Kalimpong

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Kalimpong
कालेबुङ
Town
Kalimpong town as viewed from a distant hill. In the background are the Himalayan Mountains.
Kalimpong
Coordinates: 27°04′N 88°28′E / 27.06°N 88.47°E / 27.06; 88.47Coordinates: 27°04′N 88°28′E / 27.06°N 88.47°E / 27.06; 88.47
Country India
State West Bengal
District Darjeeling
Area
 • Total 1,056.5 km2 (407.9 sq mi)
Elevation 1,247 m (4,091 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 42,998
 • Density 40.70/km2 (105.4/sq mi)
Languages
 • Regional Nepali, Tibetan, Bhutia, Lepcha, Kiranti
 • Official Nepali, Hindi, English[1]
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 734 301
Telephone code 03552
Vehicle registration WB-78, 79
Lok Sabha constituency Darjeeling
Vidhan Sabha constituency Kalimpong

Kalimpong (Nepali: कालेबुङ) is a hill station in the Mahabharat Range (or Lesser Himalaya) in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located at an average elevation of 1,250 metres (4,101 ft).[2] The town is the headquarters of the Kalimpong subdivision, a part of the district of Darjeeling. The Indian Army's 27 Mountain Division is on the outskirts of the town.[3]

Kalimpong is known for its educational institutions many of which were established during the British colonial period.[4] It used to be a gateway in the trade between Tibet and India before China's annexation of Tibet and the Sino-Indian War. Kalimpong and neighbouring Darjeeling were major centres calling for a separate Gorkhaland state in the 1980s.

Kalimpong, on a ridge overlooking the Teesta River, is a tourist destination owing to its temperate climate and proximity to popular tourist locations in the region. Horticulture is important to Kalimpong: It has a flower market notable for its wide array of orchids; nurseries, which export Himalayan grown flower bulbs, tubers and rhizomes, contribute to the economy of Kalimpong.[2] Home to ethnic Nepalis, indigenous Lepchas, other ethnic groups and non-native migrants from other parts of India, the town is a religious centre of Buddhism. The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[5]

The Kalimpong Science Centre, established under the DGHC (Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council) in 2008 is a recent tourist attraction. The Science Centre, which provides for scientific awareness among the students of the town and the locals, is on the Deolo Hill on the way to the Deolo tourist lodge.

Name origin

The precise etymology of the name Kalimpong means Land of Kings. The most widely accepted origin of the name is "Assembly (or Stockade) of the King's Ministers" in Tibetan, derived from kalon ("King's ministers") and pong ("stockade"). It may be derived from the translation "ridges where we play" from Lepcha, as it was known to be the region's traditional tribal gathering for summer sporting events. People from the hills call the area Kalibong ("the black spurs").[6]

According to K.P. Tamsang, author of The Untold and Unknown Reality about the Lepchas, the term Kalimpong is deduced from the name Kalenpung, which in Lepcha means "Hillock of Assemblage";[7] in time, the name was distorted to Kaleebung and later corrupted to Kalimpong. Another possible derivation points to Kaulim, a fibrous plant found in profusion in the region.[8]

History

Morgan House is a classic example of colonial architecture in Kalimpong.
The Clock Tower of Kalimpong.

Until the mid-19th century, the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by the Sikkimese and Bhutanese kingdoms.[7][9] Under Sikkimese rule, the area was known as Dalingkot.[10] In 1706, the king of Bhutan won this territory from the Sikkimese monarch and renamed it Kalimpong.[10] Overlooking the Teesta Valley, Kalimpong is believed to have once been the forward position of the Bhutanese in the 18th century. The area was sparsely populated by the indigenous Lepcha community and migrant Bhutia and Limbu tribes. Later in 1780, the Gurkhas invaded and conquered Kalimpong.[10] After the Anglo-Bhutan War in 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which Bhutanese held territory east of the Teesta River was ceded to the British East India Company.[7] At that time, Kalimpong was a hamlet, with only two or three families known to reside there.[11] The first recorded mention of the town was a fleeting reference made that year by Ashley Eden, a government official with the Bengal Civil Service. Kalimpong was added to district of Darjeeling in 1866. In 1866–1867 an Anglo-Bhutanese commission demarcated the common boundaries between the two, thereby giving shape to the Kalimpong subdivision and the Darjeeling district.[12]

