Kanpur

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For other places with the same name, see Kanpur (disambiguation).
KANPUR
कानपुर
کان پور
Clockwise from top right: Green Park Stadium; Civil Lines district; Kanpur Police headquarters; Landmark Hotel; Memorial Church; JK Temple
Nickname(s): "Leather City of India";[1] "Manchester of the East"[2]
KANPUR
Coordinates: 26°27′39″N 80°20′00″E / 26.460738°N 80.333405°E / 26.460738; 80.333405Coordinates: 26°27′39″N 80°20′00″E / 26.460738°N 80.333405°E / 26.460738; 80.333405
Country India
State Uttar Pradesh
Region Awadh
Lower Doab
District Kanpur Nagar District
Kanpur Dehat District
Government
 • Mayor Shri Jagat Vir Singh Drona
Area
 • City 605 km2 (234 sq mi)
Elevation 126 m (413 ft)
Population (2011)[3]
 • City 2,767,031
 • Rank 11th
 • Density 1,366/km2 (3,540/sq mi)
 • Metro

2,920,067

[4]
Languages
 • Official Hindi, English
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 208 0xx
 • 209 2xx
  • 209 3xx
  • 209 4xx
Telephone code 0512
Vehicle registration UP-35,UP-77,UP-78
Coastline 0 kilometres (0 mi)
Sex ratio 0.842 ♂/♀
Literacy 84.14%
Climate Cfa (Köppen)
Precipitation 980 millimetres (39 in)
Avg. annual temperature 22.0 °C (71.6 °F)
Avg. summer temperature 48.7 °C (119.7 °F)
Avg. winter temperature 7 °C (45 °F)
Website www.kanpurnagar.nic.in

Kanpur (/ˈkɑːnpʊər/  pronunciation (help·info); Hindi: कानपुर; Urdu: کان پور‎; British: Cawnpore), is the largest industrial city of Northern India and one of the largest in India. It is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur division. It is known as Leather City as it contains some of the largest and finest tanneries in India. It is one of the most polluted cities in the world and the second most polluted in India after Ludhiana (survey 2013). Kanpur is the largest city of the state followed by the state capital Lucknow and is one of the main centres of commercial and industrial activities.

Kanpur is situated on the bank of river Ganges and has been an important place in the history of modern India. Kanpur was one of the main centers of industrial revolution in India. Towards the end of 19th century, Sir John Burney Allens established a group of companies such as Kanpur Textiles, Cawnpore Woollen Mills (Lal Imli), Flex Shoes Company, Elgin Mills and North Tannery under the banner of British India Corporation having headquarters at Kanpur. In the beginning of 20th century, Lala Kamlapat established a group of companies such as; J.K. Cotton Mills and J.K. Iron etc. under the banner of J.K. During the same period Sir J. P. Srivastava established New Victoria Mills.The Jaipuria family bought Swadeshi Cotton Mills from the Horsman family and in 1928 Sardar Inder Singh founded India's First steel re-rolling mill at Singh Engineering which later became one of India's biggest steel rolling mills. British Government also established a number of factories like; Ordnance Factory, Kanpur and Parachute Factory in 1886 to supplement their defence requirements.[5]

It has an area of over 605 km2 with an approximate population of 2.5 million inhabitants in its area. It is administratively divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000.[6] It is the 75th largest city in the world.[7]

History

Bibi Ghar
View of Cawnpore from the Ganges river, from a painting by Rev. Henry Martyn

Name origins

Kanpur is believed to have been founded by members of the Chandela dynasty from the state of Sachendi.[citation needed] The city's name is believed to derive from Kanhiyapur (from the Hindi meaning "town of Kanhaiya"). During the British Raj, this was anglicised to Cawnpore. In old British maps it is also listed as Khanpur.

Others believe that the name is derived from Karnapur (meaning "town of Karna", one of the heroes of the Mahabharata). Another theory is that it came from the nearby town of Makanpur, earlier known as Khairabad, where the Sufi saint of the Madariya Sufi order, Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar, settled.[8]

Earlier history of the area

Kanpur's development is unclear until the 13th century. Although no reference to Kanpur is found in written documents before this time, the history of two of its suburbs, Jajmau and Bithoor, can be traced back to pre-13th century times. Bithoor is located about 20 km upstream from the city and is approximately 10 km from the IIT Kanpur campus. Jajmau is about 8 km east of the city and is nearly 20 km downstream from the IIT Campus. According to Hindu mythology, just after creating the universe, Lord Brahma performed the Ashvamedha at Bithoor and established a lingam there. Another legendary site at Bithoor is the Valmiki Ashram, where the famous sage Valmiki is supposed to have written the Sanskrit epic, the Ramayana. According to this epic, Queen Seeta, on being exiled by King Ramachandra of Ayodhya, spent her days in seclusion at the ashram bringing up her twin sons, Lava and Kush.

