Karur

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This article is about the municipality in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, see Karur district.
Karur
Town
Banks of Amaravathi river
Banks of Amaravathi river
Nickname(s): Home Textile city, Vanji ma nagar
Karur
Location in Tamil Nadu, India
Coordinates: 10°57′N 78°05′E / 10.95°N 78.08°E / 10.95; 78.08Coordinates: 10°57′N 78°05′E / 10.95°N 78.08°E / 10.95; 78.08
Country  India
State Tamil Nadu
District Karur
Government
 • Municipal Chairman Tamilnadu M.selvaraj
Elevation 122 m (400 ft)
Population (2001)[1]
 • Total 210,830
 • Density 372/km2 (960/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Tamil
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 639(xxx)
Telephone code 91-(0)4324
Vehicle registration TN 47
Website municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/

Karur is the administrative headquarters of Karur District in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the banks of River Amaravathi, it has been ruled, at different times, by the Chera, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Hyder Ali, Carnatic kingdom, and the British. It is located at a distance of 370 kilometres (230 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai. It is well known for hand loom, power loom textile products, paper and bus body works industries.

Karur has important government educational institutes, colleges and schools. Karur is a part of Karur constituency and elects its member of legislative assembly every five years, and a part of the Karur constituency that elects its member of parliament. The town is administered by a municipality established in 1874 as per the Municipal Corporation Act. The town covers an area of 5.96 km2 and had a population of 76,366 in 2001. Roadways is the major mode of transport to the town, while it has also got rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located at a distance of 77 km from the town.

Etymology

It is mentioned in inscriptions and literature by two names, Karuvoor and Vanji. It had other names too: Adipuram, Tiruaanilai, Paupatheechuram, Karuvaippatinam, Vanjularanyam, Garbhapuram, Thiru vithuvakkottam, Bhaskarapuram, Mudivazhangu Viracholapuram, Karapuram, Aadaga maadam, Cherama nagar and Shanmangala Kshetram. Among them, the name Adipuram, meaning the first city seems to indicate that it was held as the foremost city by the medieval writers. It was also called Vanci moothur, the ancient city of Vanji. In the foreign notices of Ptolemy, it was called Karoura - an inland capital of the Cheras.[2]

History

See also: History of Karur

Karur is one of the oldest towns in Tamil Nadu and has played a very significant role in the history and culture of the Tamils. The history dates back to the Sangam period when it was a flourishing trade centre. Karur was built on the banks of river Amaravathi which was called Aanporunai during the Sangam days. According to Hinduism, Brahma began the work of creation here, which is referred to as the "place of the sacred cow." The names of the early Chera kings who ruled from Karur, have been found in the rock inscriptions in Aaru Nattar Malai close to Karur. The Tamil epic Silapathikaram mentions that the famous Chera King Senguttuvan ruled from Karur.

Epigraphical, archaeological and literary evidence indicate that Karur was the capital of early Chera kings of Sangam age. It was called Karuvoor or Vanji during Sangam days. The archaeological excavations undertaken in Karur resulted in the excavation of mat-designed pottery, bricks, mud-toys, Roman coins, Chera coins, Pallava coins, Roman Amphorae, Rasset coated ware and rare rings.[3] Karur might have been the center for old jewellery-making and gem setting (with the gold imported mainly from Rome), as seen from various excavations. In 150 CE, Greek scholar Ptolemy mentioned “Korevora” (Karur) as a very famous inland trading center in Tamil Nadu.[4] It was ruled by the Cheras, Gangas, Cholas, the Vijayanagara Nayaks, Tipu Sultan and the British successively.[2]

Karur municipality was constituted in 1874. It was upgraded to I grade municipality from 24.10.69 and upgraded to selection grade municipality from 24.05.1988 and as special grade municipality from 07.04.1988.[5]

Geography and climate

Karur is located at 10°57′N 78°05′E / 10.95°N 78.08°E / 10.95; 78.08.[6] and has an average elevation of 101 metres (331 feet). The town is located in Karur district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of 370 km (230 mi) from Chennai. Karur is located on the banks of Amaravathi river. The topography is almost plain, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are black and red that are conducive for common crops in the Cauvery delta. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39 °C (102 °F) to a minimum of 23 °C (73 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Karur receives an average of 812 mm (32.0 in) annually, which is lesser than the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December.[7][2]