After the war, the region became a subdivision of the Western Duars district, and the following year it was merged with the district of Darjeeling.[7] The temperate climate prompted the British to develop the town as an alternative hill station to Darjeeling, to escape the scorching summer heat in the plains. Kalimpong's proximity to the Nathu La and Jelep La passes (La means "pass"), offshoots of the ancient Silk Road, was an added advantage. It soon became an important trading outpost in the trade of furs, wools and food grains between India and Tibet.[13] The increase in commerce attracted large numbers of migrants from Nepal, leading to an increase in population and economic prosperity. Britain assigned a plot within Kalimpong to the influential Bhutanese Dorji family, through which trade and relations with Bhutan flowed. This later became Bhutan House, a Bhutanese administrative and cultural center.[14][15][16]

The arrival of Scottish missionaries saw the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British.[11] Rev. W. Macfarlane in the early 1870s established the first schools in the area.[11] The Scottish University Mission Institution was opened in 1886, followed by the Kalimpong Girls High School. In 1900, Reverend J.A. Graham founded the Dr. Graham's Homes for destitute Anglo-Indian students.[11] By 1907, most schools in Kalimpong started offering education to Indian students. By 1911, the population had swollen to 7,880.[11]

Following Indian independence in 1947, Kalimpong became part of the state of West Bengal, after Bengal was partitioned between India and Pakistan. With China's annexation of Tibet in 1959, many Buddhist monks fled Tibet and established monasteries in Kalimpong. These monks brought many rare Buddhist scriptures with them. In 1962, the permanent closure of the Jelep Pass after the Sino-Indian War disrupted trade between Tibet and India, and led to a slowdown in Kalimpong's economy. In 1976, the visiting Dalai Lama consecrated the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery, which houses many of the scriptures.[11]

Most large houses in Kalimpong were built during the British era. In the background is Mount Kangchenjunga.

Between 1986 and 1988, the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland and Kamtapur based on ethnic lines grew strong. Riots between the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) and the West Bengal government reached a stand-off after a forty-day strike. The town was virtually under siege, and the state government called in the Indian army to maintain law and order. This led to the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, a body that was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the Darjeeling district, except the area under the Siliguri subdivision. Since 2007, the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills.[17] The Kamtapur People's Party and its supporters' movement for a separate Kamtapur state covering North Bengal have gained momentum.[18]

Geography

A view from the Deolo Resort, atop Deolo Hill, Kalimpong's highest point

The town centre is on a ridge connecting two hills, Deolo Hill and Durpin Hill,[11] at an elevation of 1,247 m (4,091 ft). Deolo, the highest point in Kalimpong, has an altitude of 1,704 m (5,591 ft) and Durpin Hill is at an elevation of 1,372 m (4,501 ft). The River Teesta flows in the valley below and separates Kalimpong from the state of Sikkim. The soil in the Kalimpong area is typically reddish in color. Occasional dark soils are found due to extensive existence of phyllite and schists.[19] The Shiwalik Hills, like most of the Himalayan foothills, have steep slopes and soft, loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides in the monsoon season.[19] The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Mount Kanchenjunga at 8,586 m (28,169 ft) the world's third tallest peak,[20] is clearly visible from Kalimpong.[2]

View of the Himalaya range

Kalimpong has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter and the monsoons. The annual temperature ranges from a high of 30 °C (86 °F) to a low of 9 °C (48 °F). Summers are mild, with an average maximum temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) in August.[21] Summers are followed by the monsoon rains which lash the town between June and September. The monsoons are severe, often causing landslides which sequester the town from the rest of India. Winter lasts from December to February, with the maximum temperature being around 15 °C (59 °F). During the monsoon and winter seasons, Kalimpong is often enveloped by fog.[22]

Economy

Oranges grown in the hillsides are exported to many parts of India.