At Jajmau, there are remains of an ancient fort, now surviving as a huge mound. Recent excavations on this mound indicate that the site is very old, perhaps dating back to the Vedic age. Popular legends state that the fort belonged to Yayati, a king of the ancient Chandravanshi race.

At Ghatampur (Bhitar gaon), 45 km from kanpur central there is an ancient temple built by Gupt Raja.

At Shivrajpur, 20 km from the Kanpur Central railway station, there is an ancient temple built by Chandel Raja Sati Prasad in memory of his queen. This temple is supposed to have been built in a night and is situated on the banks of the Ganges. This temple is famous for its architectural work and carving designs.

Parihar rulers of Kannauj may have ruled this place for a significant part of history long before the beginning of Mughal era. Some historical accounts suggest Pratihara emperor, Mihir Bhoja, has ruled in Kanpur since nearby Kannuaj was the capital of Parihar.[9]

Founding of the settlement

Kanpur Sangrahalaya

In 1207 AD, Raja Kanti Deo of Prayag (connected to the throne of Kannauj) established the village Kohna, which later came to be known as Kanpur. Kanpur continued its association with Kannauj during the reigns of Harsha Vardhan, Mihir Bhoja, Jai Chand and early Muslim rulers through the Sur Dynasty. The first mention of Kanpur was made in 1579 during Sher Shah's regime. Up to the first half of the 18th century, Kanpur was an insignificant village.

In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. From 1773 to 1801, it was part of the Oudh kingdom and then came into the hands of the British. At this time, the British realized the strategic importance of the site of Kanpur. European businessmen had, by this time, started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection for their lives and property, the European business shifted the 'Awadh local forces' here in 1778. Kanpur passed into British hands under the treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh.

Kanpur later became one of the most important military stations of British India. It was declared a district on 24 March 1803. South of Parmat were the British infantry lines and the parade grounds. Indian infantry occupied the space from the present Chunniganj to the Christ Church College. The Company Bagh was laid in 1847 and the construction of the Ganges Canal was completed in 1854.

The Kanpur Sangrahalaya/Kanpur Museum housing valuable artifacts from pre-colonial and colonial period, was established in 1999, in a section of KEM Hall, Phool Bagh Maidan.

India: First war of Independence 1857

See also: Siege of Cawnpore
Up to 1,000 British troops, their families and loyal sepoys were confined in General Wheeler's entrenchment in Kanpur for three weeks in June 1857 where they were besieged by the army of Maratha prince named Nana Sahib
Charge of the Highlanders led by General Havelock, to relieve the besieged British troops held by Indian fighters.
1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner during India's first war of Independence.

In the 19th century, Kanpur was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, (known in the United Kingdom as the Indian Mutiny, known in India as the First War of Independence), 900 British were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad.

Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at, by the rebel sepoys, and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, on purpose to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.

Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to execute their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders, and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on July 18. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British under General Neill retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys and those unfortunate civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Kanpur Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.[10]

British Forces capture the rebel forces in 1857 near Kanpur, India

The British dismantled the Bibighar and raised a memorial railing and a cross at the site of the well. In 1862, they built a church called All Souls' Cathedral in memory of those killed; renamed the Kanpur Memorial Church. This Church still stands at what was the northeast corner of Wheeler’s entrenchment. The marble gothic screen with the famous 'mournful seraph' was transferred to the churchyard after independence in 1947, and in its place a bust of Tantya Tope installed at Nana Rao Park. The well is now bricked over, but the remains of a circular ridge and 'Boodha Bargad' (Old Banyan Tree) are still there. The "Boodha Bargad" is not there anymore. Only a stone describing the Boodha Bargad is there.

After 1857 it became an important center of the leather and textile industries. The Government Harness And Saddlery Factory was set up in 1860 to supply the army with leather products, followed by Cooper Allen & Co in 1860. The first cotton textile mill, The Elgin Mills was started in 1862 and the Muir Mills in 1880, and many others followed in the next 40 years such as Victoria Mills and Atherton West & Co. made Cawnpore a major textile producer. The Elgin Mills of Cawnpore was famous for its Drill Khakhi during the early/mid Twentieth Century. The Khaki cloth was famous for its colour and durability. The man behind this was the Dyeing Master Gopal Sadashiv Gogate, who died on 17 December 1942.

