Khendjer

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Khendjer

Detail of the stela of Ameny-Sonb showing the nomen of Khendjer, Louvre Museum.
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign 5 years starting in 1764 BC or 1718 BC, 13th Dynasty
Predecessor Wegaf (most likely [1]) or Sobekhotep II
Successor Imyremeshaw
Consort(s) Sonb[henas]
Monuments Pyramid of Khendjer

Userkare Khendjer was the twenty-first pharaoh of the 13th dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.[2] Khendjer reigned from Memphis during 4 years 3 months and 5 days, from 1764 BC until 1759 BC[1] or from 1718 BC until 1712 BC.[3] Khendjer had a small pyramid built for himself in Saqqara.

Name

The name Khendjer is poorly attested in Egyptian.[4] Khendjer "has been interpreted as a foreign name hnzr and equated with the Semitic personal name h(n)zr, [for] 'boar'" according to the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt.[1] He notes that this identification is confirmed by the fact that the name h(n)zr is written as hzr in a variant spelling of this king's name on a seal from this king's reign.[5] Ryholt states that the word 'boar' is:

"attested as huzīru in Akkadian, hinzīr in Arabic, hazīrā in Aramaic, hazīr in Hebrew (the name is attested as hēzīr in I Chron. 24:15, Neh. 10:20) hu-zi-ri in the Nuzi texts, hnzr in Ugarit, and perhaps hi-zi-ri in Amorite." [1]

Khendjer was, therefore, the earliest known Semitic king of a native Egyptian dynasty. Khendjer's prenomen or throne name, Userkare, translates as "The Soul of Re is Powerful."[6]

Khendjer, however, may have had a second prenomen at his coronation: 'Nimaatre' which translates as 'The one who belongs to Maat is Re.'[7] This name appears together with the name Khendjer at the top of the stela of Amenyseneb (Louvre C12).[8]

Chronological position and reign Length

Khendjer making offerings on the pyramidion from his pyramid.
The pyramidion from Khendjer's pyramid.

The exact chronological position of Khendjer in the 13th dynasty is not known for certain owing to uncertainties affecting earlier kings of the dynasty. Egyptologist Darell Baker makes him the twenty-first king of the dynasty, Ryholt sees him as the twenty-second king and Jürgen von Beckerath places him as the seventeenth pharaoh of the dynasty. Furthermore, the identity of his predecessor is still debated: Baker and Ryholt believe it was Khutawyre Wegaf but this pharaoh is confused with Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep so that it is not known which one of the two founded the 13th dynasty and which one was Khendjer's predecessor.[1][2]

The highest attested date for Khendjer's reign is the fourth month of the season of Akhet (inundation), day 15 in his fifth regnal year. Kim Ryholt notes that two dated control notes on stone blocks from his unfinished pyramid complex give him a minimum reign of 3 or 4 years 3 months and 5 days.[9] The aforementioned control notes are dated to Year 1 I Akhet day 10 and Year 5 IV Akhet day 15 of his reign.[10] In these control notes, the names of three officials involved in building the pyramid are also identified. They are the chamberlain of the palace, Senebtyfy, the chamberlain Ameny and the chamberlain, Shebenu.[11] The latter is also attested by other sources.

Pyramid

Main article: Pyramid of Khendjer

Khendjer is known primarily from his pyramid complex excavated by G. Jequier at Saqqara which was perhaps completed as a pyramidion was found.[12] There was found a fragment of a canopic jar, which offers a partial name for his queen, Seneb ... "which may be restored as Sonb[henas]."[13] Other objects with the name of the king are a stela from Abydos recording building projects by the king at the Osiris temple at Abydos and names the vizier Ankhu. Another stela once in Liverpool (destroyed in World War II), provides the name of the king's son "Khedjer". He might be a son of the king.[14] Other objects with his name, according to the list provided by Ryholt, include three cylinder-seals from Athribis, a tile found near el-Lisht, scarab seals and an axe blade.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 181
  3. ↑ Thomas Schneider following Detlef Franke: Lexikon der Pharaonen
  4. ↑ The name Khedjer for private individuals appears on only two monuments: Stela Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen ABDUA 21642 and on stela Liverpool M13635, see Iain Ralston: The Stela of Ibi son of Iiqi in the Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen, In Discovering Egypt from the Neva, The Egyptologcial Legacy of Oleg D Berlev, edited by S. Quirke, Berlin 2003, pp.107-110, pl. 6 and W. Grajetzki: Two Treasurers of the Late Middle Kingdom, Oxford 2001, p. 28, pl. 2. Both monuments date to around the time of king Khendjer and the individuals there might have called themselves after the king.
  5. ↑ Ryholt, p.220 and footnote 763
  6. ↑ Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2006 paperback, p.91
  7. ↑ Khendjer Titulary
  8. ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt 1964, 238
  9. ↑ Ryholt, p.193
  10. ↑ Ryholt, pp.193-195
  11. ↑ Felix Arnold: The Control Notes and Team Marks, The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Volume II, New York 1990, ISBN 0-87099-551-0, pp.176-183
  12. ↑ G. Jequier: Deux pyramides du Moyen Empire, Cairo 1933, S. 3-35
  13. ↑ Ryholt, op. cit., p.221 The object is Cairo JE 54498
  14. ↑ W. Grajetzki: Two Treasurers of the Late Middle Kingdom, Oxford 2001, p. 28, pl. 2
Preceded by
Wegaf		 Pharaoh of Egypt
Thirteenth Dynasty 		Succeeded by
Imyremeshaw
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