Kevin Shields

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Kevin Shields
A black-and-white image of a man singing into a microphone.
Kevin Shields performing live in 2009
Background information
Birth name Kevin Patrick Shields
Born (1963-05-21) 21 May 1963
Queens, New York, US
Origin Dublin, Ireland
Genres Alternative rock, shoegazing, post-punk, indie pop, noise pop, ambient
Occupations Musician, singer-songwriter, composer, record producer
Instruments Vocals, guitar, bass, sampler
Years active 1979–present
Labels Creation, Island, Sony, PASK, Pickpocket, mbv
Associated acts The Complex, A Life in the Day, My Bloody Valentine, Primal Scream, Patti Smith
Notable instruments
Fender Jaguar[1]
Fender Jazzmaster[1]

Kevin Patrick Shields (born 21 May 1963) is an Irish musician, singer-songwriter, composer and producer, best known as the vocalist and guitarist of the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine. As a teenager, Shields performed in a number of small unsuccessful bands in Dublin, Ireland before forming My Bloody Valentine with drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig in 1983. The band, which initially experienced little success,[2] became influential on the progression of alternative rock with their two original studio albums, Isn't Anything (1988) and Loveless (1991)—both of which pioneered an alternative rock subgenre known as shoegazing.[3] Shields' texturised guitar sound, and his experimentation with his guitars' tremolo systems, resulted in the creation of the "glide guitar" technique, which became a recognisable aspect of My Bloody Valentine's sound along with his meticulous production techniques.[4]

Following My Bloody Valentine's dissolution in the late 1990s, Shields was a frequent guest musician, producer, engineer and remixer with various bands and artists, including Experimental Audio Research, Yo La Tengo, Dinosaur Jr and Mogwai. He became a touring member of Primal Scream in 1998 and contributed original compositions to the soundtrack of Sofia Coppola's 2003 film Lost in Translation, which earned him nominations for British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) and Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) awards.[5][6] In 2008, Shields released The Coral Sea, a collaborative live album with Patti Smith, on which he provided musical accompaniment to Smith's reading of her book of the same name.

My Bloody Valentine reunited in 2007 and released their third studio album, m b v, in February 2013 to universal critical acclaim.[7] The album, composed entirely by Shields, was in production since the late 1990s when Shields was rumoured to have been suffering from writer's block and mental illness; which led to comparisons in the press between him and other musicians such as Syd Barrett and Brian Wilson.[8][9] Shields has since been considered one of rock music's most influential guitarists with several publications, including Rolling Stone and Spin,[10][11] featuring him on best-of lists and multiple musicians, including Billy Corgan and J Mascis,[12][13] citing him as an influence.

Early life

Shields was born on 21 May 1963 in Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York.[14] He is the eldest of five siblings born to Irish parents; his mother was a nurse and his father was an executive in the food industry. Shields' parents had immigrated to the United States from Ireland in the 1950s when the couple were teenagers. Shields attended Christ the King, a Roman Catholic primary school, which he described as "a really horrible school run by psychopathic nuns"[15] and lived in Flushing, a neighbourhood in north-central Queens.[14] Aged four, he relocated with his family to Commack, Long Island, where he lived until he was aged ten.[16] In 1973, he returned with his parents and siblings to Dublin, Ireland due to tough financial conditions and to remain close to their extended family.[15]

Shields was raised in Cabinteely, a south-eastern Dublin suburb.[17] He said he experienced a culture shock upon moving to Ireland, which was "going from, as far as I was concerned, the modern world to some distant past." Shields stated that the main difference between the US and Ireland that affected him was the attitude towards music culture. Describing the cultural difference, Shields said: "[in the US] there was no Top of the Pops, there was nothing like that, there was no MTV; and over in [Ireland], everything was completely catered to for teenagers." Shields said that the change was "what got [him] into music in a really big way."[18]