The British India Corporation (BIC) was headquartered here and led the development of many industries.The Juggilal Kamlapat Singhania launched many factories between 1930 and 1970. The Jaipuria family contributed to the patriotic cause by building The Swadeshi Cotton Mills in response to charges that the foreign rulers were raiding India of its cotton only to sell it back to its residents.The first steel re-rolling mill of India was established at Singh Engineering which later became one of India's largest steel re-rolling mills. Kanpur was known as the "Manchester Of India" in the twentieth century. Kanpur was the largest trading and manufacturing center in the United Provinces.

Kanpur is an important center of India's leather industry and small arms. It has five Indian ordinance Factories viz Ordinance Equipment Factory, Field Gun Factory, Ordinance Parachute Factory, Small Arms Factory, Ordinance Factory which manufacture products of the Indian Armed Forces.

City centre

In its city centre, Kanpur or the Mall is situated near Civil Lines area. The area consists of varieties of buildings. It is the major economic centre of Kanpur. The area is of 10 km sq. and has a population of around 200,000. The renovation of city centre is carried under by JNNURM and Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Recently, musical fountains and expending of the Mall Road has taken place. Activities like protecting of old buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries have taken place in the area. The Reserve Bank of India, BSNL, SBI, Federal Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, LIC headquarters, Z Square Mall are situated here. There are varieties of shops, buildings and hotels situated here. The pincode of the area is 208001. The area is also home to Green Park which was one of India's 5 cricket test centres.

Culture

The Nana Sahib with his escort. Steel engraved print, published in History of the Indian Mutiny (late 1950s).
The well outside Bibi Ghar
The Massacre Ghat during Cawnpore Massacre
Tantia Topee's leading his army from Bithoor

Nestling on the banks of the River Ganges, Kanpur stands as one of North India’s major industrial centres with its own historical, religious and commercial importance. Believed to have been founded by king Hindu Singh of the erstwhile state of Sachendi, Kanpur was originally known as "Kanhpur". Historically, Jajmau on the eastern outskirts of present day Kanpur, is regarded as one of the most archaic townships of Kanpur district. Up to the first half of the 18th century, Kanpur continued to survive as an insignificant village. Its fate, however, took a new turn soon after. In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab Wazir of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. It was probably at this time that strategic importance of the site of Kanpur was realised by the British. European businessmen had by this time gradually started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection to their lives and property, the "Awadh local forces" were shifted here in 1778. Kanpur passed into British hands under the treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh. This forms a turning point in the history of Kanpur. Soon Kanpur became one of the most important military stations of British India. It was declared a district on 24 March 1803.Kanpur was founded by chandela king krishnadeo.

Kanpur was a hotbed of change in the independence and literary movements during the first half of the 20th century. A popular shopping centre is named Navin Market, after the poet Bal Krishna Sharma aka "Navin". Later poets included Gopal Das "Niraj" who wrote songs for Hindi films. Kanpur is also the birthplace of Shyamlal Gupta 'Parshad’, composer of the famous ditty Vijayee Vishwa Tiranga Pyara. The propagation and popularisation of Hindi also owes much to this city, with great Hindu literatteurs such as Acharya Mahavir Parasad Dwivedi, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Pratap Narain Mishra and Acharya Gaya Prasad Shukla `Sanehi’. The Agricultural University is named after the revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad and the Medical College after Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi; both men spent much time in Kanpur. While Chandrashekhar 'Azad' shot himself when surrounded by a huge posse of British soldiers at Alfred Park, Allahabad, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was killed during the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1931 at Machli Bazar in Kanpur. About 25 km from Kanpur is Bithoor(Brahmavarta). Legend goes that Sita, the wife of Lord Rama came to live at the ashram of sage Valmiki, after Rama expelled her from Ayodhya. It was here that she gave birth to the twins Lava (Ramayana) and Kusha (Ramayana), and disappeared back into the earth (from where she was born) when confronted by a repentant Rama. Bithoor is also the site of the fort to which Nana Sahib escaped following the British retaking of Kanpur. Today, Bithoor is a tourist spot on the banks of the River Ganges and Kanpur is expanding very fast with new residential complexes sprouting up everywhere. Among festivals Ganga Mela is a unique festival that is celebrated in Kanpur, 5 days after the festival Holi. Colours are thrown and people greet each other before having a dip in the sacred Ganges. Music, dance and poem recitation are organised in the evening. The festival is celebrated in the memories of revolutionaries released by British government who were held prisoners during the 1857 revolution.

