Kim Gu
| Kim Gu 김구 金九 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 6th President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea | |
| In office 1927–1927 | |
| Vice President | Kim Kyu-sik |
| Preceded by | Hong Jin |
| Succeeded by | Yi Dong-nyung |
| 12th, 13th President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea | |
| In office 1939 – August 15, 1948 | |
| Preceded by | Yi Dong-nyung |
| Succeeded by | Syngman Rhee |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 29, 1876 Hwanghae, Joseon Dynasty |
| Died | June 26, 1949 (aged 72) Seoul, South Korea |
| Nationality | Korean |
| Political party | Korean Independence Party |
| Kim Gu | |
| Hangul | 김구 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 金九 |
| Revised Romanization | Gim Gu |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kim Ku |
| Pen name | |
| Hangul | 백범 or 연상 |
| Hanja | 白凡 or 蓮上 |
| Revised Romanization | Baekbeom or Yeonsang |
| McCune–Reischauer | Paekbŏm or Yŏngsang |
| Courtesy name | |
| Hangul | 연하 |
| Hanja | 蓮下 |
| Revised Romanization | Yeonha |
| McCune–Reischauer | Yŏnha |
Kim Gu (김구; 金九; sometimes transliterated Kim Ku Korean pronunciation: [kimɡu]; also known by his pen name Baekbeom (백범; 白凡; [pɛkp͈ʌm]), August 29, 1876 – June 26, 1949), was one of the founders of the Republic of Korea, a South Korean politician, educator, the sixth and later the last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, leader of Korean independence movement against the Japanese colonial rule of Korea that lasted from 1910 to 1945, and reunification activist who had struggled for the independent reunification of Korea since its national division in 1945. Kim Gu is referred to as the father of the nation in the Republic of Korea[citation needed].
Biography
Early life
Kim was born on August 29 (11th day of the 7th month in the Lunar Calendar), 1876 in Teot-gol (텃골), Baek-un-bang (백운방), Haeju (해주; 海州), South Hwanghae Province, Korea, the only son of a farmer Kim Soon Young (김순영) and his wife Kwak Nack Won (곽낙원). His name at birth was Kim Changahm (김창암; 金昌巖; [kimtɕʰaŋam]). When he was nine years old, he started to study Chinese classic texts such as Zizhi Tongjian (자치통감; 資治通鑒), and Great Learning (대학; 大學) at local seodangs.
Leader of Donghak movement
At the age of 16, Kim applied for the Gwageo (Imperial Examination) of Joseon but failed. After that, he joined the Donghak Movement(동학; 東學), a rebellion against government and foreign oppressions in 1893 and changed his name to Kim Changsoo (김창수; 金昌洙). As the organization grew rapidly, he was appointed the district leader of Palbong (팔봉) at the age of 17 and a Donghak army regiment. Following the instruction of Donghak leader Choi Si Hyung (최시형; 崔時亨), Kim's troops stormed the Haeju fort in Hwanghae-do, but the army was eventually defeated by governmental forces. After that, he was defeated by his companion, Dong-yeop Lee (이동엽) in the turf war of Donghak’s organization. Thereafter, the Royal Army's General Tae-hun An (안태훈; 安泰勳; (father of Ahn Jung-geun (안중근; 安重根) who would in 1909 assassinate the Japanese governor Ito Hirobumi (伊藤博文)), gave Kim's Donghak rebels a safe pass, but other government troops ignored An's safe pass and attacked them. At 20, with I-eon Kim whom he had met around Yalu River, Kim attacked the Royal Army unit holding the Gang-gye fort, supported by the Qing Dynasty's army. However, the attack failed and he went into hiding.
Assassination of Josuke Tsuchida
On October 8, 1895, Empress Myeongseong (명성황후; 明成皇后; 민비), the wife of Emperor Gwangmu (광무황제; 光武皇帝; 고종) of the Korean Empire was assassinated by a group of Japanese assassins (the Eulmi Incident; 을미사변; 乙未事變). Miura Goro (三浦梧楼), then Japan's Resident Minister in Korea, was suspected as the mastermind of the assassination. In February 1896, Kim stayed at an inn in Chihapo, Hwanghae Province while traveling to southern regions. There he found a Japanese man named Tsuchida Josuke (土田譲亮), who was disguised as a Korean and concealing a Japanese sword, and killed him believing that he was involved in the assassination of the queen.