Music career

1979–1982: Early projects

In 1979, Shields received his first guitar, a Yamaha SG-2000,[19] as a Christmas present from his parents.[20] Shields and Colm Ó Cíosóig, a friend he had become acquainted with in south Dublin in summer 1978,[21] both answered an advertisement "placed by some 12-year-old kid called Mark" and formed a punk rock band, The Complex.[22] The band recruited Liam Ó Maonlaí, a friend of Ó Cíosóig who attended school with him at Coláiste Eoin in Booterstown,[23] as lead vocalist and the band began rehearsing. Shields said that The Complex formed out of "what all the nerds and weirdos actually do as opposed to the cool people with the leather jackets" who were forming fictional groups around Dublin in the late 1970s.[24] According to Shields, the band played "a handful of gigs" during their short lived career—the first of which included cover versions of Sex Pistols and Ramones songs.[15]

The Complex disbanded when Ó Maonlaí left to form Hothouse Flowers, after which Shields and Ó Cíosóig began rehearsing with a bassist who Shields described as "your typical early [1980s], slightly funky Gang of Four type guy." In 1981, the trio formed another band named A Life in the Day, which focused on a more post-punk sound influenced by Siouxsie and the Banshees and Joy Division. The band recorded a demo tape, which features the Shields' first experimentation with pitch bending,[25] and performed at local venues but failed to secure performances with more than a hundred people.[15]

1983–1997: My Bloody Valentine

Main article: My Bloody Valentine (band)

Following the disbandment of A Life in the Day in 1981, Shields and Ó Cíosóig formed My Bloody Valentine in early 1983 with lead vocalist David Conway. Conway suggested a number of potential band names, including the Burning Peacocks, before the trio settled on My Bloody Valentine.[26] Shields has since claimed he was unaware that My Bloody Valentine was the title of a 1981 Canadian slasher film when the name was suggested.[16][27]

On Shields' suggestion, Conway contacted Gavin Friday, lead vocalist of the Dublin post-punk band the Virgin Prunes. Friday provided the band with contacts that secured them a show in Tilburg, Netherlands in early 1984.[24] The band relocated to the Netherlands and lived there for a further nine months; squatting in Amsterdam and later in a rural area where Shields worked on a farm.[22] Due to a lack of opportunities and a lack of correct documentation,[21] the band relocated to West Berlin, Germany in late 1984 and recorded their debut mini album, This Is Your Bloody Valentine (1985). The album, which features Shields performing bass, failed to receive much attention and the band returned temporarily to the Netherlands, before settling in London, United Kingdom in the middle of 1985.[28]

A man performing on-stage with an acoustic guitar.
Shields performing at Riverside in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England in 1989

In London, the band recruited bassist Debbie Googe and released their debut extended play Geek! in December 1985. The EP received little attention and due to the band's slow progress, Shields contemplated relocating to New York, where members of his family were living. However, the band's two successive releases, The New Record by My Bloody Valentine (1986) and 1987's "Sunny Sundae Smile" were minor successes, peaking at number 22 and number 6 on the UK Independent Albums Chart and Singles Chart, respectively.[29] In March 1987, during a supportng tour, David Conway announced his decision to leave the band due to a gastric illness, disillusionment with music and ambitions to become a writer.[30] Conway was replaced by Bilinda Butcher, whom Shields split and often shared vocals duties with. Shields was initially reluctant to take on a vocal role within the band, but said that he had "always sung in the rehearsal room ... and made up the melodies." With the new line up in place, the band intended to drop the My Bloody Valentine moniker but were unable to decide on a name and kept the moniker "for better or for worse".[31]

A series of successful releases followed including a three-track single, "Strawberry Wine", and My Bloody Valentine's second mini album Ecstasy (1987), both featuring Shields on lead vocal duties. During the supporting tour of Ecstasy, My Bloody Valentine signed to Creation Records, who described the band as "the Irish equivalent to Hüsker Dü"[32] and on which the band released You Made Me Realise (1988). The EP "developed some of the stunning guitar sounds that would become the band's trademark"[33] featured on the band's debut studio album, Isn't Anything (1988). Isn't Anything influenced a number of shoegazing bands, who "worked off the template My Bloody Valentine established with [the album]".[3]