Geography

The city's coordinates are 26.4670° North and 80.3500° East. The Government of Uttar Pradesh has carved out the new district of Kanpur Dehat from the old Kanpur Rural district. Kanpur, along with Allahabad and Fatehpur, are part of the Lower Doab, which in antiquity was known as the Vatsa country. It is surrounded by two main rivers of India, the Ganges in the northeast and the Pandu River (Yamuna) in the south. The districts surrounding Kanpur are Hamirpur in the south and Unnao in the north-east. The arid region of Bundelkhand lies just south of Kanpur. Kanpur district along with Kanpur Dehat district lie between the fertile Doab region of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. The river Yamuna marks the boundary between the Avadh and Bundelkhand regions. Kanpur City comes under the Indo-Gangetic planes of India. There are facilities of clean drinking water. Water comes from Kanpur City by Ganges Barge and there are various pumping stations for providing water to Farmers for crops. Kanpur is situated on the right side of river Ganges and left side is Shuklaganj which is in Unnao District but is also the part of Kanpur.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur features an atypical version of a humid subtropical climate that resembles the climate of Delhi to some degree. Unlike many other cities with a humid subtropical climate, Kanpur features long and very hot summers, mild and relatively short winters, dust storms and a monsoon season. Kanpur lies in northern plains of India, which witness extremes of temperature. It can drop to a minimum of 0.0°C in the winters while it goes up to 48°C in summers. Kanpur experiences severe fog in December and January, resulting in massive traffic and travel delays. In summer excessive dry heat is accompanied by dust storms and Loo, traits more commonly seen in desert climates. Rains appear between July and September almost at the end of regular monsoon season. Some rainfall is recorded during the harvest season of March–April. These extremes however, give the region an advantage of having three crops of versatile range of products. Best time to visit Kanpur is either October–November or February–March.Snowfall has never occurred in the city. There are some times Hailstones accompanied with rain in the winter season during the month of January but sometimes Hailstorms have also occurred in the months of March and April. In January 2002,the city witnessed a heavy hailstorm which left the city streets white with ice pieces and recently in 2009 when the last hailstorm was recorded. Dust storms are frequent during the months of April–June.These dust storms are sometimes accompanied with light drizzles. Such dusty winds raise the level of particulates in the atmosphere resulting in severe air pollution and increasing health hazards. Sometimes the speed of winds exceeds to more than 100 km/hr in the outer areas of the city. Kanpur City lies on the right bank of the river Ganges, which is elevated very high from the river, which is the reason that the city never floods. Some of the rural outskirts of the city lie on the flood prone areas of the Ganges, and it often floods the villages on its banks during the monsoon season. The Left bank sandy areas on the banks of the Ganges are cultivated to produce summer fruits like Watermelon. The dry and Hot Loo winds help the growth of watermelon which results in its great yield. The average rainfall recorded in the city is 885 mm.

Climate data for Kanpur
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28
(82)		 34
(93)		 41
(106)		 44
(111)		 46
(115)		 48
(118)		 41
(106)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 36
(97)		 32
(90)		 28
(82)		 48
(118)
Average high °C (°F) 18
(64)		 24
(75)		 30
(86)		 38
(100)		 40
(104)		 42
(108)		 36
(97)		 34
(93)		 32
(90)		 30
(86)		 25
(77)		 20
(68)		 33
(91)
Average low °C (°F) 6
(43)		 12
(54)		 14
(57)		 20
(68)		 22
(72)		 25
(77)		 26
(79)		 23
(73)		 22
(72)		 16
(61)		 12
(54)		 7
(45)		 15
(59)
Record low °C (°F) −3
(27)		 6
(43)		 7
(45)		 15
(59)		 17
(63)		 20
(68)		 21
(70)		 18
(64)		 19
(66)		 15
(59)		 9
(48)		 0
(32)		 −3
(27)
Precipitation mm (inches) 23
(0.91)		 16
(0.63)		 9
(0.35)		 5
(0.2)		 6
(0.24)		 68
(2.68)		 208
(8.19)		 286
(11.26)		 202
(7.95)		 43
(1.69)		 7
(0.28)		 8
(0.31)		 881
(34.69)
Source: IMD [11]

Surrounding towns

 GT Amusement Park Town (GTAPT) Gangotri Township Shuklaganj
New Kanpur City Kanpur Cantonment
   Kanpur City Centre  
Rawatpur Fazalganj Govind Nagar

Flora and fauna

Samtel Research and Development Building, at IIT Kanpur.

Kanpur is home to many residential and migratory birds. Most of them can be spotted at Bithoor, IIT Kanpur campus and areas alongside the Ganges Canal. In the IIT campus you can find a large number of peacocks and nilgai. The city has Asia's biggest (area wise) zoological garden. Exotic species of flora are present at the CSA campus also.