Demographics

As of the totals of 2001 census, Karur town had a population of 76,366, with 38,375 males and 37,961 females. The sex ratio of the town was 989 females per 1,000 males; the child sex ratio stood at 935. Karur had an average literacy rate of 85.48% with a male literacy of 82.7% and a female literacy of 72.42%. A total of 47,029 of the population of the town was under 6 years of age. As of the census of India 2001, there were a total of 19,291 households. A total of 8,313 people constituting 12.11% of the total population belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 22 people constituting 0.03% of the population belong to Scheduled tribes (ST). There were a total of 29,208 main workers: 101 cultivators, 453 agricultural labourers, 864 in house hold industries and 27,790 other workers. There were 1,247 marginal workers: 2 marginal cultivators, 32 marginal agricultural labourers, 1,247 in marginal workers in household industries and 975 other marginal workers.[9] As of 2001, 13 slums were identified in the town and approximately 30,691 people resided in the slums.[10]

The city covers an area of 5.96 square kilometres (2.30 sq mi). More than 8% of the total population of the Karur district and 25% of the total urban population in the district resides in the town. The town has a large floating population comprising business visitors. Out of the total area, 86.85% of the land is marked developed and 37.63% of the city remains undeveloped. Residential areas make up 39.41% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 4.72% and 1.99% respectively.[11]

The population density of the city in the 2001 census was 128 persons per hectare and the average household size was 3.95 as of 2001. Hindus form the majority of the urban population, followed by Muslims and Christians. Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, but the use of English is relatively common; English is the medium of instruction in most educational institutions and offices in the service sector.[12]

Municipal administration and politics

Municipality officials
ChairmanM. Selvaraj[13]
CommissionerL. Gopalakrishnan[14]
Vice-ChairmanA.R. Kaliyappan[15]
Elected members
Member of Legislative AssemblyV. Senthil Balaji[16]
Member of ParliamentM. Thambi Durai[17]

Karur is the headquarters of the Karur District. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1874, promoted to first-grade during 1969, selected-grade during 1983 and special-grade as of 1988. The Karur municipality has 48 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[18] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[19] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 48 members, one each from the 60 wards.[20] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[21]

Karur is a part of the Karur assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. [22] From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat five times (in 1977, 1980, 1984, 1991, 2006 and 2011 elections) and two times by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1989 and 1996) and Indian National Congress (INC) won once during 2001 elections. The current MLA of Karur constituency is V. Senthil Balaji from the ADMK party.[23][16]

Karur is a part of the Karur (Lok Sabha constituency) – it has the following six assembly constituencies – Vedasandur, Aravakurichi, Karur, Krishnarayapuram (SC), Manapparai and Viralimalai state assembly constituencies. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is A. Thambidurai from the ADMK. From 1957, the Karur parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for seven times (during 1957, 1962, 1967, 1971, 1977, 1980 and 1984 elections), ADMK for five times (during 1989, 1991, 1998, 1999 and 2009 elections), Tamil Maanila Congress once (during 1996 elections) and Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam once (during the 2004 elections). [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is M. Thambi Durai from the ADMK party.[37]

Law and order in the city in maintained by the Karur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are two police stations in the town. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.[38]

Arts, society and culture

Kalyana Pasupatheeswarar Temple
See also: Arts in Karur

The town formed a part of the traditional Chera and Chola empires and has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples. Verappur, a place of pilgrimage connected with the history of Ponner-Sankar and temples dedicated to them is situated in Karur district. The people are very happy and unity among themselves. Karurar the most famous Siddha and one among 18 siddhas lived in this town and he finally got his jeeva samadhi in Kalyana pasupathynathar temple at south west side of the temple, karurar sidddar is blessing all the devotees in form less form.

Karuvurar born in medieval Karur, is one among the nine devotees who sung the divine Music Thiruvichaippa, which is the ninth Thirumurai. He is the single largest composer among the nine authors of Thiruvichaippa. He lived during the reign of the Chola king Raja Raja Chola I. In addition to the Pasupatheeswarar Siva temple, there is a Vishnu temple at Thiruvithuvakkodu suburb of Karur, sung by famous Kulasekaraazhvaar (7th-8th century). The same temple is presumably mentioned in epic Silappadikaram as Adaha maadam Ranganathar whose blessings Cheran Senguttuvan sought before his north Indian expedition.[39][40]

Pongal, Tamil New Year, Aadi Perukku, Vaikunta Ekadasi, Annual festival at Veerapur, Annual festival for Karur Mariamman are some of the important festivals celebrated in Karur. Some of the most prominent mosques in the town are Thowheeth mosque, Big Palli, Ahle hadees Pallivasal, TNTJ Mosque, Jamia Pallivasal and Bajar Mosque.