In February 1989, My Bloody Valentine began recording sessions for their second album. Creation Records believed that the album could be recorded "in five days" however, several unproductive months followed[34] during which Shields assumed main duties on the musical and technical aspects of the sessions. Shields relocated to a total of 19 other studios and hired a number of engineers, including Alan Moulder, Anjali Dutt and Guy Fixsen. Due to the extensive recording time, Shields and Creation's management agreed to release two interim EPs, Glider (1990) and Tremolo (1991).[35] Released in November 1991, Loveless was rumoured to have cost over £250,000 and bankrupt Creation, claims which Shields has denied.[36] Critical reception to Loveless was almost unanimous with praise[37] although the album was not a commercial success. It peaked at number 24 on the UK Albums Chart[38] but failed to place in international charts. McGee dropped My Bloody Valentine from Creation Records soon after the release of Loveless due to the album's extensive recording period and interpersonal problems with Shields.[9]

In October 1992, My Bloody Valentine signed with Island Records for a reported £250,000 contract.[39] The band's advance went towards the construction of a home studio in Streatham, South London, which was completed in April 1993. Several technical problems with the studio sent the band into "semi-meltdown", according to Shields,[40] who was rumoured to have been suffering from writer's block.[41] Following Googe and Ó Cíosóig's departure in 1995, Shields and Butcher attempted to record a third studio album, which Shields claimed would be released in 1998[42] but My Bloody Valentine disbanded in 1997. Unable to finalise a third album, Shields isolated himself, and in his own words "went crazy", drawing comparisons in the music press to the eccentric behavior of other musicians, including Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd.[9]

Rumours had spread amongst fans that albums worth of material had been recorded and shelved prior to the band's break up. In 1999, it was reported that Shields had delivered 60 hours of material to Island Records,[39] and Butcher confirmed that there existed "probably enough songs to fill two albums."[41] Shields later admitted that at least one full album of "half-finished" material was abandoned, stating "it was dead. It hadn't got that spirit, that life in it."[43]

1997–2006: Collaborations and Lost in Translation

Shields began collaborating with various artists after My Bloody Valentine's disbandment; he performed as a guest musician and often produced, engineered, mixed and remixed others' recordings. Shields contributed guitar loops to two Experimental Audio Research albums, Beyond the Pale (1996) and The Köner Experiment (1997). Beyond the Pale, which was recorded at Shields' home studio in Streatham, credits him with "special thanks" on the album sleeve.[44] He was a frequent collaborator with indie rock band Dinosaur Jr, appearing on and producing Hand It Over (1997) and Ear-Bleeding Country: The Best of Dinosaur Jr. (2001), as well as frontman J Mascis' More Light (2000) and The John Peel Sessions (2003). From 1996 to 2010, Shields contributed as a guest musicians to releases by Russell Mills & Undark, DJ Spooky, Curve, Manic Street Preachers, Le Volume Courbe, Gemma Hayes and Paul Weller.[45] Shields has performed as a live musician with the Canadian contemporary dance company La La La Human Steps, contributing the song "2" to the 1995 performance of the same name,[46] Gemma Hayes, The Charlatans and Spacemen 3, with whom he appeared at their 2010 reunion show.[47]

Three men performing in a renovate chapel. The man on the left plays an acoustic guitar, the man in the middle sings and the man on the right plays an acoustic bass guitar.
Shields (left) performing as a guest with The Charlatans in London, England in January 2011

Shields has remained active as a producer—his first production credits aside from My Bloody Valentine were The Impossible's 1991 single "How Do You Do It?"[48] and "Tunnel", a track from GOD's remix album Appeal to Human Greed (1995).[49] Among his credits as a producer are Dot Allison' Afterglow (1997), Joy Zipper's American Whip (2003) and The Beat Up's Blackrays Defence (2005). Shields has also mixed and remixed material by The Pastels, Yo La Tengo, Damian O'Neill, Mogwai, Hurricane #1, The Go! Team, Bow Wow Wow and Wounded Knees.[45]