Tourism is the most significant contributor to Kalimpong's economy.[23] The summer and spring seasons are the most popular with tourists, keeping many of town's residents employed directly and indirectly. The town—earlier an important trade post between India and Tibet—hopes to boost its economy after the reopening of the Nathu La (pass) in April 2006.[24] Though this has resumed Indo–China border trades,[25] it is expected that Kalimpong will have a better chance of revival as a hub for Indo–China trades if the demand of local leaders for reopening of Jelep La pass also is met.[25]

Kalimpong is a major ginger growing area of India. Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim together contribute 15 percent of ginger produced in India.[26] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is internationally famous for its tea industry.[27] However, most of the tea gardens are on the western side of Teesta river (towards the town of Darjeeling) and so tea gardens near Kalimpong contribute only 4 percent of total tea production of the region. In Kalimpong division, 90 percent of land is cultivable but only 10 percent is used for tea production.[28] Kalimpong is well known for its flower export industry—especially for its wide array of indigenous orchids and gladioli.[29]

A significant contributor to the town's economy is education sector.[23] The schools of Kalimpong, besides imparting education to the locals, attract a significant number of students from the plains, the neighbouring state of Sikkim and countries such as Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Thailand.[23]

Many establishments cater to the Indian army bases near the town, providing it with essential supplies. Small contributions to the economy come by the way of the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet. Government efforts related to sericulture, seismology, and fisheries provide a steady source of employment to many of its residents.

Kalimpong is well renowned for its cheese, noodles and lollipops. Kalimpong exports a wide range of traditional handicrafts, wood-carvings, embroidered items, bags and purses with tapestry work, copper ware, scrolls, Tibetan jewellery and artifacts.[29][30]

Transport

NH31A winds along the banks of the river Teesta near Kalimpong.

Kalimpong is located off the National Highway 31A (NH31A), which links Sevok to Gangtok. The NH31A is an offshoot of the NH 31, which connects Sevok to Siliguri.[31] These two National Highways together, via Sevok, links Kalimpong to the plains.[32] Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Kalimpong with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong, Darjeeling and Gangtok. Four wheel drives are popular means of transport, as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region. However, road communication often get disrupted in the monsoons due to landslides. In the town, people usually travel by foot. Residents also use bicycle, two-wheelers and hired taxis for short distances.

The nearest airport is in Bagdogra near Siliguri, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kalimpong. Air India, Jet Airways and Druk Air (Bhutan) are the four major carriers that connect the airport to Delhi, Calcutta, Paro (Bhutan), Guwahati and Bangkok (Thailand). The closest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri, on the outskirts of Siliguri,[2] which is connected with almost all major cities of the country.

Demographics

As of 2011 India census,[34] Kalimpong had a population of 42,988. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.[34]

As of 2001 census,[35] Kalimpong had an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 73%. In Kalimpong, 8% of the population was under 6 years of age. The Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population for Kalimpong was 5,100 and 5,121 respectively.[36]

Civic administration

Kalimpong is the headquarters of the Kalimpong subdivision of the Darjeeling district. The semi-autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC), set up by the West Bengal government in 1988, administers this subdivision as well as the Darjeeling Sadar and Kurseong subdivisions.[37] Kalimpong elects eight councillors to the DGHC, who manages the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services.[38] The district administration of Darjeeling, which is the authoritative body for the departments of election, panchayat, law and order, revenue etc., also acts as an interface of communication between the Council and the State Government.[38] The rural area in the subdivision covers three community development blocks Kalimpong I, Kalimpong II and Gorubathan consisting of forty-two gram panchayats.[39] A Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) presides over the Kalimpong subdivision. Kalimpong has a police station that serves the municipality and 18 gram panchayats of Kalimpong–I CD block.[40]

The Kalimpong municipality, which was established in 1945,[36] is in charge of the infrastructure of the town such as potable water and roads. The municipal area is divided into twenty-three wards.[41] Kalimpong municipality is constructing additional water storage tanks to meet the requirement of potable water, and it needs an increase of water supply from the 'Neora Khola Water Supply Scheme' for this purpose.[42] Often, landslides occurring in monsoon season cause havoc to the roads in and around Kalimpong.[43] The West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) that provides electricity here, needs to resolve issues like voltage fluctuations, unstable electrical supply and faulty electrical meters etc. faced by people of Kalimpong.[44] Renewable Energy Development Agency of the state has plans to promote usage of solar street lights in Kalimpong and proposed an energy park here to sell renewable energy gadgets.[45] The Public Works Department is responsible for the road connecting the town to the National Highway–NH-31A.[46] The Kalimpong municipality has a total of 10 health care units, with a total of 433 bed capacity.[47]

The Kalimpong assembly constituency, which is an assembly segment of the Darjeeling parliamentary constituency, elects one member of the Vidhan Sabha of West Bengal.[48]