Economy

There are no notable mineral resources available in and around Karur. The town has about 19% of its total area under agricultural land use. The major crops are rice, cotton, sugar cane and oil seeds, while the major horticultural crops are coconut, banana, betel and mango. The town is the commercial centre for trading of agricultural commodities from the nearby towns and villages. Karur, being the headquarters of the district, has registered growth in tertiary sectors, with a corresponding decrease in the primary Sector. Approximately 80 per cent of the workforce is employed in tertiary sector, 17 per cent in primary sector and 4% in secondary sector activities.[41]

Karur is a major textile centre and has five major product groups — bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens and wall hangings. The town generates around INR6000 crores in foreign exchange through direct and indirect exports. Allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories and weaving employ around 300,000 people in and around Karur.[42] Hand-loom Exports from Karur began on a modest scale with just 15 exporters in 1975.[41]

Set up under the scheme for Integrated Textile Parks, the INR130 crore Karur Textile Park Limited (KTPL) is rated the premier facility of its kind in the country for its technical and ancillary facilities.[43] Bharat Petroleum Corporation in a joint venture with Petronet CCK has installed a pipeline facility from Cochin BPCL to Karur BPCL to transport petroleum products. The petroleum products received at the BPCL-Karur terminal is supplied to more than 20 districts of Tamil Nadu through container trucks.[44] TNPL is promoted by the Government of Tamil Nadu with loan assistance from the World Bank. TNPL is the largest producer of bagasse (sugarcane waste from Sugar mills) based paper in the world and the second largest paper producer in Asia. The firm produces 230,000 tonnes of printing and writing paper and consumes 1 million tonnes of bagasse every year.

Karur is a hub for bus body building industries. Most of the South Indian private bus bodies are built in Karur. The total business turnover from building bus coaches is estimated to be around INR1000 crore per annum. There are more than 50 companies that build coaches in Karur. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) mono filament yarn and associated products are manufactured in Karur. More than 2,000 units in around the town manufacture mosquito fabrics and fishing nets. More than 60% mosquito nets in India are manufactured in Karur and the places around it. Around 50,000 people are employed in these units.[45] Karur is also home to Chettinad Cements that has an installed production capacity of 600,000 tonnes per annum.

Karur is the home city of India's Oldest Private Scheduled Commercial Banks, Karur Vysya Bank and Lakshmi Vilas Bank. Apart from these two banks, Karur also has Bank of India, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, Union Bank, IndusInd Bank, Corporation Bank and above 40 other bank branches. The gem factories in Karur produce gems like cat's eye, feldspar, moonstone, aquamarine, quartz, elastical quartz, sapphire, jasper and beryl.

Transportation

The Karur municipality maintains 59.02 km (36.67 mi) of roads. The city has 17.77 km (11.04 mi) concrete roads, 0.53 km (0.33 mi) WBM roads, 0.57 km (0.35 mi) gravel roads and 40.15 km (24.95 mi) bituminous road. A total of 9.51 km (5.91 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and 7 km (4.3 mi) of national highways by the national highways department.[46][47]

There are 2 national highways namely the NH 7 (Varanasi - Kanyakumari road (now called NSC North-South corridor road) and NH 67 Nagapattinam - Gudalur road that pass via Karur. The other major district roads connect Karur to Erode, Dharapuram, Velliani and Vangal. The Karur bus stand is a B-grade bus stand located in the centre of the town. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long distance buses connecting the city to important cities like Chennai, Tiruppur and Thoothukudi.[48][49][47]

Entrance of Railway station

Karur junction (station code - KRR) is one of the main junctions under the Salem division of the Indian Railways network. It has 5 Plat forms. There are daily trains from Mysore, Tuticorin, Mangalore, Chennai Egmore, Chennai Central, Coimbatore, Mayiladuthurai, Mannargudi, Nagercoil, Ernakulam, Karaikkal, Palani[50] and some trains (frequency 4 days to weekly) Mumbai, Rameswaram, Okha, Tirunelveli, Delhi,Kacheguda (Hyderabad), Dehradun, Chandigarh, Mumbai Dadar Central thrice by Chalukya and weekly via Konkan Railway, Velankanni, Vasco-da-gama, Puducherry [51]and Jammu Tawi. The town has passenger trains to Trichy, Palghat Town, Madurai, Coimbatore, Erode, Namakkal and Salem.[52][53]

The nearest local and international airport is the Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 78 km away from the town. The nearest sea port is at Cochin, located 280 km away from the town.