Shields became a frequent collaborator and semi-permanent touring member of Primal Scream between 1998 and 2006. He contributed guitar, produced and mixed tracks on two of the band's studio albums, XTRMNTR (2000) and Evil Heat (2002). Reflecting on Shields, Primal Scream frontman Bobby Gillespie said "[Shields] brings something that nobody else in the world can bring. He plays guitar the way that nobody else in the world plays guitar." Gillespie added that Primal Scream considered Shields as "part of the family, very much so."[50] Although departing Primal Scream in 2006, Shields has remained close with the band. He remastered Primal Scream's third studio album Screamadelica (1991) in 2010[51] and contributed guitar to "2013", the lead single from More Light (2013).[52] Gillepsie has since commented on Shields' absence, noting "there's always room for Kevin Shields—always."[50]

A black-and-white-image of a man performing on-stage with an electric guitar and singing into a microphone.
Shields performing at The Roundhouse in London in June 2008

In 2003, Shields contributed four original compositions to the soundtrack for Sofia Coppola's 2003 film, Lost in Translation. Shields became involved with the score after being contacted by the film's music co-ordinator Brian Reitzell while in Tokyo, Japan. Reitzell and Shields began impromptu jam sessions in London during summer 2002 where the duo "adopted a late-night recording schedule", which resulted in the single "City Girl".[53] Released in August 2003 on V2 Records, the Lost in Translation soundtrack included three other ambient pieces Shields composed for the film: "Goodbye", "Ikebana" and "Are You Awake?"[54] His contributions to the soundtrack earned Shields nominations for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award for Best Film Music,[5] an Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) award for Best Music in a Film,[6] and an Online Film Critics Society award for Best Original Score.[55]

In July 2008, Shields released The Coral Sea, a collaborative live album with the American musician Patti Smith on PASK, a label founded by the duo. The double album features two performances at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, recorded on 22 June 2005 and 12 September 2006. On The Coral Sea, Shields provided instrumental musical accompaniment to Smith's reading of her book of the name same in tribute to her friend, photographer Robert Mapplethorpe.[56]

2007–present: My Bloody Valentine reunion

In August 2007, reports emerged suggesting My Bloody Valentine would reunite for the 2008 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, United States.[57] Shields later confirmed that the band had reunited and that the band's third studio album, which he had began recording in 1996, was near completion.[58] My Bloody Valentine performed in public for the first time in 16 years during two live rehearsals at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London in June 2008.[59] An extensive worldwide tour commenced in summer 2008, featuring appearances at Øyafestivalen in Oslo, Norway,[60] Electric Picnic in Stradbally, Ireland,[61] and the Fuji Rock Festival in Niigata, Japan.[62] The band spent £200,000 on equipment for their world tour,[63] which was their first since 1992 in support of Loveless.[64] Shields launched an independent record label, Pickpocket, in October 2011 with Le Volume Courbe frontwoman Charlotte Marionneau and considered releasing a collaborative "ten minutes of noise" single on the imprint.[65]

EP's 1988–1991—a collection of the band's Creation Records extended plays, singles and unreleased tracks remastered by Shields—was released in May 2012, alongside remastered versions of Isn't Anything and Loveless[66] and in November, Shields announced plans to release My Bloody Valentine's third album online before the end of the year.[67] During a warm-up show at Electric Brixton in London on 27 January 2013, Shields told the audience that the album "might be out in two or three days."[68] The album, titled m b v, was released through the band's official website on 2 February 2013 although the site crashed on its launch due to high traffic.[69] Upon its release, m b v received "universal acclaim", according to Metacritic,[7] and the band began a worldwide tour.[70] Shields has since announced intentions to release remastered analog cuts of My Bloody Valentine's back catalogue and a My Bloody Valentine EP "of all-new material", which will be followed by a fourth studio album.[25]

