Khanate of Bukhara

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Khanate of Bukhara
خانات بخارا
Buxoro Xonligi
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1500–1785 →
 
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The Khanate of Bukhara (green), c. 1600.
Capital Bukhara
Languages Persian (official)[1]
Uzbek
Chaghatay
Religion Islam (Sunni, Naqshbandi Sufism)
Government Monarchy
Khan
 -  1500–1510 Muhammad Shaybani
 - 1599 - 1605 Baqi Muhammad Khan
 - 1747 - 1753 Muhammad Rahim
 - 1758–1785 Abu’l Ghazi Khan
Historical era Early modern period
 -  Establishment of Shaybanid dynasty 1500
 - Capture of Samarkand 1505
 - Establishment of Janid dynasty 1599
 - Manghit dynasty takes control 1747
 -  Establishment of Emirate of Bukhara 1785
Today part of  Uzbekistan
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Kazakhstan
 Afghanistan
 Pakistan
 China

Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) (Persian: خانات بخارا‎; Uzbek: Buxoro Xonligi) was a significant state in Central Asia from the second quarter of 16th century to the late 18th century. Bukhara became the capital of the short-lived Shaybanid empire during the reign of Ubaydallah Khan (1533–1540). The khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Shaybanid ruler, Abdullah Khan II (r. 1577–1598).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by the Janid Dynasty (Astrakhanids or Ashtarkhanids). In 1740, it was conquered by Nadir Shah, the Shah of Iran. After his death in 1747, the khanate was controlled by the descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of ataliq. In 1785, his descendent, Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.[2]

Shaybanid Dynasty

The Shaybanid dynasty ruled the Khanate from 1500 to 1598. Under their rule, Bukhara became a center of arts and literature and educational reforms were introduced.

New books on history and geography were written in this period, such as Haft iqlīm (Seven Climates) by Amin Ahmad Razi, a native of Iran. Bukhara of the 16th century attracted skilled craftsman of calligraphy and miniature-paintings, such as Sultan Ah Maskhadi, Mahmud ibn Eshaq Shakibi, the theoretician in calligraphy and dervish Mahmud Buklian, Molana Mahmud Muzahheb, and Jelaleddin Yusuf. Among the famous poets and theologians who worked in Bukhara in that era were Mushfiki, Nizami Muamaya, and Mohammad Amin Zahed. Molana Abd-al Hakim was the most famous of the many physicians who practised in the Bukharan khanate in the 16th century.

Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established a library "having no equal" the world over. The prominent scholar Sultan Mirak Munshi worked there from 1540. The gifted calligrapher Mir Abid Khusaini produced masterpieces of Nastaliq and Reihani script. He was a brilliant miniature-painter, master of encrustation, and was the librarian (kitabdar) of Bukhara's library.[3]

The Shaybanids instituted a number of measures to improve the khanate's system of public education. Each neighborhood mahalla — unit of local self-government — of Bukhara had a hedge school, while prosperous families provided home education to their children. Children started elementary education at the age of six. After two years they could be taken to madrasah. The course of education in madrasah consisted of three steps of seven years each. Hence, the whole course of education in madrasah lasted twenty-one years. The pupils studied theology, arithmetic, jurisprudence, logic, music, and poetry. This educational system had a positive influence upon the development and wide circulation of the Persian and Uzbek languages, and on the development of literature, science, art, and skills.

Janid Dynasty

The Janid Dynasty (descendents of Astrakhanids) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after Astrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad and Vali Muhammad from his wife, who was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler.

List of rulers

Janids

  • Baqi Muhammad Khan (1599–1605)
  • Vali Muhammad Khan (1605–1611)
  • Imam Quli Khan (1611–1642)
  • Nadir Muhamma Khand (1642–1645)
  • Abdul Aziz Khan (1645–1680)
  • Subhan Quli Khan (1680–1702)
  • Ubaidullah Khan (1702–1711)
  • Abu'l-Faiz Khan (1711–1747)
  • ...
  • Abu'l Ghazi Khan (1758–1785)

See also

The borders of the Russian imperial territories of Kiva, Bukhara and Kokand in the period of 1902–1903.

References

  1. ↑ Ira Marvin Lapidus - 2002, A history of Islamic societies, p.374
  2. ↑ Soucek, Svat. A History of Inner Asia (2000), p. 180.
  3. ↑ Khasan Nisari. Muzahir al-Ahbab

External links

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