Korean postpositions
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Korean postpositions are suffixes or short words in Korean grammar that immediately follow a noun or pronoun. This article uses the Yale romanization to show morphology. Look to the hangul versions underneath for the official orthographic form.
| Preceding syntactic element | Example sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ('n-) un 은/는 |
Used as a topic particle or a subject particle. Un 은 is used following a consonant, 'n un 는 is used following a vowel. | |
| Nouns (topic) | Na'nun haksayng-i ta. 나는 학생이다. | I am a student. |
| Nouns (topic) | I-kes'un yenpil-i ta. 이것은 연필이다. | This is a pencil. |
| Nouns (genericized nominative) | Chitha-neun ppalu ta. 치타는 빠르다. | Cheetahs are fast. |
| Nouns (topic) | Na'nun ccacangmyen cwuseiyo. 나는 짜장면 주세요. | I'd like a jajangmyeon. |
| i/ka 이/가 |
Used as an identifier particle or a subject particle. I 이 is used following a consonant, ka 가 is used following a vowel. | |
| Nouns (agent) | Nay ka masye-ss ta. 내가 마셨다. | I drank. |
| Nouns (identifier) | Ce-kes-i Han Kang-i ya. 저것이 한강이야. | That is the Han River. |
| Nouns (specific nominative) | Chitha ka nuli ta. 치타가 느리다. | This cheetah is slow. |
| to 도 |
Used as an additive particle. When dealing with additive qualities/descriptions of the same subject, ttohan 또한 is used. | |
| Nouns | Ku-nye to kongpu-ha-n ta. 그녀도 공부한다. | She studies too. |
| Nouns (additive) | Cengnam un kunin-ye-ss ta. Cengnam un ttohan cengchika-ye-ss ta. 정남은 군인였다. 정남은 또한 정치가였다. | Jeong-nam was a soldier. Jeong-nam was also a politician. |
| ('l-) ul 을/를 |
Used as an object particle. Ul 을 is used following a consonant, 'l ul 를 is used following a vowel, | |
| Nouns (objective) | Na'nun lamyen'ul mek.e-ss ta. 나는 라면을 먹었다. | I ate ramen. |
| eykey/hantey 에게/한테 |
Used as a dative particle. Eykey 에게 is the literary form, and han tey 한테 is the colloquial form. | |
| Noun | Nehuy eykey hal mal-i iss ta. 너희에게 할 말이 있다. | I have something to tell you. |
| kkey 께 |
Kkey 께 is the honorific dative marker. | |
| Noun | Koyongju'kkey senmul'ul tulye-ssta. 고용주께 선물을 드렸다. | I gave a gift to my employer. |
| (u)lo 으로/로 |
Used to mark the instrumental case, which can also denote destination or role. Ulo 으로 is used following a consonant other than 'ㄹ', which is abbreviated to 'lo 로 following a vowel or a consonant 'ㄹ'. | |
| Noun (means) | KTX'lo Sewul'ey'se Pusankkaci 3 sikan kelli-nta. KTX로 서울에서 부산까지 3시간 걸린다. | It takes 3 hours to go from Seoul to Busan via KTX. |
| Noun (destination) | Nayil Hocwu'lo ttena-pni'ta. 내일 호주로 떠납니다. | I am leaving for Australia tomorrow. |
| Noun (role) | Wuncensa'lo cwicik-hay yo. 운전사로 취직해요. | I'm looking for a job as a driver. |
| ey 에 |
Used for any words relating to time or place. | |
| Time (noun) | Maikul un 8 wol ey wa-ss ta. 마이클은 8월에 왔다. | Michael came in August. |
| Location (noun) | Ceytong un ilpon ey ka-ss ta. 제동은 일본에 갔다. | Jae-dong went to Japan. |
| ey se 에서 |
Translates to: "from" when used with a motion verb. May also be used as "at", "in" when used with an action verb which is not motion related. | |
| Noun (from) | Cwungkuk ey se wa-ss.e. 중국에서 왔어. | I came from China. |
| Noun (in) | Pang ey se kongpu'l ul hay-ss ta. 방에서 공부를 했다. | I studied in my room. |
| man 만 |
Translates to: "only", used after a noun. | |
| Noun | Ocik ceimsu man hankuk.e'l ul kongpu hay-ss ta. 오직 제임스만 한국어를 공부했다. | Only James studied Korean. |
| uy 의 |
Functions as: possession indicator, noun link, topic marker. | |
| Noun: possession | Mikuk uy taythonglyong 미국의 대통령 | President of the United States |
| (k)wa 과/와 |
Translates to: "and" (conjunction); "with" or "as with" (preposition). Kwa 과 is used following a consonant, wa 와 is used following a vowel. | |
| Nouns: conjunction | Ne wa na 너와 나 | You and I |
References
- Martin SE (2006). Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Tuttle Publishing.
- Vincent M, Yeon J (2010). Complete Korean. McGraw-Hill Professional.
- Ihm Ho Bin, Hong Kyung Pyo, and Chang Suk In. Korean Grammar for International Learners. Yonsei University Press
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