Artistry

Influences

Shields has referred to The Beatles and the Ramones as his favorite bands of all-time.[25] Upon moving to Ireland in 1973, he became a fan of "the energy, androgyny and otherworldy production style" of glam rock[71] but has said Johnny Ramone inspired him to begin playing guitar.[16] Speaking about Ramone, Shields said "I realised [Johnny] wasn't playing guitar—he was generating the sound ... it was just a noise generator."[71] He later remarked seeing the Ramones perform in a North Dublin cinema "changed his life". Other guitarists he admired were Public Image Ltd guitarist Keith Levene and Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker.[72] Some of Shields' earlier influences included local Dublin punk band DC Nien,[23] The Birthday Party, The Cramps and Einstürzende Neubauten.[20] In the mid-to-late 1980s, he became influenced by The Byrds,[15] Hüsker Dü, Dinosaur Jr and Sonic Youth, particularly two of the band's albums: EVOL (1986) and Sister (1987).[73] He was also influenced by hip hop music, in particular Public Enemy,[20] whose track "Security in the First World" Shields sampled on the 1988 My Bloody Valentine track "Instrumental No 2".[74] More recently Shields has cited The Beach Boys as an influence[75] and expressed admiration for modern artists like Tame Impala.[76]

Shields' production techniques were influenced by a range of producers and artists. He has stated a dislike for the "wet and ... liquid" production values of 1980s music and shoegazing artists and instead favours the "dry ... and upfront" sound used by Dinosaur Jr and Sonic Youth.[16] He said that the use of stereo in the 1980s was part of a "weak, corporate sound". Shields records and produces largely in mono,[77] an approach influenced by Brian Wilson's production on The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds (1966) and veteran pop producer Phil Spector. He has also expressed admiration for producer Joe Meek[16] and the French electronic duo Daft Punk.[25]

Guitar sound

Shields' guitar sound has been cited as one of the most recognisable aspects of My Bloody Valentine's music. His sound has been noted as "using texture more than technique to create vivid soundscapes"[78] and he has been listed at number 96 on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Guitarists list[10] and number 2 on Spin's 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time list.[11] During the late 1980s, Shields began customising the tremolo systems for his Fender Jaguars and Jazzmaster guitars; he extended the tremolo arm and loosened it considerably, to allow him to manipulate the arm while strumming chords,[78] which resulted in excessive pitch bending. Shields used a number of alternate and open tunings[24] that together with his tremolo manipulation achieved "a strange warping effect that makes the music wander in and out of focus", according to Rolling Stone.[79]

Among Shields' most notable effects is digital reverse reverb, sourced from a Yamaha SPX90 effects unit. Together with the tremolo manipulation and distortion, he created a technique known as "glide guitar".[80] Shields effects rig, which is composed largely of distortion, graphic equalizers and tone controls,[81] consists of at least 30 effects pedals[63] and is connected to a large amount of amplifiers, which are often set to maximum volume to increase sustain. During live performances with My Bloody Valentine, and in particular the closing song "You Made Me Realise", Shields performs an interlude of noise and excessive feedback, known as "the holocaust", which has often lasted for half an hour and often reached 130db.[82] He remarked: "it was so loud it was like sensory deprivation. We just liked the fact that we could see a change in the audience at a certain point."[9]

Personal life

Shields suffers from mild dyslexia,[19] "mild to extreme" tinnitus and tendonitis in his left hand.[72] He contracted tinnitus during the mixing of Loveless in 1991[73] and though initially worried about the condition, Shields has said he has "come to treat the tinnitus as a friend. It filters unwanted sounds and actually protects my ears. It becomes your first line of defence against audible stress." He claims his tendonitis, which he has suffered from since 1988, is relieved "once you start to immerse yourself in the sound, any discomfort just disappears."[72] In the mid-1990s, Shields confirmed he was suffering from mental illness[16] but later contracted the statement and said "I'm crazy but I'm not mentally ill."[9]

"The corporate system [in the music industry] is fully psychopathic, and any creative people who enter into business with any of these organisations come up against a lifetime of issues. You just deal with it as you go along. It'll keep on happening until people reorganise the organisations."