The Kanpur zoo is famous for its cages designed to provide a natural habitat for the animals, and has a vast variety of animals. The water supply system of the zoo is a work of art, by an artist and engineer in the Sinchai Department of that time, Murari Sharan Saxena. He was also known for the design of gates of every Dam in whole Uttar Pradesh of that period. The Zoo is a part of a lush green area - The Allen Forest Zoo, Nawabganj.

Demography

A meditation center situated at Ema at Rooma, Kanpur.
Orpanage in Parade Area which was made during British Raj
Religions in Kanpur
Religion Percent
Hindus
  
 70
Muslims
  
 20%
Christians
  
 6%
Sikhs
  
 1%
Buddhists
  
 1%
Jains
  
 1%
Others†
  
 1%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Parsis (<1%).
Kanpur Population 
CensusPop. %±
1891188,712
—
1901197,1704.5%
1911178,557-9.4%
1921216,43621.2%
1931243,75512.6%
1941487,32499.9%
1951638,73431.1%
1961705,38310.4%
19711,275,24280.8%
19811,782,66539.8%
19911,874,4095.1%
20012,551,33736.1%
20112,767,0318.5%
Source: Census of India[12]

As per 2011 census Kanpur urban agglomeration has a population of 2,920,067, out of which males were 1,584,967 and females were 1,335,100. The literacy rate was 83.98 per cent.[13]

See also: List of cities in Uttar Pradesh

The majority of Kanpur's population comprises people from Central and Western Uttar Pradesh. However,Punjabis and Anglo-Indians have also settled in large numbers in areas of Swaroop Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Azad Nagar and Civil Lines. While the majority of the population is Hindu, there is a significant Muslim minority population. There are also small groups of Sikhs, Jains, Christians and Buddhists. As per 2001 census literacy rate of Kanpur is 70.36% (60.25% for females and 71.92% for males).

Kanpur is situated on the banks of the river Ganges; the population was 2,551,337 as per the 2001 census. In the last decade, the population rose rapidly. One of the factors for this kind of growth can be a higher number of immigration to Kanpur City from other areas. Languages spoken in and around Kanpur include Hindi, English, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi. Islam is the second largest religion in the city. Muslims in the city include wealthy business people in the well established tanning industry which accounts for India's 30% export. There is a majority population of Hindus who live in peace and friendship with their non-Hindu neighbours. The Sikh community consists of immigrants who were displaced due to the Partition of India in 1947. They have since well established business in the city and reside in areas such as Govind Nagar, Gumti No.5,Jawahar Nagar Ashok Nagar and 80 ft road. Christians are 3rd largest community in Kanpur with about 20,000 Christians as per year 2000.[14] Christ Church College, Kanpur Memorial Church, British India Corporation, St Mary's Convent High School Kanpur, Huddard High School Kanpur, Methodist Church Civil Lines, Kanpur Museum, Cawnpore Kotwali, Cemetery near Court, Collector Mansion and Methodist High School reflect British architecture.

Economy

Sarvoday Nagar Apartments

Kanpur has a total GDP (PPP) of 22 billion US$ and it ranks as 9th among top 10 Industrial cities in India followed by Surat.

Kanpur is one of the biggest producers of leather productsin the world and they are exported in bulk. Apart from the leather and textile industries, the fertilizer, chemicals, two wheelers, soaps, pan masala, hosiery and engineering industries are also operating in the city. The private sector has also set up large units such as factories of the JK Industries group, Lohia machines, Duncans, etc.

The only unit of the Indian Institute of Pulse Research (an institute of ICAR) and one of the three units of the National Sugar Institute is situated in Kanpur which reflects the strong agrarian nature of industries here.

Kanpur was also infamous to a certain extent for being home to largest tanneries in India and the subsequent pollution they caused thereof. These tanneries were the initial source of industrial base in Kanpur during the colonial period. However owing to poor pollution record, lack of technologies and emergence of other avenues of employment has led to a slow and gradual death to these units.

Kanpur has also begun to find favour among the outsourcing sector as a favoured location with several new startups setting up shop here owing to cheaper costs and a readily available talent pool.

Kanpur has several locational advantages, i.e., location at a vantage point on four national highways, i.e., NH 2, NH-86, NH-91 and NH 25; raw material availability for many industries, viz. leather, food processing, plastics etc., proximity to large markets, availability of skilled manpower due to various institutes located within Kanpur (viz. Indian Institute of Technology, Chandr Shekhar Azad Agricultural University, Central Pulse Research Institute, Leather Institute etc.) and existing traditional industrial base attracting skilled workers to the city.

One of the Software Technology Parks of India is also situated in Kanpur in Awadhpuri locality. Central Government has sanctioned Rs. 250 crs to restart Lal Imli Mill in Kanpur which has been closed for a long time. It will again generate employment to 2500/ 3000 persons. It is also home to famous brand Ghadi Detergent powder and cake which is manufactured in Kanpur by Rohit Surfactanta P.Ltd.