In his autobiography, 'Baekbeom Ilji' (白凡逸志), Kim describes his motivation at the time as follows:
Since many Japaneses go through Chihapo every day, there is no reason for him to disguise as a Korean if he were an ordinary merchant or workman. Could he be Miura or one of his accomplices who killed the queen, fled from Seoul and hiding here? Even if he is not, a Japanese man with a disguise and a sword can do nothing but harm to my country and people. I will revenge for my queen by killing this Japanese man.— Baekbeom Ilji
The following morning, Kim attacked Tsuchida, took his sword, and killed him with it. The "Report from acting administrator Hagihara Moriichi of Incheon Consulate on the current situation of Incheon" describes Tsuchida as a "commoner from Nagasaki Prefecture" and an "employee of a Nagasaki trader on a business trip".[1] However, this does not prove that Tsuchida was not involved in the assassination of the Empress Myeongseong, as this assassination was carried out not only by Japanese soldiers but also by many Japanese Ronins, as described in the report by Ezo Ishizuka (石塚英藏), the Japanese adviser to the Korean Empire at the time.[2]
In addition, Kim stated in his autobiography that Tsuchida was concealing a sword and had identification papers that showed him to be a Japanese army lieutenant.[3] Official Japanese interrogation police records from the time also verify the fact that Tsuchida was carrying a sword around.
After the killing, Kim left a hand-written document which said "Kim Changsoo from Haeju, Hwanghae Province, killed this Japanese man to revenge the murder of the Queen of Korea", as documented in Baekbeom Ilji. He waited at his home at Haeju for three months before the police came and arrested him.
Imprisonment, jailbreak, and educational activities
Kim was tortured and sentenced to death. According to 'Baekbeom Ilji', however, many Korean people were sympathetic and admired him for his patriotism and bravery, as shown by the facts that his execution was suspended by order of Emperor Gwangmu, that Korean judicial officials behaved politely to him despite Japanese pressure to execute him promptly, and that influential Koreans at the time (including major merchants of Inchoen) made efforts to rescue him by repeated petitions to Korean Justice Department Officials and by collecting money for his ransom before his scheduled execution date.
In prison, Kim had a chance to read newly published textbooks about Western culture and science such as Taeseo Shinsa (태서신사; 泰西新史) and Saegye Jiji (세계지지; 世界地誌). He was deeply impressed by the strengths of the new Western science and recognized the importance of education for the Korean people. He started to teach about 100 illiterate fellow prisoners. The Korean newspaper Hwhangsung Shinbo (황성신보; 皇城新報) reported at the time that by his teaching of prisoners Kim Chang Soo changed the Incheon Prison into a school.
In 1898 he broke out of prison and escaped into Magoksa (마곡사; 麻谷寺), a Buddhist temple in Gongju (공주; 公州), Chungcheong province, and entered the Buddhist priesthood. A year later Kim left the priesthood and returned to Hwanghae, where he devoted himself to the enlightenment and education of the Korean people, founding (장연학교; 長淵學校) and the Yangsan School (양산학교; 楊山學校) in 1907, becoming the principal of the Yangsan School. In 1904, he married Choi Jun Rye (최준례;崔遵禮) from Sincheon (신천), Hwanghae Province.
Joins Korean Independence Movement
In 1905, the Eulsa Treaty (을사조약; 乙巳條約) was made between Japan and Korea, making Korea a protectorate of Japan. Kim participated in a mass protest against the treaty in Seoul and presented a memorial to Emperor Gwangmu urging him to withdraw from the treaty. In 1908, Kim joined Shin Min Hoi (신민회; 新民會; New People's Association), a national-level underground organization established by Ahn Chang Ho (안창호) for nonviolent Korean independence movement.
In 1910, the Japanese colonial government arrested An Myung Geun (안명근; 安明根), a cousin of the An Jung-Geun who killed Ito Hirobumi, for plotting to assassinate Governor-General Terauchi Masatake (寺内正毅). Kim, who was a close friend of Ahn, was suspected of being an accomplice and arrested as well. Like other jailed suspects, Kim was severely tortured, but no evidence linking him to the assassination attempt was found and he was released from prison after 3 years.[4]
This term of imprisonment left Kim with damage to cartilage and his left ear disfigured for life, due to beating by Japanese in the prison, in addition to his calves that were already permanently scarred in his earlier imprisonment torture for the killing of Tsuchida. At the time, Han Pil Ho (한필호; 韓弼昊), a member of Shin Min Hoi was killed, Shin Suk Choong (신석충; 申錫忠) killed himself, and An tried to commit suicide during the severe interrogation but failed. Gu Kim also tried to kill himself with a self-inflicted injury in his head, but failed.
In prison, Kim changed his name from 'Kim Changsoo' to 'Kim Gu' and adopted the pen name of 'Baekbeom' (백범, 白凡). Kim stated in his biography that the change of his name symbolized breaking free from Japanese nationality records and that he chose the pen name Baekbeom, which means "ordinary person", hoping every ordinary Korean person would fight for the independence of Korea.