— Shields on the corporate influence in the contemporary music industry.[83]

Shields has been outspoken out about the corporate influence in the music industry. He has claimed that Sony Music Entertainment, upon inherting My Bloody Valentine from Creation Records, deliberately hid the master tapes of the band's original recordings in an attempt to delay the release of EP's 1988–1991 (2012). Shields threatened to involve Scotland Yard in the dispute and the tapes "magically, suddenly reappear[ed]." He has since called for reorganisation of the record industry, which he has referred to as "sociopathic".[83] As a result, My Bloody Valentine's third album, m b v (2013), was an independent-self release. Reflecting on his decision, Shields said it was "great to release the record without any industry interaction at all, but it also meant that it was a bit too expensive to buy, so we're going to try to make it cheaper by working with various record companies in the future", though ruling out agreements with major labels.[83] In 2013, following the release of m b v, he accused the organisers of the Mercury Prize of "banning" the album for the nominated shortlist. In an interview with The Guardian, Shields claimed My Bloody Valentine were "banned by [the Mercury Prize]" due to not having a major digital distribution deal in the United Kingdom. He added "because we're not on Amazon or iTunes ... it's not a real record. Our album's not a real album because it's independent. The corporateness has got to such a point where we've essentially been told that we don't exist."[84]

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Shields and Bilinda Butcher were in a relationship.[85] Most of Shields' siblings have reached various degrees of fame. His brother Jimi was a founding member and drummer of the indie rock band Rollerskate Skinny, who has since formed Wounded Knees and become co-director of TTT (thirtythreetrees), a Dublin landscape design practice.[86] His sister Ann Marie has worked extensively in the music industry and has managed tours for both My Bloody Valentine and Rollerskate Skinny, as well as being credited for co-ordination on Loveless.[87] His youngest sister, Eileen, is a shoe designer who has designed shoes for Bono, Drew Barrymore and PJ Harvey.[88]

Discography

Main articles: Kevin Shields discography and My Bloody Valentine discography
Kevin Shields
My Bloody Valentine

