 23 September 2009. 
  181. "Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities". 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008. 
  182. "Twin and Partner Cities". City of Edinburgh Council. Retrieved 16 January 2009. 
  183. "Frankfurt -Partner Cities". 2008 Stadt Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved 5 December 2008. 
  184. "Cайт Грозный Виртуальный при перепечатке материалов в онлайн проектах". Grozny Official Website. Retrieved 1 November 2008.   (Russian)
  185. "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013. 
  186. "Leipzig – International Relations". 2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs. Retrieved 17 July 2009. 
  187. "Milano – Città Gemellate". 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). Retrieved 5 December 2008. 
  188. "Rochester's Sister Cities". City of Rochester. Retrieved 2010-12-06. 
  189. 190.0 190.1 "Kraków otwarty na świat". krakow.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 
  190. 191.0 191.1 "Foreign co-operation". Retrieved 1 November 2007.  from the municipality official website
  191. "Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb". 2006–2009 City of Zagreb. Retrieved 23 June 2009. 
  192. Marek Strzala. "Krakow's Arts Palace". Krakow Info. Retrieved 16 April 2012. 

Further reading

  • Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. ISBN 0-7201-2231-7.
  • Edward Hartwig, Kraków, with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. ISBN 83-217-2321-7.
  • Bolesław T. Łaszewski, Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the University of Michigan), 132 pages. ISBN 0-912757-08-6
  • Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, Kraków: The Guide. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. ISBN 83-87037-28-1.
  • Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, Krakow. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. ISBN 1-84306-308-5. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.
  • Scott Simpson, Krakow. Published 2003 by Thomas Cook, 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. ISBN 1-84157-187-3.
  • Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, Krakow. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. ISBN 963-00-5930-4.
  • Richard Watkins, Best of Kraków, Published 2006, by Lonely Planet, 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. ISBN 1-74104-822-2.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.