Business giants in the city include Kashi Jewellers (President of India, National Award Winner MSME), Laxman traders, Superhouse Group, Simran traders, Aone user, Mirza International, The Universal Book Stall, flex industries, Kesarvani, Bajrangbali, deals in handicraft materials, Pan Parag, Polyfix super glue etc.

In Kanpur (MC), the banking services were availed by only 61 percent of the households (Census 2001). About 8 percent of the households did not possess basic assets such as vehicles (bicycles, scooter, moped, car, jeep, etc.), televisions and radios.

Property

Property is one of the growing sectors of the Kanpur's economy. Kanpur has one of the fastest growing property rates in almost all the areas due to overpopulation.

Metropolitan Area

The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometer around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up to Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, in the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (nagar palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (nagar palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (nagar panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (nagar panchayat) area.[6] In 1997-98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively.

Kanpur Urban Area

Aerial view of Old Central Business District near The Mall as viewed from The Landmark Hotel

Important cities and towns of Kanpur Urban Area are:

Civic administration

Kanpur Municipal Corporation HQ
Kanpur City officials
Divisional Commissioner
Mukul Singhal[15]
Mayor
Captain Jagatveer Singh Dron[16]
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
Peeyush Pandey[17]
Metropolitan Magistrate
Pradeep Kumar Jayant[17]
District Magistrate
AP Agarwal[18]

Kanpur Municipal Corporation

This body is responsible for administration of Kanpur City area.

Kanpur Development Authority

Kanpur Development Authority (KDA) is a board for development of Kanpur. The Secretary of Kanpur Development Authority is Shakuntla Gautam. Kanpur Development Authority is responsible for constructing Governmental Building and flats in Kanpur.

Police

The Kanpur Metropolitan Police has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 73 police stations, including two all-women police stations.

Electricity and Water Supply

Electricity in Kanpur is regulated through the Kanpur Electricity Supply Company (KESA), now called KESCO, [47] while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Kanpur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (KWSSB). The city is facing problems due to erratic power supply and spoilt roads due to laying down of new sewerage pipes. U.P.S.I.D.C (Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd.) Head Office is in Kanpur.

The Special Zones

The special zones of Kanpur are:[19]

Media

Kanpur is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper which is the most read Hindi Newspaper in India. Other newspapers that are widely read include Amar Ujala, Aaj, Hindustan. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Economic Times, The Pioneer, etc. There is also the Hindi and English mixed Newspaper Tabloid I-NEXT.

There are currently five FM radio stations and one All India Radio Akashwani Station being broadcast in Kanpur. The 6 Radio Stations are following:

Education

Further information: Education in Kanpur and List of engineering colleges in Kanpur
UIET Kanpur is known for its lush-green campus
PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur, designed by Achyut Kanvinde
International Centre, Kanpur University

N.S.I. KANPUE Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Department of Food & Public Distribution Kanpur-208017 India

Kanpur has been a centre of education as many prominent universities and colleges are situated here. The world renowned institute in the field of science and technology IIT Kanpur, established in 1959, is situated on Grand Trunk Road. Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI) is Kanpur's oldest technical institute situated in Nawabganj. Kanpur also boasts of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College ( GSVM Medical College ) which is one of the best medical colleges in the country. Chatrapati Shahau Ji Maharaj University formerly Kanpur University offers courses in various departments at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels. STEP-HBTI (Leading management institute affiliated to GBTU)University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kanpur University, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute, Government Leather Institute formerly known as Government Leather Working School, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, National Sugar Institute, Institute of Productivity & Management, Government Polytechnic, Brahmanand Degree College, vssd Degree College, PPN Degree College, DAV Degree College, Halim Muslim Degree College, BNSD College, Christ Church College are some of the popular educational institutions of Kanpur city. There are more than 70 Agricultural, Degree, Engineering, Management and Medical colleges in Kanpur. Also in the city we have Central India Regional Council of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Apart from these there are various renowned schools (pre-primary to class XII); Seth Anandram Jaipuria School is one of the best schools in India. Among the oldest are the Methodist High School, operating since 1876, and Huddard High School, a private, CISCE-affiliated high school established in 1926.