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cooper, Adam (February 1991). "Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine – Guitar Rig and Gear Setup". GuitarGeek. Retrieved 2 December 2012. 
  2. ↑ Larkin, Colin (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Indie and New Wave Music. Guinness Publishing. p. 193. ISBN 0-85112-579-4. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Shoegaze | Significant Albums, Artists and Songs". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  4. ↑ DeRogatis, Jim (2 December 2001). "A love letter to guitar". Chicago Sun-Times (Sun-Times Media Group). Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Film | Anthony Asquith Award for Original Film Music in 2004". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Winners 2004 | IFTA". Irish Film and Television Awards. Irish Film and Television Academy. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "M B V Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  8. ↑ "Shields spills all about My Bloody Valentine split". Hot Press. Osnovina. 22 March 2004. Retrieved 10 November 2013.  (subscription required)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Lester, Paul (12 March 2004). "I lost it | Music". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 24 April 2007. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fricke, David. "100 Greatest Guitarists: David Fricke's Picks – Kevin Shields". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kandell, Steve (3 May 2013). "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time | Best of SPIN". Spin. Spin Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  12. ↑ Corgan, Billy (2011). Smashing Pumpkins Webisode #1 – Daydream (Online). Event occurs at 00:16–02:12. 
  13. ↑ "50 Greatest Guitar Solos | #42 Dinosaur Jr – Get Me". NME. IPC Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Pearis, Bill (29 October 2013). "An interview with Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 North, Aaron (19 January 2005) (PDF). Kevin Shields: The Buddyhead Interview. (Interview). Buddyhead. New York. http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2005/01.30-kevinsheilds/kevinsheilds.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Shields, Kevin (10 December 2007). Soft Focus: Kevin Shields. Interview with Ian Svenonius. Soft Focus. Vice. London. http://www.vice.com/en_uk/soft-focus/kevin-shields. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  17. ↑ Mulkearns, Helena (10 August 1989). "Valentines Day | Music | Interviews". Hot Press. Osnovina. Retrieved 10 November 2013.  (subscription required)
  18. ↑ Shields, Kevin (1990) (TV). Kevin Shields interview. Interview with Paul Lester. Transmission. Channel 4. London.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 DiPerna, Alan (1992). "Speak Softly". Guitar World (Harris Publications) (April 1993). 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Hsu, Hua (November 2003). "Pefect Sound Forever: Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine". Arthur. Floating World Comics. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Britton, Amy (2011). Revolution Rock: The Albums Which Defined Two Ages. AuthorHouse. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-4678-8710-6. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Brown, Nick (February 1991). "My Bloody Valentine". Spiral Scratch. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Murphy, Peter (May 2004). "Lost in Transmution". Hot Press (Osnovina). Retrieved 10 November 2013.  (subscription required)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Shields, Kevin (November 2000) (TV). The Lost Albums: Loveless. (Interview). @LastTV. RTÉ Two. Dublin.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Dombal, Ryan (9 August 2013). "Interviews: Kevin Shields | Features". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  26. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 21.
  27. ↑ "Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine: Interview". AOL. 7 February 1997. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  28. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "My Bloody Valentine | Biography". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  29. ↑ Lazell, Barry (1997). Indie Hits: 1980–1989: The Complete Guide to UK Independent Charts (Singles & Albums). London: Cherry Red. p. 155. ISBN 0-9517206-9-4. 
  30. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 24.
  31. ↑ Ó Cíosóig, Colm; Shields, Kevin (1988) (TV). Interview with Rachael Davis. Transmission. Channel 4.
  32. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 26–27.
  33. ↑ Abebe, Nitsuh. "You Made Me Realise [Creation] – My Bloody Valentine: Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  34. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 43.
  35. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 44.
  36. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 66–67.
  37. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 97.
  38. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine | Artist". Official Charts Company. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Stubbs, David (1999). "Sweetheart Attack: My Bloody Valentine's Isn't Anything is the Eighties Rock Album". Uncut (IPC Media) (February 1999). 
  40. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 101-102.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Johannesson, Ika (3 September 2008). "TD Archive: My Bloody Valentine's Bilinda Butcher Interviewed". Totally Dublin. Totally Partner. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  42. ↑ Shields, Kevin (July 1997). "About Bloody Time Too!". NME (IPC Media). 
  43. ↑ Raggett, Ned. "My Bloody Valentine interview". KUCI. University of California. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2007. 
  44. ↑ Beyond the Pale (Liner notes). Experimental Audio Research. Big Cat Records. 1996. ABB96CD.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Kevin Shields – Credits". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 28 June 2013. 