People, culture, and cuisine

The Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery atop Durpin Hill

The original settlers of Kalimpong are the Lepchas although the majority of the populace are ethnic Nepali, having migrated to Kalimpong in search of jobs while it was under British rule.[49] Indigenous ethnic groups include the Newars, Bhutia, Sherpas, Limbus, Rais, Magars,[50] Chettris,Bahuns,ThakurisGurungs, Tamangs, Yolmos, Bhujels, Sunuwars, Sarkis, Damais and the Kamis.[51] The other non-native communities are the Bengalis, Marwaris, Anglo-Indian, Chinese, Biharis and Tibetans who escaped to Kalimpong after fleeing the Communist Chinese invasion of Tibet. Kalimpong is home to Trinley Thaye Dorje—one of the 17th Karmapa incarnations.[52] Kalimpong is the closest Indian town to Bhutan's western border, and has a small number of Bhutanese nationals residing here. Hinduism is the largest religion followed by Buddhism and Christianity.[50] Islam has a minuscule presence in this region, mostly Tibetan Muslims who fled in 1959 after Chinese invasion of Tibet.[53] The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[5] There is a mosque in the bazaar area of Kalimpong.[54]

Popular festivals include Diwali/Tihar, Christmas, Dussera or Dasain in the local Nepali dialect and the Buddhist festival of Losar. Languages spoken in Kalimpong include Nepali, which is the predominant language; Lepcha, Limbu, Tamang, Kirat, Hindi, English and Bengali.[2] Though there is a growing interest in cricket as a winter sport in Darjeeling Hills, football still remains the most popular sport in Kalimpong.[55] Every year since 1947, the Independence Shield Football Tournament is organized here as part of the two-day long Independence Day celebrations.[56] Former captain of India national football team, Pem Dorjee hails from Kalimpong.[57] A popular snack in Kalimpong is the momo, steamed dumplings made up of pork, beef or vegetable cooked in a wrapping of flour and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai is a packaged snack made of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from yak's or chauri's (a hybrid of yak and cattle) milk, is sometimes chewed.[58] A form of noodle called Thukpa, served in soup form is popular in Kalimpong.[59] There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of cuisines, ranging from Indian to continental, to cater to the tourists. Tea is the most popular beverage in Kalimpong, procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens. Kalimpong has a golf course besides Kalimpong Circuit House.[2][60]

The cultural centres in Kalimpong include, the Lepcha Museum and the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery. The Lepcha Museum, a kilometre away from the town centre showcases the culture of the Lepcha community, the indigenous peoples of Sikkim. The Zang Dhok Palri Phodong monastery has 108 volumes of the Kangyur, and belongs to the Gelug of Buddhism.

Media

Kalimpong receives almost all the television channels that are received in the rest of India. Cable Television serves most of the homes in the town, while DTH connections are now growing in popularity. Besides mainstream Indian channels, Kalimpong receives Nepali-language channels like Dainandini DD, Kalimpong Television KTv, Haal Khabar, Pratidin and Himalayan people's Channel HPC produced by local TV channel media houses and transmitted through the local cable network which provides daily local news based programs.

Newspapers in Kalimpong include English language dailies, The Statesman and The Telegraph, which are printed in Siliguri,[61][62] and The Economic Times and the Hindustan Times which are printed in Kolkata (Calcutta).

Among other languages, Nepali, Hindi and Bengali are prominent vernacular languages used in this region.[22] Newspapers in all these four languages are available in the Darjeeling Hills region. Of the largely circulated Nepali newspapers Himalay Darpan, Swarnabhumi and some Sikkim based Nepali newspapers like Hamro Prajashakti and Samay Dainik are read most.[63] The Tibet Mirror was the first Tibetan-language newspaper published in Kalimpong in 1925.[64] while Himalayan Times was the first English to have come out from Kalimpong in the year 1947, but has been out of print shortly afterwards.

Internet service and Internet cafés are well established; these are mostly served through broadband, data card of different mobile services, WLL, dialup lines,[65][66] Kalimpong News is the only regularly updated daily Internet news (http://kalimpongnews.net and http://kalimpongonlinenews.blogspot.com) which collects and presents local and North Bengal & Sikkim news from its own agencies like KalimNews and other news papers.Besides this there are others like kalimpong.info, kalimpongexpress.blogspot.com and several others. KalimNews is a unit of Kalimpong Press Club, the only government registered Press Club which runs the news channel Dainandaini and Kalimpong News -Online news.