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
Kim exiled himself to Shanghai, China in 1919 after a nationwide non-violent resistance movement, known as the March 1st Movement (3.1 운동), which was violently suppressed by the Japanese imperialist government. In Shanghai, Kim joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 임시정부; 大韓民國 臨時政府), which vowed to liberate Korea from Japanese occupation.
After serving as the Police Minister, Kim became the president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1927. He was re-elected to the office many times by the Provisional Assembly.
In 1931 he organized a nationalist group, the Korean Patriotic Corps (한인애국단; 韓人愛國團). One of the members, Yoon Bong-Gil (윤봉길; 尹奉吉), ambushed and assassinated the Japanese military leadership in Shanghai on April 29, 1932. The commander of the Japanese Army and Navy died instantly. Another member, Lee Bong-chang (이봉창; 李奉昌), tried to assassinate the Japanese emperor Hirohito in Tokyo on January 8 of the same year but failed.
After escaping to Chongqing where Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government was established, Kim established the Korean Liberation Army (광복군; 光復軍), commanded by General Ji Cheong-cheon (지청천; 池靑天). When the Pacific War broke out on December 8, 1941, Kim Gu declared war on Japan and Germany and committed the Korean Liberation Army to the Allied side; the Korean Liberation Army took part in warfare in China and Southeast Asia. Kim arranged for the Korean Liberation Army to advance to Korea in 1945 but, days before the departure of the leading unit, the war ended.
After Korean Liberation
He returned to Seoul upon the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945.
As the division of the newly independent country became obvious, he led a team of former independence activists to Pyongyang to hold unification talks with Kim Il-sung (김일성; 金日成), who later became the president of North Korea, but failed drastically after being humiliated by Kim.
In 1948, the inaugural National Assembly of South Korea nominated Kim as a candidate for the office of the first president of the Republic. In the election by the National Assembly, Kim was defeated by Syngman Rhee (이승만; 李承晩), the first president of the provisional government, who had been impeached in 1925 by a vote of 180-16. He also lost the election for the vice presidency to Lee Si-yeong (이시영; 李始榮) by a vote of 133-59. Kim himself did not know about his nomination until after the election, and he did not approve the nomination, considering it a ploy to discredit him. Also, Kim would never have participated in the election as he fiercely opposed the establishment of separate governments in North and South Korea.
Death and legacy
In June 26, 1949, Kim was assassinated by Ahn Doo-hee (안두희; 安斗熙) in his office. Although some suggest there may have been a right-wing conspiracy to assassinate him in which even president Rhee and the CIA could have been involved, no details of the assassination have been revealed. Moreover, Ahn Doo-hee was murdered by Park Gi Sheo (박기서), a follower of Kim's in 1996 after he allegedly confessed that Kim Chang-ryong (김창룡; 金昌龍) masterminded the assassination, thus further obscuring the prospect of finding the motive of assassination. According to Bruce Cumings in his 1981 books, another possible motive for the assassination could have been Kim's alleged connection to the assassination of Song Chin-u (송진우; 宋鎭禹]), a leader of the Korean Democratic Party (KDP) who had chosen to work closely with the American military government.[5] However, there are strong arguments against such accusations without any evidences.[6]
Kim was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation (건국훈장 대한민국장; 建國勳章 大韓民國章), the most prestigious civil decoration in the Republic of Korea, as well as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's National Reunification Prize.[7] His autobiography, Baekbeomilji (Journal of Baekbeom, 백범일지) is an important source for study of history of Korean independence movement and has been designated as cultural treasure No. 1245 by the Korean government.[8] A steady seller in Korea, the autobiography was first published in 1947 and republished in more than 10 versions in Korea and abroad.[8]
Kim has been constantly regarded as one of the greatest figures in Korean history. For example, he was voted in a 2004 online poll as the greatest leader after the restoration of Korean independence[9] and in 2005 as the most revered figure by Korean National Assemblymen.[10] In 2007 national surveys, Kim received the most vote as the Korean historic figure whose portrait should be featured in new Korean banknotes that will be issued in 2009.[11][12]
On November 5, 2007, the Bank of Korea, the national central bank of the Republic of Korea, announced the new 100,000 Korean won bill would feature Kim's portrait.[13] However, the issuing of the new bill was delayed indefinitely as of 2009 for an unknown reason.