Education and utility services

As of 2011, there were 24 government schools: 22 elementary schools, one middle school and one higher secondary school. There were 17 other private schools: ten elementary schools, three middle schools, one higher school and three higher secondary school. There were six engineering colleges, three arts and science colleges, three polytechnic colleges and one industrial training institute (ITI in the town.[54][55]

Electricity supply to Karur is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Karur Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[56] Water supply is provided by the Karur Municipality from the Cauvery river through Chinnandan Kovil head water work and Thirumanilaiyur water pumping station. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7 million litres of water was supplied everyday for households in the town.[57]

As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Karur every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Karur municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[58] There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[59]

The municipality maintained a total of 115 km (71 mi) of storm water drains in 2011.[60] As of 2011, there is one government hosptial, one municipal dispensary, 19 private dispensaries, one ESI dispensary, one municipal Siddha centre, two Ayurvedic clinics, three private general clinics, one private skin care clinic, nine private ENT clinics and one private tuberclosis clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[61] As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 2,584 street lamps: 706 sodium lamps, 151 mercury vapour lamps, 2,274 tube lights and three high mast beam lamp.[62] The municipality operates three markets, namely the Gandhi Market, Kamaraj Market and Uzhavar Santhai that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.[63]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Sub-District Details". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, p. 4
  3. ↑ R., Nagaswami (1995). Roman Karur: A peep into Tamil's past. Madras: Brahad Prakashan. 
  4. ↑ "Chera Roman coins". The Hindu. 4 February 2008. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  5. ↑ "About Karur municipality". Karur Municipality. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  6. ↑ "Location of Karur". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Karur. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  7. ↑ "About Karur municipality". Karur Municipality. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  8. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, pp. 7-9
  9. ↑ "Primary census abstract 2001". Directorate of Census Operations  – Tamil Nadu. 2001. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  10. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 60
  11. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 7-10
  12. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. i
  13. ↑ "Chairman of municipality". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  14. ↑ "Commissioner of municipality". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  15. ↑ "Vice Chairman of municipality". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "MLA of Karur". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  17. ↑ "General Elections to Lok Sabha, 2009, name and address of the elected members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  18. ↑ "About the municipality". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  19. ↑ "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  20. ↑ "Councillors of municipality". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  21. ↑ Economic and political weekly, Volume 30. Sameeksha Trust. 1995. p. 2396. 
  22. ↑ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-28. 
  23. ↑ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  24. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  25. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  26. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  27. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  28. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  29. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 79. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  30. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  31. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  32. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  33. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  34. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  35. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  36. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  37. ↑ "Members of Parliament from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  38. ↑ "Karur Police". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  39. ↑ Iyengar, Mahavidwan R. Raghava (1932) [1918]. University of Madras B.A, Text 1932. University of Madras. 
  40. ↑ Iyengar, Mahavidwan R. Raghava (1932) [1918]. Azhwargal Kaala Nilai on Vithuvakkodu Ranganathar temple. University of Madras. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 11-13
  42. ↑ "Textile Exports". The Hindu. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 2005-11-15. 
  43. ↑ "Textile park inaugurated". The Hindu. 26 February 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  44. ↑ "Petronet". BPCL limited. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  45. ↑ "Power cut situation". The Times of India. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 
  46. ↑ "Erode roads". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 20-22
  48. ↑ "S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres". Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  49. ↑ (PDF) Transport Handbook (Report). Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.. 2011. http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-cbe.pdf. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  50. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-train-flagged-off/article5191693.ece
  51. ↑ "Mangalore-Puducherry Express train from this weekend". 
  52. ↑ "New passenger train chugs into grand reception at Karur junction". The Hindu. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-01. 
  53. ↑ "Commuters demand more trains on Salem-Namakkal-Karur sector". The Hindu. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-01. 
  54. ↑ "Educational Institutions". Karur municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  55. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 24-25
  56. ↑ "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  57. ↑ "Water Supply Details". Karur Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  58. ↑ "Waste management programme". Karur Municipality. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  59. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 72
  60. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 18
  61. ↑ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 25
  62. ↑ "Karur street lights". Karur Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 
  63. ↑ "Karur markets". Karur Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-29. 

References

External links

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