The public radio station, All India Radio along with other National and Private Channels including FM Radio are received to a certain extent in Kalimpong.

The area is serviced by major telecommunication companies of India with most types of cellular services in most areas.[67]

Education

There are fifteen major schools in Kalimpong, the most notable ones being Dr. Graham's Homes, St Joseph's Convent, St. Augustine's School, Rockvale Academy, Saptashri Gyanpeeth, St. Philomenas School, Girls High School, Kumdini Homes and Gandhi Ashram School. The Scottish Universities Mission Institution was the first school that was opened in 1886. Schools offer education up to class 10, following which students may choose to join a Junior College or carry on with an additional two years of schooling.

Kalimpong College and Cluny Women's College are the main colleges in the town. Both of them are affiliated to the North Bengal University and apart from these Good Shepherd IHM (Hotel management Institution) offer courses on hospitality sectors. Most students however, choose to further their studies in Siliguri, Calcutta, and other colleges in the Indian metropolis. The Tharpa Choling Monastery, at Tirpai Hill near Kalimpong, is managed by Yellow Hat sect and has a library of Tibetan manuscripts and thankas.[68]

Flora and fauna

Heliconia

The area around Kalimpong lies in the Eastern Himalayas, which is classified as an ecological hotspot, one of only three among the ecoregions of India. Neora Valley National Park that lies within the Kalimpong subdivision and is home to tigers.[69] Acacia is the most commonly found species at lower altitudes, while cinnamon, ficus, bamboo, cacti and cardamom, are found in the hillsides around Kalimpong. The forests found at higher altitudes are made up of pine trees and other evergreen alpine vegetation. Seven species of rhododendrons are found in the region east of Kalimpong. The temperate deciduous forests include oak, birch, maple and alder.[70] Three hundred species of orchid are found around Kalimpong, and Poinsettia and sunflower are some of the wild species that line the roads of Kalimpong.[71]

The Red Panda, Clouded Leopard, Siberian Weasel, Asiatic black bear,[72] barking deer,[73] Himalayan Tahr, goral, gaur[73] and pangolin are some of the fauna found near Kalimpong. Avifauna of the region include the pheasants, cuckoos, minivets, flycatchers, bulbuls, orioles, owls, partridges, sunbirds, warblers, swallows, swifts and woodpeckers.[74]

Kalimpong is a major production centre of gladioli in India,[75] and orchids, which are exported to many parts of the world. The Rishi Bankim Chandra Park is an ecological museums within Kalimpong.[76] Citrus Dieback Research Station at Kalimpong works towards control of diseases, plant protection and production of disease free orange seedlings.[77]

Visitor attractions

  • Dr. Graham S Homes Campus
  • 7th Mile View Point
  • Army Golf Club
  • Nature Interpretation Centre
  • Kalimpong Arts And Crafts Centre
  • Sericulture Research Institute
  • Kali Mandi
  • MacFarlane Memorial Church
  • Mangal Dham Temple
  • St. Theresa Church
  • Thongsha Gompa
  • Relli River
  • Reshi Retreat & Farmhouse