Family
Kim's second son, Kim Shin (김신; 金信; 1922-), was a founding member of Republic of Korea Air Force, the Chief of Korean Air Force, a National Assemblyperson, and the Minister of Transportation, and is currently the Director of Kim Koo Museum and Library. Kim Gu's grandson, Kim Yang (김양; 金揚 1953-), was appointed as the Korean Consulate General in Shanghai, China in 2005 and as the Minister of Patriots and Veteran Affairs of Korea (국가보훈처; 國家報勳處) in 2008.
In 2010, Kim Gu's great-grandson, Kim Yong Man (김용만; 金容萬 1987-) was appointed second lieutenant of Korean Air Force, and in 2011, Kim's great-grandson on her daughter's side, Kim Dong Man (김동만; 金東萬; 1987-) was also appointed second lieutenant of Korean Air Force.
'My desire'
At the end of his autobiography Baekbeomilji, Kim expressed his desire with which he carried all his lifetime:
- If god asked me what was my wish, I would reply unhesitatingly, "Korean independence."
- If he asked me what was my second wish, I would again answer, "My country's independence."
- If he asked me what was my third wish, I would reply in an even louder voice, "My wish is the complete independence of my country Korea."
- My fellow brethren. This is my only wish. I have lived seventy years of my life for this wish, am living my life for this wish, and will live my life only to fulfill this wish.
- ...Recently, some of our brothers have said that they wanted our nation to be a part of a federation of another country. I don't believe this, and if there is really someone who does, I can only say that he is crazy and has lost his mind.
- I've studied the ideas of Confucius, Buddha, and Jesus; I respect them as saints, but even if there's a heaven made by them, it's not a nation created by our nation, and I will never take our nation there.
- It is because, a nation which shared blood and history is clear, and just like my body can't be another's, the reason that a certain nation can't become another is the same as brothers living in the same house. If two gather and become one, one would be higher and the other lower, so it becomes a basic problem that one orders from above, and the other obeys from below.
- And so-called leftists deny the motherland of blood, and say this and that about the so-called motherland of ideology, ignoring brothers of blood-ties, and claims the so-called comrade of ideology and international class of proletariat, and speak as if nationalism is outside the truth.
- This is foolish thinking. Philosophies change and theories of politics and economics are only a snap, but a nation's success is everlasting.
- ...I want our nation to be the most beautiful in the world. By this I do not mean the most powerful nation. Because I have felt the pain of being invaded by another nation, I do not want my nation to invade others. It is sufficient that our wealth makes our lives abundant; it is sufficient that our strength is able to prevent foreign invasions. The only thing that I desire in infinite quantity is the power of a noble culture. This is because the power of culture both makes ourselves happy and gives happiness to others.
Writings
- 《Baekbeom Ilji》(백범일지; 白凡逸志)
- 《Dowae Silgi》(도왜실기; 屠倭實記)
- 《Baikbeom Urok》(백범어록; 白凡語錄)
See also
- Provisional Government of Republic of Korea
- Korean independence movement
- List of Korea-related topics
- Syngman Rhee
- Kim Kyu-sik
- Yoon Bong-Gil
- Lee Bong-Chang
- Kim Wonbong
- Kim Ja-jeom
References
- Doh Jin-Soon (ed.): Kim Koo - Das Tagebuch von Baekbeom. Hamburg: Abera Verlag 2005. ISBN 3-934376-70-3. German version of Baekbeomilji (Journal of Baekbeom).
- Koo, K. (1997). Baekbeomilji [Journal of Baekbeom]. Seoul, Korea: Dolbaegae. ISBN 89-7199-099-6
- Yamabe, K. (1966). Japanese Occupation of Korea. Tokyo, Japan: Taihei Shuppan-sha. ISBN 4-8031-2708-5
Notes
- ↑ Japan Center for Asian Historical Records Reference code: A04010024500
- ↑ "山邊健太郞", Kentaro Yamabe (1966, p.223)
- ↑ 새國史事典(New Encyclopedia of Korean History) (Seoul:Gyohaksa, 1983, ISBN 89-09-00506-8)
- ↑ Doosan Encyclopedia
- ↑ Cumings, Bruce. The origins of the Korean War: liberation and the emergence of separate regimes 1945-1947. (Princeton; Guildford: Princeton University Press, 1981.), 219.
- ↑ 2010 Pressian article
- ↑ "National Reunification Prize Winners", Korean Central News Agency, 1998-05-07, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Korean Cultural Heritage Information Center
- ↑ 2004 online poll
- ↑ 2005 survey by Dongailbo
- ↑ 2007 survey by CBS
- ↑ 2007 survey by Maeil Business
- ↑ Yonhap News Article
External links
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Hong Jin |
President of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1926-1927 |
Succeeded by Yi Dong-nyung |
| Preceded by Yi Dong-nyung |
President of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1940-1948 |
Provisional Government dissolved |