  46. ↑ "La La La Human Steps". La La La Human Steps. Retrieved 10 November 2013.  N.B. User must select "Eng." and "Works", click and expand "Archives", select "2 (1995)" and click "Description".
  47. ↑ Breihan, Tom (9 August 2010). "Video: Spacemen 3 Reunite Without Jason Pierce, With Kevin Shields | News". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  48. ↑ "How Do You Do It?" (12"). The Impossibles. Fontana Records. 1991. POSS 122.
  49. ↑ "Appeal to Human Greed – God: Credits". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Primal Scream: Bobby Gillespie talks More Light, Kevin Shields, Andy Weatherall and touring while sober". Zap2it. Tribune Company. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  51. ↑ "Primal Scream releases Screamadelica remastered by Kevin Shields | News". NME. IPC Media. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  52. ↑ Young, Alex (18 February 2013). "Listen to Primal Scream's new song "2013", featuring Kevin Shields". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  53. ↑ Dansby, Andrew (24 September 2003). "Kevin Shields Found on Lost | Music News". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  54. ↑ Phares, Heather. "Lost in Translation: Original Soundtrack – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  55. ↑ "2003 Awards (7th Annual)". Online Film Critics Society. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  56. ↑ Cohen, Jonathan (24 April 2008). "Patti Smith/Kevin Shields Live Album Due in July". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  57. ↑ Cohen, Jonathan (27 August 2007). "Report: My Bloody Valentine Mulling Coachella Reunion". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  58. ↑ Cohen, Jonathan (7 November 2007). "Shields Confirms My Bloody Valentine Reunion". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 8 November 2007. 
  59. ↑ Denney, Alex (16 June 2008). "Review / My Bloody Valentine @ ICA, London, 13/06/08 / Gigs". Drowned in Sound. Silentway. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  60. ↑ "Shoegazer-comeback på Øya" [Shoegazer-Comeback on the Island] (in Norwegian). NRK. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  61. ↑ Carroll, Jim (13 February 2008). "My Bloody Valentine playing Electric Picnic | On the Record". The Irish Times. Irish Times Trust. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  62. ↑ "Fuji Rock: History – 2008". Fuji Rock Festival. Smash Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Pareles, Jon (22 September 2008). "Music – My Bloody Valentine: Reunited, Rediscovers the Love – Review". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 7 May 2010. 
  64. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine to play first shows in 16 years | News". NME. IPC Media. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  65. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine's Kevin Shields launches record label, hints at new material | News". NME. IPC Media. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  66. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine to release new compilation album 'EP's 1988–1991' | News". NME. IPC Media. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  67. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine announce Loveless follow-up and Tokyo Rocks appearance | News". NME. IPC Media. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  68. ↑ Nelson, Michael (27 January 2013). "My Bloody Valentine New Album Could Be Released In "Two Or Three Days"; Hear New MBV Song". Stereogum. Spin Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  69. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine's website crashes after midnight launch of new album". NME. IPC Media. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  70. ↑ "My Bloody Valentine add dates to world tour". Fact. Vinyl Factory Group. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 McGonial 2007, p. 22.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Deevoy, Adam (3 October 2013). "My Bloody Valentine's Kevin Shields: I play through the pain | Music". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Parkes, Taylor (10 May 2012). "Features | A Quietus Interview | "Not Doing Things Is Soul Destroying" – Kevin Shields". The Quietus. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  74. ↑ Harrison, Daniel (8 May 2012). "My Bloody Valentine – Isn't Anything / Loveless / EPs 1988–1991". State. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  75. ↑ "Kevin Shields: The new My Bloody Valentine album was influenced by The Beach Boys | News". NME. IPC Media. 2 June 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  76. ↑ Dombal, Ryan (12 August 2013). "Kevin Shields Interview Outtakes | The Pitch". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  77. ↑ McGonial 2008, p. 49–50.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 DiPerna 1992, p. 26.
  79. ↑ Azerrad, Michael (1992). "The Sound of the Future: My Bloody Valentine". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media) (6 February 1992). 
  80. ↑ DiPerna, p. 152.
  81. ↑ Double, Steve (1992). "Kevin Shields, My Bloody Valentine Interview". NME (IPC Media) (9 November 1992): 14. 
  82. ↑ Ewing, Tom (23 June 2008). "Articles: My Bloody Valentine | Features". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Dombal, Ryan (30 April 2012). "Interviews: Kevin Shields | Features". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  84. ↑ Deevoy, Adam; Michaels, Sean (13 September 2013). "My Bloody Valentine frontman slams Mercury prize list | Music". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  85. ↑ McGonial 2007, p. 92.
  86. ↑ "Blog Archive » J Mascis + Jimi Shields". Whelan's. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  87. ↑ "Ann Marie Shields – Short Biography". Music4Movies. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 
  88. ↑ "The Afternoon Show – Scintillating Shoe's with Eileen Shields". RTÉ One. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 7 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2013. 

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