Notes

  1. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 48th report (July 2010 to June 2011)". Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 159–160. Retrieved 2012-09-13. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "General Information". Tourism Department. Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  3. ↑ "India moves over 6,000 troops to border with China". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  4. ↑ "Education and prospects for employment" (PDF). Government of Sikkim. p. 33. Retrieved 2008-12-21. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Special: Kalimpong, West Bengal". Rediff. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  6. ↑ "Kalimpong Etymology". Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "History of Kalimpong". Darjeelingnews.net. Darjeeling News Service. Retrieved 2007-02-17. 
  8. ↑ "Kalimpong". NITPU Kolkata, West Bengal. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-11. 
  9. ↑ Gurung, Chanda; Gurung, Nawraj (2006). "The Social and Gendered Nature of Ginger Production and Commercialization". In Ronnie Vernooy. Social and Gender Analysis in Natural Resource Management. International Development Research Centre (Canada), NetLibrary, Inc. pp. 39–43. ISBN 1-55250-218-X. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sengupta, Somen (3 September 2006). "Next weekend you can be at ... Kalimpong". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-12-09. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Banerjee, Partha S (19 May 2002). "A quiet hill retreat, far from the tourist crowd". Spectrum, The Tribune. The Tribune Trust. Retrieved 2007-02-17. 
  12. ↑ Samanta, Amiya K. (2000). Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism. APH Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-7648-166-3. 
  13. ↑ Khawas, Vimal (31 December 2004). "The Forgotten Way: Recalling the road to Lhasa from Kalimpong". The Statesman (The Statesman Ltd). 
  14. ↑ Hilker, Deb Shova Kansakar (2005). Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu. Vajra Publications. ISBN 99946-644-6-8. Retrieved 2011-08-12. 
  15. ↑ Arts of Asia 17. Arts of Asia Publications. 1987. p. 107. Retrieved 2011-08-12. 
  16. ↑ Tsarong, Dundul Namgyal; Chödron, Ani K. Trinlay (2000). Ani K. Trinlay Chödron, ed. In the service of his country: the biography of Dasang Damdul Tsarong, commander general of Tibet. Snow Lion Publications. p. 35. ISBN 1-55939-151-0. Retrieved 2011-08-12. 
  17. ↑ "Call for Gorkhaland renewed". Darjeeling Times. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  18. ↑ Press Trust of India (PTI) (2009-12-29). "Now, demand for a separate Kamtapur state in WBengal". Times of India. Retrieved 2012-12-11. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Desai, Mamata; Netaji Institute for Asian Studies,1, Woodburn Park, Kolkata. "Identification and Mapping of Hazard Prone areas regarding landslide in the Darjeeling Hill areas". Department of Ecology & Environment. Government of Darjeeling. Retrieved 2008-12-20. 
  20. ↑ "Kanchenjunga golden jubilee held". BBC News: South Asia. 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2012-12-11. 
  21. ↑ West Bengal State Marketing Board. "West Bengal marketing Board". wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in. Retrieved 2011-06-16. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Nabotpal Chanda (2008-09-12). "Next weekend you can be at ...Kalimpong". The Telegraph, Calcutta. Retrieved 2009-01-30. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Norbu, Passang (17 October 2008). "Kalimpong — As popular an educational destination as ever". Kuensel Online (Kuensel Corporation). Retrieved 2008-12-09. 
  24. ↑ Routes of promise, Frontline magazine, Volume 20, Issue 14; 5–18 July July 2004
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Pranab blots out Jelep-la from memory". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2009-02-14. 
  26. ↑ Ronnie Vernooy of International Development Research Centre (Canada), NetLibrary, Inc (2006). Social and Gender Analysis in Natural Resource Management: Learning Studies and Lessons from Asia. IDRC. p. 64. ISBN 1-55250-218-X. 
  27. ↑ "Champagne among teas". Deccan Herald (The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd). 2005-06-17. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2006-07-18. 
  28. ↑ Jha, Makhan (1996). The Himalayas: An Anthropological Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 144. ISBN 978-81-7533-020-7. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Kalimpong". East-Himalaya.com. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
  30. ↑ "Kalimpong cheese : a vanishing recipe". East-Himalaya.com. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
  31. ↑ "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (PDF). National Highway Authority of India. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  32. ↑ "Hill traffic slides to standstill". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  33. ↑ "Final report on Waste Inventory (MSW & BMW) in West Bengal" (PDF). Census of India. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Census of India: View population details". 2011 census of India. Retrieved 19 January 2013. 
  35. ↑ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Kalimpong Municipality". Department of Municipal Affairs. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 
  37. ↑ "Memoranda of Settlement — DGHC". Darjeeling Times. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "History of Darjeeling: Darjeeling-Today". Official website of Darjeeling District. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  39. ↑ "Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  40. ↑ "District Profile". Official website of Darjeeling district. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