Notable locations

"IIT Kanpur panaroma from Hall 7"
Foreigners Cycling near Lower Ganga Canal

Parks

Rhinoceros at the zoo
  • Green Park Stadium and its Modi Stadium, a cricket stadium
  • Moti Jheel
  • Nanarao Park
  • Buddha Park
  • Japanese Garden
  • Mahatma Gandhi Park a.k.a. Katehri Bagh, Cantonment
  • Kidwai Nagar Park
  • Jungle Water Park
  • Company Bagh
  • Jallianwala Bagh
  • Phool Bagh
  • Allen Forest Zoo
  • Brajendra Swaroop Park
  • Bhagwan Parashuram Park
  • Palika Stadium
  • Pranjali Khattri Ant Eater Park

Also see the Kanpur Cantonment article, section Parks.

Historical & Place of Attraction

JK Temple in artificial lights
Massacre Ghat
  • Gora Kabristan, a graveyard
  • Radha-Krishna Mandir, or J K Temple, a temple constructed of white marble dedicated to Krishna
  • Panki Mandir, a historical temple of Lord Hanuman.
  • Kherepati Temple, a well known temple of Lord Vishnu and Sheshnag.
  • Anandeshwar Temple, situated on the banks of the Ganges at Parmat
  • ISKON Temple, Bithur
  • Bithoor, a center of Hindu pilgrimage
  • Lav Kush Barrage, a barrage (weir) on the Ganges, also known as Ganges Barrage.
  • Kanpur Memorial Church
  • St. Patrick church
  • Gandhi Hall
  • Kanpur Sangrahalaya, a museum
  • Jama-ul-ulum Madarsa & Masjid, Patkapur
  • Habiba Masjid, Jajmau
  • Jajmau Tila
  • Kanpur Central
  • Musanagar tila
  • Bhitargaon Temple
  • Sarsaiyya Ghat
  • Massacre Ghat
  • Saja ud daulah Mosque, Bithur
  • Nanarao Fort, Bithur
  • Jajmau Siddha Nath Ghat
  • Baradevi Temple
  • Boodha Bargad (Banyan) tree, a tree on which 144 Indians were hanged in the later part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
  • Balaji Mandir, Jawahar Nagar
  • Methodist Church, Civil Lines
  • Siddhidham Ashram, Bithoor,Kali ji temple(Aseniyan)

Water bodies

Transport

Kanpur Metro

Line 1: Central-Kalyanpur - Bithoor

Legend
Kanpur Central
Kanpur Anwarganj
Rawatpur
Kalyanpur section
Kalianpur
Mandhana
Bithoor

Kanpur Mahanagar Bus Seva

The Central Government providing the Kanpur city administration with 300 buses under JNNURM. Central Government will bear 50% cost while State Government and Nagar Nigam will bear 20% and 30% cost respectively.

Suburban bus service

The suburban bus service is run by Kanpur upnagariya parivahan sewa. Its fleet is around 120 buses. These buses cater the need of suburban towns and tehsils in Kanpur and neighbouring districts. Suburban services is from Shahid Major Salman Khan Bus Station and Rawatpur. Towns connected by Shahid Major Salman Khan Bus Station are Unnao, Fatehpur, Akbarpur, Jajmau, Chakeri, Sarsaul, Maharajpur. Towns connected by Bithoor are Bilhaur, Mandhana, Chobepur, Shivrajpur, nayi jail. It is a division of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation.

Inter-state bus service

One of Kanpur's major bus terminals is Shahid Major Salman Khan bus station at Jhakarkatti. Another important bus station is at Rawatpur. Earlier, another bus terminal operated at Govind Puri, directly in front of the main railway station, but this has now been reestablished as a city bus station. The move was taken to remove congestion in front of the railway station. Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service is a very important service for commuters. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by bus service are Jaipur, New Delhi, Gwalior, Bharatpur, Singrauli, Faridabad, Gurgaon Sagar and Dausa.

Railways

Kanpur Central (CNB)

Served by Indian Railways, Kanpur is connected by trains to almost every part of India like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Raipur, Indore, Bhopal, Farrukhabad, Jabalpur, Jamshedpur, Srinagar, Jaipur, Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Jhansi, Khajuraho, Jalgaon, Durg, Pune, Surat, Lucknow, Nagpur and Coimbatore.

Kanpur has eighteen railway stations within its city limits: Kanpur Central, Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri (Kanpur South), Panki(T), Chakeri, Chandari, Rawatpur, Kalyanpur (Kalyanpur), Mandhana, Kanpur Bridge Left Bank, Bithoor, Bhimsen Jn., Rooma, Sersaul, Unnao Jn. and Kanpur SMU CBSA. There was one more station called "Purana Kanpur" from which the first train ran in Northern India in 1859 - however now it is defunct.

Kanpur Central is the main railway station of Kanpur and is the largest railway station of North Central Railways. Kanpur Central lies as one of the most important railway stations on Delhi-Howrah Trunk Line of Indian Railways. The first Rajdhani Express of India ran via this railway station.