  41. ↑ "GNLF protests poll security". The Telegraph. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  42. ↑ "Four water tanks for hill residents". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2009-02-24. 
  43. ↑ Rajeev Ravidas (2007-09-13). "Nature’s fury continues unabated—Slides & cave-ins ravage hills". The Telegraph, Calcutta. Retrieved 2009-02-24. 
  44. ↑ "Power shock jolts Kalimpong". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2003-12-06. Retrieved 2009-02-24. 
  45. ↑ "Tax slash plan for solar users". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2009-02-24. 
  46. ↑ Rajeev Ravidas (2007-10-31). "PWD report on road repair". The Telegraph, Calcutta. Retrieved 2009-01-30. 
  47. ↑ "Health care units and bed capacity" (PDF). Government of West Bengal. p. 43. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  48. ↑ "General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 — List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2007-10-08. 
  49. ↑ Ramakant; Ramesh Chandra Misra (1996). Bhutan: Society and Polity. Indus Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7387-044-6. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "People and culture". Government of Darjeeling. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 
  51. ↑ LeVine, Sarah; David N. Gellner (2005). Rebuilding Buddhism. Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-674-01908-9. 
  52. ↑ "Karmapa Charitable Trust: Announcement from the Council of His Holiness Gyalwa Karmapa" (PDF). 2006-05-17. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  53. ↑ Sethi, Atul (4 May 2008). "Muslims of Tibet". Times of India. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  54. ↑ Pradhan, Reza (7 January 2005). "Prayers for tsunami dead — Tragedy unites Kalimpong faithful". Telegraph India. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  55. ↑ Ravidas, Rajeev (2007-02-07). "Cricket feast for hill sports freaks — Tourney draws the best of talent". Calcutta: The Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  56. ↑ "Soccer for I-Day celebrations". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2005-08-03. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
  57. ↑ "Kalimpong boys dream big after Subroto Cup debut". CNN-IBN. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 
  58. ↑ IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. 2009-05-26. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-86014-186-0. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
  59. ↑ "Food". Outlook Traveller. Outlook. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 
  60. ↑ "Kalimpong charms Tollywood tribe". The Telegraph. 27 December 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  61. ↑ "About Us". The Statesman. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-24. 
  62. ↑ "About Us". The Telegraph, Calcutta. Retrieved 2009-02-24. 
  63. ↑ "Darjeeling, your travel guide" (PDF). Golden Tips Tea, a company from Darjeeling. 2006. p. 73. Retrieved 2009-01-30. 
  64. ↑ Exile as Challenge: The Tibetan Diaspora. Orient Blackswan. 2003. p. 172. ISBN 978-81-250-2555-9.  |coauthors= requires |author= (help)
  65. ↑ Pradhan, Reza (11 April 2003). "Net tax: pay more to surf in Kalimpong". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  66. ↑ "Link failure hits hotels, cafes". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2009-02-25. 
  67. ↑ "BSNL trips on tourist rush". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 2004-11-03. Retrieved 2009-01-30. 
  68. ↑ Roma Bradnock (2004). Footprint India. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 610. ISBN 1-904777-00-7. Retrieved 2009-01-30. 
  69. ↑ "Tiger census in North Bengal this year". Times of India. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08. 
  70. ↑ "Geography of the land". Department of Tourism. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 
  71. ↑ "The road to Kalimpong". Business Line. 28-OCT-02. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 
  72. ↑ Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Kana Moll, Joseph Moll. Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1999. p. 205. ISBN 978-2-8317-0462-3.  |coauthors= requires |author= (help)
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 N.C. Bahuguna and J. K. Mallick. "Ungulates of West Bengal and its adjoining areas including Sikkim, Bhutan and Bangladesh". Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 
  74. ↑ "Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World: Lava (and Upper Neora Valley)". Avibase. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 
  75. ↑ Naveenkumar, P; Raju, D V S (2007). "Dormancy in Gladiolus: The cause and remedy – a review" (PDF). Agricultural Reviews. 4 28. Retrieved 2012-12-11. 
  76. ↑ Sarina Singh, Joe Bindloss, Paul Clammer, Janine Eberle (2005). India. Lonely Planet. p. 494. ISBN 1-74059-694-3, 9781740596947 Check |isbn= value (help). 
  77. ↑ "Report of the task group on problems of hilly areas". Government of India. planningcommission.nic.in. April 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-09. 

References

  • Foning, A. R.; Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf (forward) (1987). Lepcha, My Vanishing Tribe. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-81-207-0685-9. 
  • Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
  • Jain, Sandeep C. (2002). Guide to Kalimpong (3rd ed.). Himalayan Sales. 
  • Sangharakshita (1991). Facing Mount Kanchenjunga: An English Buddhist in the Eastern Himalayas. Glasgow: Windhorse Publications. ISBN 978-0-904766-52-3. 
  • Tamsang, K. P. The Unknown and Untold Reality about the Lepchas. 

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