Air travel

Air India (Regional) landing at Kanpur Airport

Flights from Kanpur Airport goes to Delhi and Calcutta presently. The major airport in the vicinity is Lucknow International Airport which is around 80 km from Kanpur.

Roads

Upstream view of Ganges from Kanpur railway bridge
Downstream view of Ganges from Kanpur railway bridge

The city has several important National Highways passing through Kanpur.

NH No Route Total Length
NH 2 Delhi » Mathura » Agra » Kanpur » Allahabad » Varanasi » Mohania » Barhi » Palsit » Dankuni (near Kolkata) 2542
NH 25 Lucknow » Kanpur » Jhansi 352
NH 86 Kanpur » Hamirpur » Mahoba » Chhatarpur » Sagar » Bhopal » Indore 674
NH 91 Ghaziabad » Aligarh » Etah » Kannauj » Kanpur 405
NH 157 (Proposed) Kanpur » Raebareli » Sultanpur » Shahganj » Azamgarh » Gaura Barhaj » Siwan » Muzaffarpur 581

The Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station". It is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station" enquiry number: 0512 2328381. It provides buses to important cities of India. The other bus stations are:[20]

  • Chunniganj Depot
  • Kidwai Nagar (Juhi) Depot
  • Kanpur Central MS Depot
  • Akbarpur Depot
  • Bagvantnagar Depot
  • Vikas Nagar RML Depot
  • Azad Nagar AC Bus Depot
  • Fazalganj Bus Depot
  • Unnao Depot

Ring road

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles to bypass the city, will be developed on a "Built, Operate and Transfer" (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP).[21]

International relations

City Flag Country
Manchester, England  UK United Kingdom[22]
Milwaukee  USA United States[23][24]
Osaka Japan Japan[25]
Basra Iraq Iraq
Yekaterinburg Russia Russia[26]
Faisalabad Pakistan Pakistan


See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Kanpur India - Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur City, Kanpur Guide, Kanpur Location". Iloveindia.com. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  2. ↑ "Nick Name of Indian Places". Facts-about-india.com. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  3. ↑ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  4. ↑ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  5. ↑ "About us & Kanpur City". Excisekanpur.nic.in. 1963-01-07. Retrieved 2013-12-24. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Kanpur.pdf
  7. ↑ "Largest cities in the world and their mayors - 1 to 150". City Mayors. 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  8. ↑ Suvorova, Anna Aronovna (2004). Muslim saints of South Asia: the eleventh to fifteenth centuries- Volume 14 of RoutledgeCurzon Sūfī series. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 0-415-31764-9. 
  9. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar. A history of India (4, illustrated ed.). Routledge, 2004. pp. 432 pages. ISBN 0-415-32920-5, ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0. "In 9th century the Pratiharas kings, Bhoja (836-885) and Mahendrapala (885-910), proved to be more powerful than their contemporaries of the other two dynasties whom they defeated several times. Kannauj then emerged as the main focus of power in India." 
  10. ↑ Dalrymple, W. 2007. The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New York
  11. ↑ "Kanpur". IMD. Retrieved 25 March 2010. 
  12. ↑ "Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM". JNNURM - Demography. pp. 3–13. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  13. ↑ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above". Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-07. 
  14. ↑ "Crusade Watch, Religious Conversion Watch, Evangelism watch - India - city wise Christian population". Crusadewatch.org. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-24. 
  15. ↑ "70 IAS officers transferred in Uttar Pradesh". daily.bhaskar.com. 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2013-09-21. 
  16. ↑ "S.K. Nataraj elected Mayor of Kanpur". The Hindu. 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Court dismisses complaint against Mulayam". The Times of India. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  18. ↑ "AP Agarwal is new Kanpur DM". The Times of India. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-03-20. 
  19. ↑ http://kmc.up.nic.in/#
  20. ↑ "UPSRTC". UPSRTC. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  21. ↑ "Kanpur to get outer ring road to bypass traffic blues". Indianepress.com. Retrieved 2011-01-20. 
  22. ↑ "235 Related Topics about Kanpur.". Retrieved 2012-01-10. 
  23. ↑ "Presentation on the City of Kanpur, India relative to establishing a friendly exchange leading to a sister city relationship with the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, given by Dr. Pradeep K. Rohatgi.". Retrieved 2012-01-04. 
  24. ↑ "City of Milwaukee - Meeting of SISTER CITIES COMMITTEE on 9/29/2010 at 1:30 PM". Milwaukee.legistar.com. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  25. ↑ "PATENTS FILED, GRANTED | SIDBI Innovation and Incubation Centre". Siic.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  26. ↑ "178 Related Topics about Yekaterinburg.". Retrieved 2012-01-10. 

References

External links

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